huffman__ch 05__states of consciousness

Your BEST strategy for passing this exam is to _____. a. use controlled processing b. engage in a stream of consciousness c. cross your fingers d. let your unconscious be your guide 8

? verify if this is correct answer ? a. use controlled processing

manifest content

According to Freud, a dream's "surface" remembered story line, which contains dream symbols that disguise the hidden, latent content of the dream

nightmares

Anxiety-arousing dreams generally occurring near the end of the sleep cycle, during REM sleep

circadian [sir-KADE-ee-un] rhythms

Biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle (circa = "about" and dies = "day")

antagonistic drug

Blocks normal neurotransmitter functioning

tolerance

Bodily adjustment to higher and higher levels of a drug, which leads to decreased sensitivity

physical dependence

Changes in bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning

psychoactive drugs

Chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, and/or perception

withdrawal

Discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense cravings, experienced after stopping the use of addictive drugs

drug abuse

Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user or others

opiates

Drugs derived from opium that numb the senses and relieve pain (The word opium comes from the Greek word meaning "juice.")

depressant

Drugs that act on the brain and other parts of the nervous system to decrease bodily processes and overall responsiveness

stimulants

Drugs that act on the brain and other parts of the nervous system to increase overall activity and general responsiveness

activation-synthesis hypothesis

Hobson's theory that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells; the brain attempts to combine (or synthesize) this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, known as dreams

consciousness

Organism's awareness of its own self and surroundings (Damasio, 1999)

insomnia

Persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early

sleep apnea

Repeated interruption of breathing while asleep because air passages to the lungs are physically blocked or the brain stops activating the diaphragm

non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep

Stages 1 to 4 of sleep with Stage 1 as the lightest level and Stage 4 as the deepest level

narcolepsy [NAR co-lep-see]

Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours. (narco = "numbness" and lepsy = "seizure")

hypnosis

Trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus

Adults and adolescents normally sleep about _______ of each 24 hours. a. 30% b. 50% c. 90% d. 10%

a. 30%

The condition that compels someone to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity is called ______. a. addiction b. cross-tolerance c. drug dependence d. drug abuse 81

a. addiction

This is NOT one of the similarities in themes of dreams across many cultures. a. being naked in public b. large, threatening animals c. sex d. aggression

a. being naked in public

Circadian rhythms are _____. a. biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle b. patterns that repeat themselves on a twice daily schedule c. physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon d. rhythmical processes in your brain 14

a. biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Which of the following is NOT associated with hypnosis? a. broad, unfocused attention b. decreased pain c. the use of imagination d. a passive, receptive attitude

a. broad, unfocused attention

The electroencephalograph (EEG) records ______ from electrodes on the scalp. a. changes in electrical activity of neurons in cerebral cortex b. muscle activity c. heart rate d. eye movement

a. changes in electrical activity of neurons in cerebral cortex

If you foolishly cram before final exams, missing several nights sleep, what is MOST likely to happen to your sleep cycles the first time you get uninterrupted sleep? You will _____. a. have more than the usual amount of non-REM sleep b. sleep more hours than usual, and get an equal amount of REM and non-REM sleep c. have more than the usual amount of REM sleep d. have nightmares about being kicked out of college 45

a. have more than the usual amount of non-REM sleep

Research on learning and sleep suggests that you can _____. a. learning efficiency follows circadian rhythms b. learn foreign languages by listening to audiotapes while asleep c. experience a disruption of your circadian rhythms with no effect on learning d. all of these options 17

a. learning efficiency follows circadian rhythms

Research on differences between the dreams of males and females indicate _______________ a. many common themes. b. large significant differences. c. no significant differences. d. that the majority of dreams for both genders are about sex.

a. many common themes.

Normally, young adults go through about five _______ cycles of sleep each night. a. ninety-minute b. meditation c. fifteen-minute d. activity

a. ninety-minute

When repeated drug use causes changes in the body that require continued drug use to prevent withdrawal symptoms, a state of _____ has been reached. a. physical dependence b. drug dependence c. drug-induced brain damage d. psychoactive addiction 84

a. physical dependence

Early in our sleep we usually go quickly from Stage _____ to Stage 2. a. delta b. 1 c. REM d. alpha

b. 1

Children normally sleep about _______ of each 24 hours. a. 30% b. 50% c. 90% d. 10%

b. 50%

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hypnosis? a. Highly focused attention b. An active attitude c. Use of imagination and hallucination d. Decreased responsiveness to pain 124

b. An active attitude

Which of the following statements about sleep disorders is TRUE? a. Less than 5% of American adults suffer from sleep disorders. b. Approximately 20% of all drivers have fallen asleep for a few seconds at the wheel. c. Americans spend less than 10 million on sleep aids. d. Only 5% of children under the age of 5 have sleep disorders. 62

b. Approximately 20% of all drivers have fallen asleep for a few seconds at the wheel.

