HST 140 Inquizitive Exam 2

The ___________ Empire developed in the early second millennium in the fertile ____________ Valley. Their successful economy was highly ____________, as evidenced by exports of - and the construction of ___________.

-Chimu -Moche -Commercialized -Cotton -Canals

Mongol expansion began in 1206 when the Supreme Ruler or ___________ launched a series of conquests southward to the __________ and westward toward __________, eventually invading eastward into ________ by __________.

-Chinggis Khan -Great Wall of China -Afghanistan -Korea -1231

__________ and urbanization were forces that changed Afro-Eurasia and the Americas during this period. Sub-Saharan trade goods included ___________, gold, ivory, and slaves, while ___________, pottery, textiles, and metals were exchanged in the Americas.

-Commercial exchange -salt -shells

Compare these rulers by matching the description label with the correct man: Charlemagne

-Holy Roman Emperor -expanded his western European kingdom through war and plunder -lived in a smaller palace and hunted wild boar from horseback -ruler of the Franks -viewed as a "political lightweight" by Islamic rulers

Put the events of the Black Plague in order from earliest to latest

-Mongol rule intensified economic and cultural exchange along the Silk Road. -Europeans experienced famine as a result of population growth, high taxes, and the "Little Ice Age." -Plague killed up to 90 percent of the residents of Hebei province in northeastern China. -In 1346 Genoese merchants carried bubonic plague to Sicily as they withdrew from a conflict with the Mongols in Caffa. -By 1450, between 25 and 65 percent of the Afro-Eurasian population had died from plague.

Consider the methods Shi Huangdi used to unify China. With which of the following statements do you think he would have agreed?

-Organization and standardization—of communication, commercial exchanges, and taxation—are the basis of imperial control. -Rather than a collection of family holdings, the empire should be made up of standardized territorial units (jun), with uniform laws and an organized governing structure.

How did Ottoman sultans indicate to their subjects that they supported Islamic religious leaders and were in turn supported by these religious leaders?

-Ottoman sultans protected the holy cities on the Arabian Peninsula and Jerusalem. -Ottoman sultans funded Islamic schools and the construction of lavish mosques.

Many of the administrative advances that underlay the Han Empire were actually developed during the Qin dynasty. Which of the following pairs of statements describing the Han and Qin dynasties actually occurred?

-Shi Huangdi required all men to serve military or labor service. The Han used this practice to expand their territory and construct lots of infrastructure. -Shi Huangdi issued currency and supported road building. The Han used both these practices, facilitating the growth of the Chinese economy and the Silk Road trade.

The Catholic Church used a variety of methods to regain power and influence after the Black Death. Which statements about these methods are true?

-The church openly supported secular leaders, like the Habsburgs; the Habsburgs' political legitimacy rested on church approval while the Holy Roman Empire lent strength to the church. -Church leaders harshly attacked people who challenged church doctrine and those whom they considered unacceptable, such as Jews, Muslims, homosexuals, "witches," and prostitutes. -The church took on state-like, bureaucratic functions such as providing for the poor, registering births, and registering economic transactions.

The Catholic Church used a variety of methods to regain power and influence after the Black Death. Which statements about these methods are true?

-The church took on state-like, bureaucratic functions such as providing for the poor, registering births, and registering economic transactions. -The church openly supported secular leaders, like the Habsburgs; the Habsburgs' political legitimacy rested on church approval while the Holy Roman Empire lent strength to the church. -Church leaders harshly attacked people who challenged church doctrine and those whom they considered unacceptable, such as Jews, Muslims, homosexuals, "witches," and prostitutes.

Christianity was born on the eastern edge of the Roman Empire, and the growth and message of the religion were deeply affected by this context. In what ways was this true?

-The crucifixion of Jesus was part of Rome's standard practice of using their legal system in conquered territories and appointing leaders, like Pontius Pilatus, to administer provinces. -Palestine was connected to the rest of the Mediterranean world by a complex web of Roman roads and maritime trade routes, enabling Christian ideas to spread widely throughout the empire.

The Ottoman Empire was able to maintain its extensive empire because it _________ throughout its vast territory. The empire stretched from Algeria in the east to the Persian Gulf in the west, and from Vienna in the north to Yemen in the south, encompassing tremendous religious, ethnic, and ___________ diversity. It granted distant provinces considerable ___________ and balanced this with the power of the ____________.

-Tolerated Diversity -Linguistic -Political Autonomy -Janissaries

Ottoman sultans and Ming emperors faced challenges associated with governing vast empires. The Ming government tried to administer the empire with ____________ practices, relying upon the expertise of ___________ who passed the ______________. The Ottoman Empire facilitated - local practices, and balanced local autonomy through the use of ___________, a group of bureaucrats and soldiers who were exclusively loyal to the sultan.

