HTHS 1110 module 9

The function of the fontanelles is to:

Allow the cranium to expand

The ligament running down the surface of the vertebral bodies is called the ___ ligament.

Anterior longitudinal

If you were explaining endochondral ossification to a friend, which of the following would you likely include in your explanation?

Blood vessels penetrate the hyaline cartilage and deliver osteoblast, which lay down bone material.

From superior to inferior, which of the following list the sections of the vertebral column in the correct order?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

The sacrum and comprise ___ the sacral spine

Coccyx

Which of the following explains the difference between the structure of compact bone and spongy bone?

Compact bone tissue is made up of structural units called osteons, whereas spongy bone tissue is made up of a lattice of struts called trabeculae.

Which of the following list the layers of long bone from exterior to interior?

Compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, bone marrow

central canal (haversian canal)

Contains one or more blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon; run parallel to the surface of bone.

The medullary cavity of a long bone is located inside the:

Diaphysis

A long bone consists of a shaft, or ___ and an ___ at each end.

Diaphysis, epiphysis

The articular cartilage of a long bone covers the:

Distal Epiphysis and the Proximal Epiphysis

Which of the following accurately compares endochondral ossification an intramembranous ossification?

Endochondral ossification is the process in which hyaline cartilage is replaced with bone and grows, where as intramembranous ossification is the process of flat bones developing from connective tissue

Which of the following accurately compares endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification?

Endochondral ossification is the process in which hyaline cartilage is replaced with bone and grows, whereas intramembranous ossification is the process of flat bones developing from connective tissue.

Osteoblast secret enzymes to break down bone matrix

False

If your instructor asked you to list the bones of the lower limb, from the side of foot, which of the following would be the correct order?

Femur, patella, tibia and fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Sulcus

Groove, shallow depression Sulci plural

Which bone is the longest and largest born of the upper limbs?

Humerus

Which substance formed the framework on which long bones will be base during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage

Long bones are formed by the process of endochondral ossification. The other strategy for bone formation is ___ (bones that form in this manner do not have a medullary cavity).

Intramembranous ossification

All of the following statements accurately describe osteoporosis except

It develops when the bones absorb too much calcium

Which describes the order of the auditory ossicles, from outer to inner?

Malleus, incus, stapes

All joints of the skull are sutures, except for the joint between the:

Mandible and temporal bones

Flat bones lack which of the following?

Medullary cavity

Which cranial bones is supported by the vertebral column and articulates with the atlas in a way that allows for rotation of the head?

Occipital

During endochondral ossification, ___ lay down bone material, replacing ___.

Osteoblast,hyaline cartilage

Which of the following accurately compares the different types of bone cells?

Osteoblasts synthesize bone matrix, osteoclasts break down bone matrix, and osteocytes maintain bone tissue structure.

During endochondral ossification, ___ lay down bone material, replacing ___.

Osteoblasts, hyaline cartilage

All of the following statements accurately describe steps in the process of bone repair except

Osteoclasts transform the callus into bone.

If a friend ask you to explain osteoporosis, which of the following might be a point you would make?

Osteoporosis is a condition in which overall tissue loss within bone results in bone pain, tenderness, and weakened and brittle bones.

Spine

Pointy projection Non-articular, attachments

Tubercle

Potato-like bump Non-articular, attachments

All of the following are functions of the thoracic cage except

Provides support for the weight of the body

Osteoporosis results from a higher rate of bone ___ relative to ___.

Reabsorption, deposition

All of the following are long bones except:

Rib

Tuberosity

Rough, variable-size bump Non-articular, attachments

Trochanter

Runner, very large projection Non-articular, attachments

The patella is an example of which bone type?

Sesamoid

Facet

Smooth, concave or convex articular surface

The vertebral column consists of all of the following except

The hyoid

All of the following bones form part of the knee joint except

The ilium

What is the basic functional unit of compact bone?

The osteon

The axial skeleton consists of bones in all the following body regions except

The pectoral girdle

All of the following or similarities between the radius and the forearm and the fibula in the leg except

The radius is the longest bone in the arm, and the fibula is the longest phone in the leg.

Which of the following statements accurately compares the true and false ribs?

The true ribs articulate directly with the sternum via individual costal cartilages, whereas the false ribs attach to the sternum via shared cartilage.

If your instructor asked you to compare the structure of the upper and lower extremities, which of the following might you say?

The upper and lower extremities have a similar structure, with a large bone articulating with two smaller bones via a joint.

What is the significance of the lumbar vertebra's body size?

There are larger size helps to support more body weight

How are osteoblast delivered two areas were a long bone forms during endochondral ossification?

