HTHS 1111 module 14

pituitary gland

"Command center" of the endocrine system, along with the hypothalamus is it I don't know hypothesis

Required steps for T3 and T4 synthesis

1. Iodide trapping 2. Synthesis of thyroglobulin 3. Oxidation of iodide 4. Iodination of tyrosine 5. Coupling of T1 and T2 to make T3 and T 4 6. Pinocytosis and digestion of colloid 7. Secretion of thyroid hormones 8. Transport of T3 and T4 in the blood

Thyroid hormone production

1. Iodine move into the cell via transporter 2. TPO reaction 3. Oxidize Iodine 4. incorporate iodine into thioglobulin 5. results in MIT or DIT 6. TPO causes more reactions with MIT and DIT 7. T3 or T4 is formed 8. Proteolysis and released into the cell Most important enzyme = TPO - Thyroid Peroxidase T4 is converted into T3 via - Deiodinase

The following body functions are regulated by glands in the endocrine system, except

A. All of these are regulated by Hormones B. Sexual development and function C. Metabolism and growth D. Immune responses A .

Which of the following hormones is part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is released from the anterior pituitary?

ACTH

Which of the following hormones is released from the posterior pituitary

ADH

Superficial region of the adrenal glands

Adrenal cortex

Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

If you were giving an oral presentation on the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones that target the reproductive system, you would likely make all of the following points except

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) induces the production of milk by mammary glands

Which of the following accurately compares the two types of cells found in the pancreatic islets?

Alpha cells produce glucagon, whereas beta cells produce insulin.

Targets the secretion of aldosterone

Angiotensin II

The thyroid gland is located ___ the trachea and ___ the larynx.

Anterior to, inferior to

Which of the following is similarity between calcitonin (CT) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Both help regulate blood calcium levels

Which of the following is a similarity between prolactin (PRL) and oxytocin (OXT)?

Both target the mammary glands

Parathyroid cells known as ___ cells are thought to produce most or all of the parathyroids' endocrine secretion.

Chief

Posterior lobe

Comprised of nervous tissue

Hypothalamus

Connection between the nervous and endocrine systems

Hormone from the Hypothalamus that secretes the anterior pituitary to release ACTH

Corticopin-releasing hormone (CRH)

The adrenal cortex produces ___, whereas the adrenal medulla produces ___ and ___.

Corticosteroid hormones, epinephrine, norepinephrine

Provides negative feedback to hypothalamus, decreasing the release of CRH

Cortisol

Functions of androgens

Development of male secondary sex characteristics, increase female libido

promote the development of female sex characteristics

Estrogen and Progesterone

control the female menstrual cycle

FSH, LH, Estrogen and progesterone

Of the following, which is NOT a function of the endocrine system.

Filtration of blood

Which of the following accurately compares the role of glucagon and insulin and regulating blood glucose levels?

Glucagon stimulates organs and tissues to release glucose, whereas insulin stimulates organs and tissues to increase their uptake of glucose.

Which of the following accurately compares the three types of steroids produced by the adrenal cortex?

Glucocorticoids manage protein and glucose levels, mineralocorticoids manage the levels of water and salt, and gonadocorticoids are sex hormones called androgens.

Hormones secreted from the Zona fasciculata

Glucocorticoids, primaily cortisol

Hormones secreted from the zona reticularis

Gonadocorticoids, androgens primarily testosterone

Anterior lobe

Has a gland to gland relationship with hypothalamus

If you were giving an oral presentation on hormone action, you would likely make all of the following points except

Hormones travel through the bloodstream, affecting the behavior of all cells that have hormone receptors.

If you were explaining the hypophyseal portal system to a friend who doesn't understand it, which of the following would you say?

Hypophyseal portal system is the system of vasculature that connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

Produced by the pineal gland and regulates the sleep, wake cycle

Melatonin

The pineal gland produces the hormone ___, which protects nervous tissues and regulates sleeping patterns.

Melatonin

If your instructor asked you to explain how oxytocin (OXT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) differ from the other hormones that are secreted by the hypothalamus, which of the following would use likely say?

Most hormone secreted by the hypothalamus pass into capillary beds that branch from the superior hypophyseal artery located in the posterior pituitary

Which hormone is responsible for milk production in a new mother?

Prolactin (PRL)

Functions of hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla

Prolong the fight-or-flight response

The pineal gland produces melatonin, which

Protects nervous tissue and regulates sleeping patterns

Main function of aldosterone

Retain Na+ and H20 in the kidneys, resulting in a raise of blood pressure

Stimulates the descent of the testes in utero, controls the production of sperm, stimulates male secondary sex characteristics

Testosterone

Parathyroid hormone PTH stimulates all of the following except

The absorption of calcium from muscles

parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates all of the following EXCEPT:

The absorption of calcium from muscles

Which of the following accurately compares the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary gland?