-Uniform -Bureaucrats -Civil Service Exam -Diverse -Janissaries

The Chinese leader, ___________, and the Roman leaders, ___________, came to power as a result of __________. They similarly tried (and failed) to address their states' problems through ___________.

-Wang Mang -Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus -agrarian crises -land redistribution

Which tools did governments use to rebuild state power in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death?

-forming alliances with powerful regional families through marriage -solving the succession problem so that power could be passed between generations with minimal conflict -claiming divine support for the ruling dynasty

Compare these rulers by matching the description label with the correct man: Harun al-Rashid

-once sent the gift of an elephant to another ruler -capital city of his domain was almost forty square miles -Abbasid dynasty

Match the description or phrase with the correct emperor. Constantine

-proclaimed emperor by his troops after the death of his father -"In this sign conquer." -praised the clergy of this once-persecuted Christian faith -built the basilica of Saint Peter in Rome

Match these sources of cultural borrowing and diffusion with their regions to illustrate the blossoming of Abbasid culture: Ancient Greece

-reintroduction of this state's sciences to the West -knowledge of plants -Arabic's replacement of this state's language for the educated classes -translations of Aristotle and Hippocrates

Match the description or phrase with the correct emperor. Justinian

-survived the bubonic plague of 541-542 CE -rebuilt Hagia Sophia -came to Constantinople from a Balkan village -reformed former Roman law

Define Toltecs

A Mesoamerican people who, by 1000 ce, had filled the political vacuum created by the decline of the city of Teotihuacán.

Define Sanskrit cosmopolis

A cultural synthesis based on Hindu spiritual beliefs and articulated in the Sanskrit language that served to unify South Asia in place of a centralized empire.

Define Vikings

A people from Scandinavia who replaced the Franks as the dominant warrior class in northern Europe in the ninth century ce. They used their superior ships to loot other seagoing peoples and sailed up the rivers of central Russia to establish a trade route that connected Scandinavia and the Baltic with Constantinople and Baghdad. The Vikings established settlements in Iceland and Greenland and, briefly, North America.

Define Hinduism

A refashioning of the ancient Brahmanic Vedic religion, bringing it in accord with rural life and agrarian values. It emerged as the dominant faith in Indian society in the third century ce. Believers became vegetarians and adopted rituals of self-sacrifice. Three major deities—Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva—formed a trinity representing the three phases of the universe (birth, existence, and destruction, respectively) and the three expressions of the eternal self, or atma.

Which of the following ideas can be inferred from Primary Source 7.1, the short excerpt about Han legal philosophy written by Dong Zhongshu?

A true father raises and protects his children; it is behavior, not simply nature, that defines the role of father. A man's first duty is to his family and his second duty is to the state.

The Ming emperor claimed to have the "mandate of heaven." The Ottoman sultan claimed to be the "shadow of God." European monarchs claimed to have a "divine right" to their thrones. What do these facts suggest?

After the Black Death, leaders in each region used their connections to religious ideas and institutions to convince their subjects of their right to hold power.

Match the administrative challenges that Emperor Wu and Augustus each faced with the solutions they employed. ... so he increased the power of the military and presented himself as both a glorious military commander and a representative of the citizens.

Augustus needed to justify his new, powerful role administering the Roman Empire, ...

Match the administrative challenges that Emperor Wu and Augustus each faced with the solutions they employed. ... so he relied heavily on military commanders, local leaders, elite slaves, and private contractors.

Augustus's government suffered from a shortage of qualified administrators, ...

How do scholars refer to the two great waves of travelers out of West Africa in this era?

Bantu migrations

Which of the following statements are correct about the political, social, and cultural institutions as a result of the Bantu migrations?

Bantu speakers spread a political and social order that was based on family and clan structures. Belief systems and their deities remained local.

Kubilai Khan founded his Yuan dynasty with a capital at Dadu, which is the site of what present-day city?

Beijing

Between about 1320 and 1350 Afro-Eurasia was ravaged by a disease called the bubonic plague. What was this specific twenty-year catastrophe called?

Black Death

Define Roman Catholic Church

Branch of Christianity established by 1000 ce in western Europe and led by the Roman papacy. In contrast to ancient Greek Orthodoxy, western Catholics believed that their church was destined to expand everywhere, and they set about converting the pagan tribes of northern Europe. Western Catholics contemptuously called the eastern Romans "Greeks" and condemned them for their "Byzantine" cunning.

Define Madhyamika (Middle Way) Buddhism

Chinese branch of Mahayana Buddhism established by Kumarajiva (344-413 ce) that used irony and paradox to show that reason was limited.

Define monasticism

Christian way of life that originated in Egypt and was practiced as early as 300 ce in the Mediterranean. The word itself contains the meaning of a person "living alone" without marriage or family.

Define Cahokia

Commercial center for regional and long-distance trade in North America. Its hinterlands produced staples for urban consumers. In return, its crafts were exported inland by porters and to North American markets in canoes. See also Mound people.