They arrive in the blood as blood vessels penetrate the bone template

How are osteoblast delivered to the areas where a long bone forms during endochondral ossification?

They arrive in the blood as blood vessels penetrate the bone template.

Which of the following is not true about formation of flat bones?

They develop through endochondral ossification

Cervical vertebrae differ from other vertebrae in what way?

They have bifid spinous process & transverse foramina

Fossa

Trench or ditch Shallow depression or grove

Epicondyle

Upon or next to condyle Rough, nonarticulate Tendon attachment

Foramen

Window Hole for blood vessels and/or nerves Formina plural

Which of the following statements accurately compares yellow and red bone marrow?

Yellow bone marrow consists mostly of fat, whereas red bone marrow contains blood cells.

All of the following are part of the axial skeleton except

arm

steps of bone repair in order:

blood clotting and formation of a fracture of hematoma removal of dead bone cells by osteoclasts formation of fibrocartilaginous callus formation of a bony callus remodeling of bone at the site

If you were explaining long bone formation to a friend who does not understand the process, which of the following would you likely include in your explanation?

blood vessels penetrate the hyaline cartilage and deliver osteoblasts, which lay down bone material

Which part of the spine includes the atlas and axis?

cervical spine

The function of osteoclasts is to:

chew bone, break down bone matrix

The embryonic development of long bones, ___ secrete and form a shaft of ___.

chondroblasts, hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is not a bone of the axial skeleton?

clavicle

All of the following are parts of the sternum except

coccyx

spongy bone

composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space

If the end of the broken bone pierces the skin, the fracture is considered a:

compound fracture

compact bone

dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

A long bone consists of a shaft, or ___ and a ___ at each end.

diaphysis, epiphysis

Which foramen does the spinal cord pass through?

foreman

Red bone marrow is found in all of the following except

in the medullary cavity of long bones

What is the process of flat bone formation called?

intramembranous ossification

Condyle

knuckle Round, articular

The joint between each parietal bone and occipital bone is called the ___ suture.

lambdoid

perforating canals (Volkmann's canals)

lie at right angles to the long axis of the bone and connect the blood and nerve supply of the medullary cavity to the central canals

Long bones are

longer than they are wide

All of the following bones are cranial bones, except?

maxilla

In a long bone, yellow bone marrow is found in the ___, and red bone marrow is found in the ___.

medullary cavity, spongy bone

All of the following are bones of the lower limb except

metacarpals

How does the skeletal system facilitate body movement?

muscles attach to the bones and cause movement when they contract

Fissure

narrow slit

All of the following are part of the appendicular skeleton except

neck

cells that build bone tissues are called:

osteoblasts

Which of the following structural elements are unique to the compact bone?

osteons

All of the following are cranial bones except

palatine bones

Which of the following is a type of bone that is present in both the upper and lower limbs?

phalanges

Process

projection Non-articular, attachments

What is the primary function of the vertebrae?

protect spinal cord

Long bones are adapted for all of the following except:

protecting internal organs

All of the following are functions of the thoracic cage except

protecting the spinal cord

Femur (thigh)

proximal region of pelvic appendage; upper part of hind leg

Trochelea

pulley Articular groove

What is produced inside the bone marrow of spongy bone?

red blood cells

All of the following statements accurately describe bone marrow except

red bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the long bones

All the following statements accurately describe bone marrow except

red bone marrow is found in the medullary cavity of the long bones

Head

rounded articular projection supported by neck

The carpals of the wrist are examples of which bone type?

short

bone marrow

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

yellow marrow

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

Moving from deep to superficial, the layers covering the bone marrow are:

spongy bone, compact bone, periosteum

Osteon

structural unit of compact bone

Which best describes a comminuted fracture?

the bone is crushed into three or more pieces

All of the following statements describe how bones of the axial skeleton protect vital organs except

the bones of the pelvic girdle surround and protect the kidneys

Which of the following accurately compares the radius and ulna?

the radius is smaller and thinner than the ulna

red marrow

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

What is the purpose of the central canal in osteons?

to provide space for the passage of blood vessels and nerves

All of the following are components of an osteon except

trabeculae

Ribs 1-7 are called _______ ribs because they articulate directly to the sternum

true ribs

Meatus

tubelike opening

Which is an example of a irregular bone?

vertebra

Which of the following is not a flat bone?

vertebra

Which of the following facial bones is unpaired?

vomer

Which of the following is part of the sternum?

xiphoid process

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

Which of the following statements accurately describes the exterior structures of a long bone?

A long bone consists of a diaphysis (shaft) and an epiphysis at each end.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the exterior structure of a long bone?

A long bone consists of diaphysis (shaft) and an epiphysis at each end.