Armand is daydreaming, Adele is dreaming while asleep. Which statement is TRUE? a. Armand is semi-conscious, Adele is in an alternate state of consciousness. b. Both Armand and Adele are in alternate states of consciousness. c. Armand is in an alternate state of consciousness, Adele is unconscious. d. Armand is semi-conscious, Adele is unconscious. 4

b. Both Armand and Adele are in alternate states of consciousness.

Shantel has heard about the use of hypnosis to reduce pain and anxiety during childbirth and is interested in trying this technique. What does research suggest about the use of hypnosis to relieve pain? a. The effectiveness of hypnosis is completely dependent upon how talented the hypnotist is. b. Hypnosis helps to relieve anxiety and fear, thereby reducing pain. c. There are no studies that have examined the use of hypnosis during labor. d. Hypnosis is not effective in relieving pain.

b. Hypnosis helps to relieve anxiety and fear, thereby reducing pain.

__________is a designer drug that, at high doses, can cause dangerous increases in body temperature and blood pressure that can lead to seizures, heart attacks, and strokes. Chronic use of this drug may produce long-lasting, perhaps permanent, damage to neurons that release serotonin and therefore may increase depression. a. Rohypnol b. MDMA c. GHB d. ketamine

b. MDMA

What sleep stage is associated with frequent, vivid dreaming? a. Stage 2 b. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep c. Stage beta d. slow-wave sleep

b. Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Stage 2 sleep? a. Sleep spindles b. Sleep apnea c. More relaxation d. Less responsive to external stimuli 33

b. Sleep apnea

What two brain chemicals seem to be related to both sleep apnea and REM sleep disorder? a. norepinephrine and GABA b. acetylcholine and dopamine c. serotonin and endorphin d. neuropeptide and estrogen

b. acetylcholine and dopamine

Consciousness is defined in your text as _____. a. ordinary and extraordinary wakefulness b. an awareness of one's self and one's surroundings c. mental representations of the world in the here and now d. any mental state that requires thinking and processing of sensory stimuli 1

b. an awareness of one's self and one's surroundings

Some studies suggest that the same brain chemical which regulates alcohol cravings may have to do with a. depression b. anxiety c. compulsions d. Pain control

b. anxiety

The _____ wave of the EEG, with rapid fluctuations of low amplitude, is seen when we are awake. a. alpha b. beta c. delta d. gamma

b. beta

Higher levels of which hormone predicted whether male smokers would start smoking again? a. testosterone b. cortisol c. estrogen d. epinephrine

b. cortisol

What are some strategies that you can use to help you fall asleep promptly? a. delay nighttime meal until bedtime, use stimulating activity at night to wear yourself out b. daytime exercise, follow regular sleep schedule, limit caffeine and alcohol, use relaxing presleep ritual c. mix up sleep and wake times, use alcohol to relax, watch TV in bed d. avoid warm baths before bedtime, exercise vigorously at night, then drink caffeine

b. daytime exercise, follow regular sleep schedule, limit caffeine and alcohol, use relaxing presleep ritual

What happens to average hours of sleep per day as we get older? a. remains the same b. decreases c. increases d. varies

b. decreases

Men tend to smoke to satisfy cravings while women seem to smoke to a. cope with life b. feel relaxed c. ease anxiety d. fit in with peers

b. feel relaxed

EEG readings reveal __________ during different sleep stages. a. changes in the subject matter of our dreams b. unique patterns of neuronal activity c. how much insomnia someone has d. why some people sleepwalk

b. unique patterns of neuronal activity

beta waves

brain wave fluctuations as 16-25 cycles per seconds at a low height or amplitude

alpha waves

brain wave fluctuations slow to 8-13 cycles per second; these brain waves are less jagged and increase slightly in amplitude. our eyes begin to roll slowly, which can be observed on the EOG

Infants normally sleep about _______ of each 24 hours. a. 30% b. 50% c. 90% d. 10%

c. 90%

Which group is most likely to dream about large wild animals? a. teens b. females c. children d. males

c. children

Mental activities that require focused attention are processes. a. autonomic b. unconscious c. controlled d. automatic

c. controlled

During a relaxed "presleep" period you may experience a ___________________ state. a. delta b. gamma c. hypnagogic d. alpha 29

c. hypnagogic

Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of sleep stages? a. non-REM → Stages 1-2-3-4 - REM b. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4 - REM - Stages 4-3-2-1 c. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM d. non-REM → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM

c. hypnogogic → Stages 1-2-3-4-3-2 - REM

Which group is most likely to dream about strangers, achievement and outdoor activities. a. teens b. females c. males d. children

c. males

What brain region may be responsible for alcoholic cravings? a. lower brain b. upper brain c. middle brain d. hind brain

c. middle brain

Electroencephalograph (EEG) fluctuations _____ as we begin to fall asleep. a. stop b. speed up c. slow d. become smaller

c. slow

Rosa is seventy years old. According to research, her sleep patterns have probably changed in what way(s) over her lifespan? a. The proportion of REM sleep has decreased. b. The overall amount of sleep has decreased. d. The overall amount of sleep has increased. d. A and b are both true.

d. A and b are both true.