The Tang Empire revived _____________ as the foundation of a new __________ order and embraced the ____________ written language as another _________ element.

Confucianism imperial classifying unifying

After his journey from Mecca, Muhammad required that all community disputes be referred to God and his truest Prophet. Name this declaration.

Constitution of Medina

Define Red Turban Movement

Diverse religious movement in China during the fourteenth century that spread the belief that the world was drawing to an end as Mongol rule was collapsing.

Which of the following descriptions of Han society depicts the actual experiences of the Chinese population?

Elite families enjoyed the kinds of luxuries and entertainments that were previously only available at big, public events.

Define Sufism

Emotional and mystical form of Islam that appealed to the common people.

Match the administrative challenges that Emperor Wu and Augustus each faced with the solutions they employed. ... so he founded a university that trained scholars, as well as fostering naturalists, doctors, and engineers.

Emperor Wu did not have enough scholar-officials to administer the provinces, ...

Match the administrative challenges that Emperor Wu and Augustus each faced with the solutions they employed. ... which he solved through a combination of warfare, trade, defensive infrastructure, and diplomacy.

Emperor Wu inherited an age-old border conflict with nomads to the north, ...

Define Mali

Empire West African empire, founded by the legendary king Sundiata in the early thirteenth century. It facilitated thriving commerce, with routes linking the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara, and beyond.

Define globalizing empires

Empires, such as the Han and the Roman, that covered immense amounts of territory, included huge, diverse populations, exerted influence beyond their own borders, and worked to integrate conquered peoples.

Identify the striking Chinese emperor who proved that not all powerful figures in the Tang dynasty were male.

Empress Wu Zhao

Define Greek Orthodoxy

Enduring form of Christianity that used the framework of the "Roman" state inherited from Constantine and Justinian to protect itself from Roman Catholicism and Muslim forces. The Greek Orthodox capital was Constantinople and its spiritual empire included the Russian peoples, Baltic Slavs, and peoples living in southwest Asia.

The text says that after the Black Death, the dynastic monarchy was the political institution at the center of each of the large unified societies in Afro-Eurasia. Which of the following statements about dynastic monarchies is accurate?

European city-states like Venice and Florence were not dynastic monarchies because in place of a single ruling family, they were each controlled by a small group of wealthy men who voted for their leaders.

Between 1000 and 1300 CE, political authorities, such as those in China and Egypt, were openly hostile to Afro-Eurasian maritime trade.

False

By the fourth century CE, the Roman Empire was at the apex of its power and strength.

False

Despite the fact that Islam was a universalizing religion, Muslims were not especially interested in converting non-Muslims to the faith unless they spoke Arabic.

False

Foreign merchants conducting business in Quanzhou were restricted from worshipping in their own faith and in building religious structures by Chinese government officials, who promoted Confucian traditions.

False

Humanism was a style of painting that emphasized realistic depiction of the physical world and anatomical accuracy in human subjects.

False

In 754 CE the ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty, al-Mansur, relocated his capital from Baghdad to Damascus in order to be closer to the former glory of the Egyptian pharaohs.

False

In Europe during this era, manorialism largely gave way to small independent farms worked by former peasants.

False

Rome and Han China used the same techniques of conquest and governance as the Persian and Mauryan Empires; they simply used these techniques to manage more territory than those earlier empires.

False

The Spaniards and the Ottomans used similar methods to achieve territorial control within and beyond their own borders.

False

The Tang dynasty used state-supported Buddhism as an official policy to extend their territorial expansion.

False

The breakdown of the Roman Empire and Han China introduced an era in which military conquest and political strength linked large expanses of Afro-Eurasia.

False

Women played no significant role in Mongol society or conquests, since they were not formally trained soldiers and were therefore often ignored.

False

Define Hinayana Buddhism

Form of Buddhism that accepted the divinity of Buddha himself but not of demigods, or bodhisattvas.

Define creed

Formal statement of faith or expression of a belief system. A Christian creed or "credo" was formulated by the Council of Nicaea in 325 ce.

The Mongols depended on settled peoples in rich cities for what needed goods?

Grains and iron

Define Black Death

Great epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe, East Asia, and North Africa in the fourteenth century, killing large numbers, including perhaps as many as one-third of the European population.

Define Shiites

Group of supporters of Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, who wanted him to be the first caliph and believed that members of the Prophet's family deserved to rule. The leaders of the Shiite community are known as "Imam," which means "leaders."

Define dynasty

Hereditary ruling family that passed control from one generation to the next.

Identify characteristics of Roman Empire

Ideas of political legitimacy in this empire changed significantly as it grew from a small, homogenous community into a multiethnic state. The citizen, the soldier, and the military governor were the foundation of government in this empire.

Which one of the following comparisons between Han China and Rome is accurate?