The anterior lobe produces hormones, whereas the posterior lobe stores hormones produced by the hypothalamus.

If your friend ask you to explain the functions of the hypothalamus, you would likely say all of the following EXCEPT

The hypothalamus stores hormones produced by the pituitary gland

If you were explaining the role of the ovaries and testes play in the endocrine system, which of the following would you most likely say?

The ovaries and testes produce hormones that regulate female and male reproductive processes.

If your friend ask you to explain the function of thyroxine (T4) and (T3), you would likely say all of the following EXCEPT

They increase calcification of bones

Produced by the thymus. Encourages the maturation of T-lymphocytes

Thymosin

If your instructor asked you to identify the main target organs for the hypothalamus and pituitary hormones, you could include all of the following EXCEPT:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) targets the respiratory system

The thyroid consist mainly of sphericle sacs known as thyroid follicles, which are lined by epithelial cells that make and secrete ___ and ___, and cells within or between follicles make and secrete ___.

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin (CT)

hypophyseal portal veins

Vascular system connecting the hypothalamus to the anterior lobe

Superficial layer of the adrenal cortex

Zona glomerulosa

Deepest region of the adrenal cortex

Zona reticularis

Corticosteroids are hormones that affect the breakdown of proteins and the reabsorption of water and sodium. They are produced by the:

adrenal cortex

Stress stimulates the ___ to produce hormones that ramp up the body activity in the fight or flight response.

adrenal glands

Deepest region of the adrenal glands

adrenal medulla

Which hormone causes the adrenal glands to produce steroid hormones that influence the metabolism of glucose?

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone; anterior pituitary

The hypothalamus releases regulatory hormones into the hypophyseal portal system, a closed capillary bed around the:

anterior pituitary gland

All of the following are hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland except

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT)

ADH

antidiuretic hormone; hypothalamus stored in posterior pituitary

Endocrine functions of the pancreas help regulate blood glucose. When blood glucose is high, ___ cells release ___,causing the uptake of glucose into the cells. When blood glucose is low, ___ cells release ___, causing glycogen stores to be released from the liver

beta- insulin alpha- glucagon

To decrease water loss, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets all the following EXCEPT

bladder

infundibulum

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

Hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

One of the hormones released by the kidneys is:

erythropoietin

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone; anterior pituitary

Hormones do all of the following EXCEPT:

get secreted by glands through hollow ducts

All of the following hormones are released by the kidneys EXCEPT

glucagon

Low blood glucose causes alpha cells of the pancreas to release ___, which triggers the release of glucose by the liver.

glucagon

In addition to its digestive functions, the pancreas secretes hormones necessary to regulate blood ___ levels

glucose

One type of hormone produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland regulates:

growth

What does the pituitary gland produce?

hormones

hGH

human growth hormone; anterior pituitary

The system of vasculature that connects the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is called the ___ portal system

hypophyseal

suppresses release of FSH

inhibin

Which hormone stimulates production of testosterone by the testes in males and stimulates ovulation in females?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

LH

luteinizing hormone; anterior pituitary

MSH

melanocyte-stimulating hormone; anterior pituitary

Hormones secreted from the zona glomerulosa

mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone

OXT

oxytocin; hypothalamus stored in posterior pituitary

The parathyroid glands secrete ___ which increases calcium levels in the blood by stimulating the bones, intestines, and kidneys.

parathyroid hormone

The thyroid gland releases the hormones thyroxine T4 and triiodothyronine T3, which do the following, except:

prohibit protein synthesis

PRL

prolactin; anterior pituitary

All of the following are functions of human growth hormone, EXCEPT:

regulation of urine output

dilates the cervix

relaxin

Functions of cortisol

resistance to stress, inhibits inflammation and immunity, raises BG levels

All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT

sebaceous glands

The endocrine system is ___ than the nervous system and has more ___ effects.

slower, widespread effects

Each type of hormone affects the behavior of

specific targeted cells only

Location of the adrenal glands

superior to the kidneys

Stimulus of the adrenal medulla

sympathetic neurons

Cells that have receptor for specific hormone are called:

target cells

The pancreatic islets are clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete the following hormones, EXCEPT:

testosterone

TPO

thrombopoietin, stimulates platelet production

The ____ gland oversees metabolism and growth, while the ___ oversees immune responses.

thyroid and thymus

TSH

thyroid stimulating hormone; thyrotropin, anterior pituitary

The adrenal glands are located superior to the kidneys on either side of the:

vertebral column

___ hormones bind to membrane receptors while ___ hormones bind to receptors within the cell.

water soluble and lipid soluble

Middle region of the adrenal cortex

zona fasciculata