In Han China, Confucianism supported imperial power, and Confucian scholars helped administer the empire. In imperial Rome, leaders claimed military prowess, and professional soldiers took part in governance.

How did the Catholic monarchs of Spain drive Muslims and Jews out of their kingdom?

Inquisition

Define caliphate

Institution that arose as the successor to Muhammad's leadership and became both the political and religious head of the Islamic community. Although the caliphs exercised political authority over the Muslim community and were the head of the religious community, the ummah, they did not inherit Muhammad's prophetic powers and were not authorities in religious doctrine.

With __________'s warriors, traders, and _________ crossing into ___________, with Chinese influences taking deeper root in ___________, and with ___________ extending itself across Europe, ____________ and empire once again - to serve as the ____________ foundation across much of ___________.

Islams scholar Europe East Asia Christendom religon intertwined social Afro-Eurasia

What was the truly distinct theological message that separated eastern Greek Orthodoxy from Roman Catholicism in the west?

Jesus facilitated theosis rather than simply atoning for mankind's sins.

Define Pax Romana

Latin for "Roman Peace"; refers to the period between 25 bce and 235 ce during which conditions in the Roman Empire were settled and peaceful.

Define Imperor Wu

Latin word used to express Romans' power and command over their subjects. It is the basis of the English words empire and imperialism.

Define flying cash

Letters of exchange—early predecessors of paper cash instead of coins—first developed by guilds in the northwestern Shanxi. By the thirteenth century, paper money had eclipsed coins.

Define Res publica

Literally "public thing"; this referred to the Roman republic, in which policy and rules of behavior were determined by the Senate and by popular assemblies of the citizens.

Define sharia

Literally, "the way"; now used to indicate the philosophy and rulings of Islamic law.

Define eunuchs

Loyal and well-paid men who were surgically castrated as youths and remained in service to the caliph or emperor. Both Abbasid and Tang rulers relied for protection on a cadre of eunuchs.

Which modern English word is evidence of long-standing Roman militarism?

March

Ban Zhao and Musonius Rufus both wrote about the ideal relationship between husbands and wives. From the list below, select the statements with which both would agree.

Marriage is important and exists for the benefit of both partners, not just for the children they produce. Education improves people's ability to interact well with one another.

Ban Zhao and Musonius Rufus both wrote about the ideal relationship between husbands and wives. Select the statements with which both would agree

Marriage is important and exists for the benefit of both partners, not just for the children they produce. Education improves people's ability to interact well with one another.

How did Ming emperors indicate to their subjects that their dynasty had the mandate of heaven?

Ming emperors performed elaborate sacrificial rites on behalf of Chinese subjects and elevated Confucian scholars to positions of power.

Define Zheng He

Ming naval leader who established tributary relations with Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean ports, the Persian Gulf, and the east coast of Africa.

Define Byzantium

Modern term for the eastern Roman Empire (lasting from the fourth to the fifteenth century), centered at its "new Rome," Constantinople (founded by emperor Constantine in 324 on the site of a Greek city, Byzantium).

What form of political organization grants supreme state power to a single individual?

Monarchy

Identify the primary agent(s) for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads of central Asia.

Monks

____________ believed that he was a ____________ in the tradition of ___________ and _____________ and communicated with the same __________ that they did.

Muhammad prophet Moses Jesus God

__________ and his followers created an __________ to facilitate the expansion of their ____________, while their _________ counterparts _________ an empire when ___________ embraced the new faith.

Muhammad empire faith Christian inherited Constantine

One significant turning point in the decline of the Tang Empire occurred when ____________________________.

Muslim forces drove the Tang from Turkistan at the battle of Talas river

How did the Black Death ultimately affect the strength and legitimacy of the Catholic Church in the eyes of Europeans?

Negatively: Europeans were disappointed that the clergy had been unable to stop the plague and (in some cases) unwilling to help its victims; this led to challenges to church doctrine.

Did Ming China and the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula share similar views about private merchants and maritime trade?

No. Portuguese and Spanish leaders supported and encouraged their peoples' involvement in maritime trade, while Ming leaders generally distrusted it.

Which is the most accurate description of the manner in which Octavian developed his position as emperor of Rome?

Octavian claimed multiple traditional titles, each of which granted him power over part of the Roman government; thus he concentrated all power in himself without actually claiming to be a king.

Define Sunnis

Orthodox Muslims. The majority sect of Islam, Sunnis originally supported the succession of Abu Bakr over Ali and supported the rule of consensus rather than family lineage for the succession to the Islamic caliphate.

Christianity was born on the eastern edge of the Roman Empire, and the growth and message of the religion were deeply affected by this context. In what ways was this true?

Palestine was connected to the rest of the Mediterranean world by a complex web of Roman roads and maritime trade routes, enabling Christian ideas to spread widely throughout the empire. The crucifixion of Jesus was part of Rome's standard practice of using their legal system in conquered territories and appointing leaders, like Pontius Pilatus, to administer provinces.

Define Code of Manu

Part of the handiwork of Brahman priests; a representative code of law that incorporated social sanctions and practices and provided guidance for living within the caste system.

Define martyr

People executed by the Roman authorities for persisting in their Christian beliefs and refusing to submit to pagan ritual or belief.

The Black Death caused a series of interconnected crises across Afro-Eurasia. Match each type of crisis to the sentence that describes it. Each kind of crisis has only one correct description. Economic crisis

People had difficulty meeting their basic material needs because of food shortages, rising prices, and work stoppages.

The Black Death caused a series of interconnected crises across Afro-Eurasia. Match each type of crisis to the sentence that describes it. Each kind of crisis has only one correct description. Political Crisis

People questioned the legitimacy, morality, and competence of their leaders.

Define Pax Sinica

Period of peace (149-87 bce) during which agriculture, commerce, and industry flourished in East Asia under the rule of the Han.

Shah Namah was an epic poem that celebrated the origins of which culture?

Persian

Define Topkapi Palace

Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, located in Istanbul.

Define monarchy

Political system in which one individual holds supreme power and passes that power on to his or her next of kin.

Define commanderies

Provinces. Shi Huangdi (First August Emperor) divided China into commanderies (jun) to enable the Qin dynasty to rule the massive state effectively. The thirty-six commanderies were then subdivided into counties (xian).

Which of these events marked Rome's rise as a great Mediterranean Sea power?

Punic Wars

Which of these events marked Rome's rise as a great Mediterranean Sea power?

Punic wars

The Song government set up offices of seafaring affairs in __________, __________, and a third near present-day Shanghai. Each year there was a __________ ritual with many foreign traders who then would be _________ to _________.

Quanzhou Guangzhou wind-calling invited dine at a sumptuous banquet

Which of the following best explains why Tang Chinese merchants exchanged silk and porcelain in South China port cities with foreign merchants?

Rebellions in the northwest and the rise of Islam in Central Asia jeopardized land routes.

The Black Death caused a series of interconnected crises across Afro-Eurasia. Match each type of crisis to the sentence that describes it. Each kind of crisis has only one correct description. Demographic Crisis

Regions lost so many people that basic functions like growing food, trading, and maintaining towns could not be carried out due to a lack of labor.

Define Christianity

Religion that originated at the height of the Roman Empire and in a direct confrontation with Roman imperial authority: the trial of Yeshua ben Yosef (Joshua son of Joseph; we know him today by the Greek form of his name, Jesus). Jesus was condemned for sedition and crucified. His followers believed that he was resurrected and that his teachings were not that of a man, but a god who had walked among human beings. At first, the Roman Empire refused to recognize Christianity and persecuted its followers, but in the fourth century ce Christianity was officially recognized as the Roman state religion.

Define universalizing religions

Religions that appeal to diverse populations; are easily adaptable across various cultural and geographical areas; promote universal rules and principles to guide behavior that transcend place, time, and specific cultural practices; are proselytized by energetic and charismatic missionaries; foster a deep sense of community felt by their converts; and are supported by powerful empires.

What was the focus of Renaissance thought and study?

Renaissance scholars and artists studied and built on early Greek and Roman sources concerning everything from geography to architecture to political theory.

Define Ottoman Empire

Rulers of Anatolia, the Arab world, and much of southern and eastern Europe in the early sixteenth century. They transformed themselves from nomadic warrior bands who roamed the borderlands between Islamic and Christian worlds in Anatolia into sovereigns of a vast, bureaucratic empire. The Ottomans embraced a Sunni view of Islam. They adapted traditional Byzantine governmental practices but tried new ways of integrating the diverse peoples of their empire.

Which of the following effects of the Black Death occurred in multiple regions across Afro-Eurasia?

Societies experienced famine, rising prices, and declining urban populations.

Define Chimu Empire

South America's first empire; it developed during the first century of the second millennium in the Moche Valley on the Pacific coast.

Although leaders in the Iberian Peninsula and the Yongle Emperor both supported exploration, their goals were not the same. Which statement best describes these differences?

Spanish and Portuguese leaders supported maritime exploration to develop their trade networks and acquire territory, whereas the Yongle Emperor wanted to control regional trade and establish Ming superiority over other lands.

Define Jizya

Special tax that non-Muslims were forced to pay to their Islamic rulers in return for which they were given security and property and granted cultural autonomy.

Define manorialism

System in which the manor (a lord's home, its associated industry, and surrounding fields) served as the basic unit of economic power; an alternative to feudalism (the hierarchical relationships of king, lords, and peasantry) for thinking about the nature of power in western Europe.

The __________ Empire revived __________ as the foundation of a new _____________ order and embraced the __________ written language as another ____________ element.

Tang Confucianism imperial classical unifying

The _______ era represented the _________ of __________ homegrown __________, __________ and Daoism, over the ____________ universalizing religion of __________.

Tang triumph two ideologies Confucianism foreign Buddhism

Define Renaissance

Term meaning "rebirth" that historians use to characterize the expanded cultural production of European nations between 1430 and 1550. Emphasized a break from the churchcentered medieval world and a new concept of humankind as the center of the world.

Which statement is supported by the chapter 11 text?

The Black Death pandemic of the 1300s was the result of multiple factors: strong trade connections, high exposure to infected rodents, and weakened human populations.

In comparison to the Hellenistic connections brought about by Alexander in the late fourth century, how did the Mongols influence world history?

The Mongols created unprecedented Afro-Eurasian interconnectedness.

Which is the correct statement about Ming and Ottoman uses of military power

The Ottomans and the Ming were successful in establishing empires because leaders of each dynasty understood that they needed a strong military to claim and unify their territory and a strong bureaucracy to manage it.

What factors enabled the Qin kingdom to overcome the other Warring States?

The Qin kingdom used the valuable natural resources and trade revenues in the Sichuan region to increase its food production and thus its military strength.

Define humanism

The Renaissance aspiration to know more about the human experience beyond what the Christian scriptures offered by reaching back into ancient Greek and Roman texts.

Why did the Ming dynasty cease funding maritime exploration after 1433?

The Yongle Emperor died, and later emperors decided that defense against northern threats was a better use of state money than exploration.

Identify characteristic of Han China and Roman Empire

The economy of this empire was primarily agricultural.

Identify characteristic of Han China

The elites of this empire shared a common written language, a tradition of ancestor worship, and the belief that their empire's structure mirrored the structure of the cosmos.

Han Chinese

The emperor remained aloof from his powerful military machine and tried to cultivate the idea that he was ethical and scholarly.

Both Roman and Han Chinese

The empire maintained huge military forces, built defensive walls, and stationed soldiers at garrison towns on the outer edges of the empire.

Roman

The expansion of the empire was halted by the impossibility of conquering the horse-mounted Parthian and Sasanian troops. For centuries the empire fought against—and purchased thousands of slaves from—the settled populations to the north of the empire.

Define Five Pillars of Islam

The five tenets, or main aspects, of Islamic practice: testification or bearing witness that there is no God other than God (Allah, in Arabic) and that Muhammad is the messenger of God; praying five times a day; fasting from sunup to sundown every day during Ramadan (a month on the Islamic calendar); giving alms; and making a pilgrimage to Mecca.

How did the Han government address the challenges of managing an empire? The government collected a variety of taxes on both farmers and merchants, directly managed its own productive lands, and maintained lucrative government monopolies on salt, wine, and iron.

The government needed revenues to carry out its military and infrastructure projects.

How did the Han government address the challenges of managing an empire? Emperor Wu established a school, later known as the Imperial University, to educate scholars who could become bureaucrats.

The government needed thousands of loyal, educated bureaucrats to carry out the functions of government.

How did the Han government address the challenges of managing an empire? The Han military, which was large and well-armed because of conscripted soldiers and a strong tax base, defeated the Xiongnu.

The government needed to protect its population from the Xiongnu and other northern nomads.

The text refers to the fact that the Mongols lost the mandate of heaven and that the Ming claimed to have the mandate of heaven. What does the phrase "mandate of heaven" mean?

The mandate of heaven refers to the idea that a virtuous emperor had a strong connection to the gods and that the gods and ancestors of China supported his family's right to rule.

Define civil service examinations

The world's first written civil service examination system, instituted by the Tang dynasty to recruit officials and bureaucrats. Open to most males, the exams tested a candidate's literary skills and knowledge of the Confucian classics. They helped to unite the Chinese state by making knowledge of a specific language and Confucian classics the only route to power.

How were the Ottoman devshirme system and the Ming establishment of village-level hierarchies similar to and different from one another?

They both amplified the power of their governments by extending imperial influence, but the devshirme system created an isolated, powerful sub-community within the empire.

What do you know about the Mongols and their lifestyle?

They often changed locations with the seasons. They lived on high levels of protein, building up muscle mass and strength. They were a combination of forest and prairie peoples. They rode relatively small horses and wielded heavy compound bows. They were known for their well-disciplined, successful military units.

As the central bureaucracy expanded in the Song Empire, how were officials selected?

They passed competitive civil service examinations.

What did the cry "Thanks be to God!" by twelve Scillitan Christians condemned to death for not worshipping in the traditional Roman ways indicate?

They were confident that they would be offered salvation in a happier world, which they would enter when they died.

Match each of the positions in the Roman Republic to its function. Consul

This person served a one-year term with a partner, and together they commanded Rome's armies.

Match each of the positions in the Roman Republic to its function. Dictator

This person served for a six-month term, in times of crisis, and held absolute power over the entire state during his time in office.

Match each of the positions in the Roman Republic to its function. Senator

This person was one of 300 to 600 individuals from wealthy families who met to develop laws and policies for Rome.

Match each of the positions in the Roman Republic to its function. Tribune

This person was one of ten elected officials whose job was to protect the common people (the plebs) from the predations and interests of the Roman elites.

Define Punic Wars

Three wars waged between the Romans and Carthage in the third and second centuries bce that resulted in the defeat of the Carthaginian hegemony in the western Mediterranean and demonstrated the might of the Roman military (army and navy) and the beginnings of Rome's aggressive foreign imperialism.

Define Augustus

Title meaning "Revered One," assumed in 27 bce by the Roman ruler Octavian (63-14 bce). This was one of many titles he assumed; others included imperator, princeps, and Caesar.

Define entrepôts

Trading stations at the borders between communities, which made exchange possible among many different partners. Long-distance traders could also replenish their supplies at these stations.

Define Inquisition

Tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church that enforced religious orthodoxy during the Protestant Reformation.

According to Japanese sources and claims, Prince Shotoku introduced Buddhism to Japan in addition to promoting Confucianism during his reign.

True

As a result of their faith and scriptures, both Jews and Christians may have acted in ways that were contrary to Roman laws.

True

At its height, the Tang dynasty maintained both a huge cavalry and a large army in order to defend its far-flung borders and contain rebellion.

True

Between 1000 and 1300, sub-Saharan Africa was internally integrated. This integration resulted in cultural exchanges, political connections, and economic links.

True

Both Christianity and Buddhism are considered universalizing religions in this era.

True

During the Abbasid Empire, Muslim rulers and clerics were tolerant of non-Muslims so long as they accepted Islam's political domination and paid the special jizya tax.

True

European Christians looked to the Roman Catholic Church to replace the lost political unity after the fall of the Roman Empire.

True

Historians consider the Arabian and East African borderlands between the Roman and Persian Empires to be an area of religious and commercial conflict.

True

Humanism offered an alternative to the church as a basis for political legitimacy in Europe.

True

In Europe, unification under a single strong leader was impeded by both the Catholic Church and independent city-states.

True

In its attempt to throw off Mongol control and respond to the Black Death, the Red Turban Movement combined China's diverse religious traditions.

True

Scholars believe that the first Bantu speakers lived in the southeastern part of modern Nigeria.

True

South Asia became a significant stronghold for Hinduism as the dominant religion.

True

The Huns, particularly during the twenty years they were led by their king Attila, threatened both the Romans and the Germanic peoples.

True

The Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana were similar in that they were both periods of peace won through extraordinary military force, they both began with the reign of powerful dictators, and they both fostered economic growth.

True

Compare the empires of Mali and the Toltecs by dragging the correct description to each society. Toltecs

Tula, their magnificent city with pyramids and ball courts filled the political vacuum left by the decline of Teotihuacan relied on a maize-based economy

Define Delhi Sultanate

Turkish regime of northern India. The regime strengthened the cultural diversity and tolerance that were a hallmark of the Indian social order, which allowed it to bring about political integration without enforcing cultural homogeneity.

Define Imperial University

University founded in 136 bce by Emperor Wu, where important discoveries such as the rational diagnoses of the body's functions, the magnetic compass, and high-quality paper were developed; significant as a mechanism by which the Han state inculcated Confucian thought into the elite.

The Chinese leader, ______________, and the Roman leaders, _______________________________, came to power as a result of ____________________. They similarly tried (and failed) to address their states' problems through ___________________________.

Wang Mang Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus agrarian crises land redistribution

Define Bantu migrations

Waves of rapid population movement from West Africa into eastern and southern Africa during the first millennium ce that brought advanced agricultural practices to these regions and absorbed most of the preexisting hunting-and-gathering populations.

The Han dynasty fought, negotiated, and traded with the Xiongnu to its northwest. Were these interactions similar to those between Rome and the Germanic and Gothic peoples?

Yes, in the sense that Rome considered the Germans and Goths a threat, while at the same time engaging in extensive economic interactions with them.

Did the Hongwu Emperor and the Spanish rulers, Ferdinand and Isabella, use similar tactics in unifying their regions?

Yes, the leaders of both regions used strategic marriages to solidify control over their territories and to turn potential threats into alliances.

Did Ottoman sultans and Portuguese kings use any similar techniques in extending their political power over distant territories?

Yes. Both Ottoman sultans and Portuguese kings gave land grants to nobles inhabiting distant territory, thus securing their loyalty.

What was the Popul Vuh?

a Maya creation myth

Match the correct descriptions with the term universalizing religions.

adaptability with regard to culture and geography imperial political support energetic and charismatic missionaries universal rules and principles sense of community appeal to diverse populations

Which of the following best explains why Tang Chinese merchants exchanged silk and porcelain in South China port cities with foreign merchants?

choiceRebellions in the northwest and the rise of Islam in Central Asia jeopardized land routes.

In order to serve the Tang dynasty, what would candidates for office be required to do?

demonstrate understanding of Chinese classical literature, as well as Confucian and Daoist teachings

Match the correct descriptions with one of the two schools of Buddhism. Hinayana

did not accept the divinity of the bodhisattvas Lesser Vehicle temples decorated with only the image of the Buddha himself

Compare the empires of Mali and the Toltecs by dragging the correct description to each society. Mali

empire that was home to Timbuktu and three famous early mosques that are still standing reflected a connection between Cairo and West Africa, as a result of Islamic traditions vital assembly point for caravans laden with salt and slaves

Who successfully spread both Christianity and Buddhism throughout Afro-Eurasia during times of political turmoil and fragmentation?

enthusiastic missionaries, who were sometimes monks or priests merchants who often traveled long distances

Islam traveled across the Sahara Desert and into West Africa, in part, due to traders who sought to _________________________________.

exchange weapons and textiles for gold, salt, and slaves

Compare Cahokia to Chan Chan by correctly dragging the description to each city. Chan Chan

fell to the Incan armies in the 1460s trading center of 30,000 inhabitants overlooking the Pacific Ocean built burial complexes to store riches of gold, silver, Spondylus shells, and fine cloths famous for ten huge palaces at its center, with thick walls thirty feet high

Despite the restrictions placed upon the practice of slavery by the Quran, which of the following is true about African slavery in this era?

flourished under Islam

Who were the Beghards?

group of Europeans who questioned the value of the clergy and church teachings

Identify these major anchorages that thrived because of powerful rulers who wished to generate commercial wealth. What commodities were traded from each major anchorage? Melaka

key cosmopolitan entrepôt located to the east of the Bay of Bengal place where Indian, Javanese, and Chinese merchants traded and waited for the winds to change

Why were the "rightly guided caliphs" successful following the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE?

linked correct religious practice with universal appeal, in addition to empire building and territorial expansion

Which of the following changes would have made fifteenth-century Western Europe more like Ming China?

making Latin the language of government across the region, but letting local people speak French, Spanish, English, and other regional dialects

Match these sources of cultural borrowing and diffusion with their regions to illustrate the blossoming of Abbasid culture: India

numbering system based upon the concept of zero

Identify these major anchorages that thrived because of powerful rulers who wished to generate commercial wealth. What commodities were traded from each major anchorage? Cairo and/or Alexandria

place where hand-copied Bibles, Talmuds, and Qurans were traded place where numerous Muslim and Jewish trading firms conducted business and maintained a lookout post the Mediterranean's main maritime commercial centers gateway to Europe for Chinese textiles

Compare Cahokia to Chan Chan by correctly dragging the description to each city. Cahokia

place where merchants traded their goods for mica from the Appalachians and shark's teeth from the Gulf of Mexico famous for building enormous earthen mounds largest trading city in North America with 15,000 inhabitants rich soil, woodlands for game and fuel close to a major river for trade

When the text says that one of Zheng He's goals was to "establish tributary relations" with other kingdoms, it means that Zheng He's goal was to persuade other kings to

recognize the Ming emperor as superior to themselves

Match the correct descriptions with one of the two schools of Buddhism. Mahayana

responsible for Buddhism becoming a universal religion Greater Vehicle extended worship to bodhisattvas

Mayan elites sought to honor their ancestors and gods by which of the following?

ritual bloodletting and frequent warfare

Match the correct descriptions to the new ships of this era: dhows, junks, and cogs. Junk

sailed in the Atlantic Ocean ship with a single mast and square sail

Match the correct descriptions to the new ships of this era: dhows, junks, and cogs. Cog

ship that sailed the South China Sea could carry as many as 500 men and 500 tons of cargo

Match the correct descriptions to the new ships of this era: dhows, junks, and cogs. Dhow

ship with triangular sails maximized monsoon trade winds

Match these sources of cultural borrowing and diffusion with their regions to illustrate the blossoming of Abbasid culture: China

siege warfare development and use of paper

Identify these major anchorages that thrived because of powerful rulers who wished to generate commercial wealth. What commodities were traded from each major anchorage? Quilon

supported by the Chola dynasty trade in Arabian horses, elephants, and spices tenth-century nerve center between China, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean

What was the name of the Sanskritic text that offers advice regarding the varna and jati system?

the Code of Manu

The realm of European Christendom was unified and constituted by two institutions of the faith known as ________________________.

the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox Churches

What did the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva represent?

the three phases of the universe

What evidence supports the claim that the Mayans were skilled mathematicians?

their astronomical knowledge and accurate calendar

How did the technological advance of the compass facilitate the expansion of Afro-Eurasian trade?

used to improve cartography originally used to find promising locations for houses and tombs aided the development of anchorages allowed improved sailing during less than ideal weather