Which of the following is associated with the use of cocaine? a. Physical damage b. Severe addiction c. Psychological dependence d. All of these options 108

d. All of these options

What substance found in the brains of alcoholics may be related to the cravings addicts have? a. Endorphin b. GABA c. Serotonin d. Eurocortin

d. Eurocortin

Which of the following is (are) true about hypnosis? a. Hypnotized people cannot refuse to comply with suggestions b. Anyone can be hypnotized c. Hypnotized people do not retain awareness of their behavior d. Hypnosis does little to improve memory 130

d. Hypnosis does little to improve memory

Which of the following statements about sleep and dreaming are TRUE? a. When people experience genital arousal during sleep, it means they are having a sexual dream. b. Dreaming of dying can be fatal. c. Dreams last only a few seconds. d. None of the above statements are true.

d. None of the above statements are true.

Researchers have documented all EXCEPT which of the following hazards of sleep deprivation? a. Reduced concentration and motivation b. Increased irritability c. Reduced motor skills d. Reduced cortisol levels 24

d. Reduced cortisol levels

eurocortin

may regulate anxiety

Singh finds that he has to drink several more beers to get the same buzz he used to get with one or two. It is likely that Singh has developed _____. a. a psychoactive addiction b. a better ability to metabolize alcohol c. an intolerance to alcohol d. a tolerance to alcohol 89

d. a tolerance to alcohol

You are in a sleep lab and have just been hooked up to to several machines. Researchers are interested in measuring your . a. eye movements b. brain waves c. muscle activity d. all of these 36

d. all of these

The cognitive view of dreaming suggests that dreams _____. a. are a form of thinking during sleep b. help us sift through and sort out our everyday experiences c. another form of information processing d. all of these options 56

d. all of these options

A drug that blocks the action of the neurotransmitter is called _____. a. a psychoantagonistic drug b. a beta drug c. an agonist drug d. an antagonist 92

d. an antagonist

While Annie was on the phone with her sister planning a wedding, she was making new files and organizing all of the documents on her computer. This activity is considered a _____________ process. a. peripheral b. conscious c. controlled d. automatic

d. automatic

Yogi Janaki told Sarah that meditation can create positive results in bodily function because: a. the hypothalamus shuts down the flight or fight response during meditation b. meditation engages the frontal lobe c. meditation activates the amydala d. both a & b are correct

d. both a & b are correct

During each night's sleep, we cycle through different sleep stages with most of our Stage 3 and 4 sleep during the _____ of the night. a. end b. REM episodes c. second half d. first half

d. first half

In females, what predicted whether they would start smoking again? a. levels of craving b. anxiety level c. frustration level d. levels of stress

d. levels of stress

Researchers found that globally dreams include more ____________ than _____________. a. good fortune; misfortune b. violence ;acts of kindness c. nudity freedom; fear of nudity d. misfortune; good fortune

d. misfortune; good fortune

stage 4 sleep

deep stage of sleep, EEG recordings show very slow, fewer than 4 cycles per second, high-amplitude fluctuations (delta waves). Growth hormone is secreted during this slow-wave sleep. some people have sudden, intensely fearful awakenings, known as night terrors. sleepwalking also can take lace during this stage. people awake quite groggy when awoken from stage 4 sleep

Which of the following is (are) true? a. There are no common themes in men and women's dreams. b. Men and women share many common dream themes. c. There are some cultural differences in dream themes. d. All of these e. B and C only 59

e. B and C only

sleep cycle pattern

in a predictable sequence, we rapidly go from stage 1 through stage 4, we go back up to stage 2 and then into REM. as the night continues, we cycle from the non-REM (or NREM) stages into progressively longer periods of REM

middle area of brain - sensitive - high levels of eurocortin

is very sensitive has high levels of eurocortin

Maria witnessed a crime when the store where she works was robbed. She is having trouble recalling the details of the robber and his car. She reasons that if she is hypnotized, she will remember the details more clearly and perhaps even recall the license plate number. What does research suggest about the effect of hypnosis on memory? a. Hypnosis may actually increase the potential for error in recalling events. b. Hypnosis has not been well researched, and no conclusions can be drawn about its effect on memory. c. Hypnosis is shown to have no effect on memory. d. Hypnosis is generally very effective in helping people remember such events accurately.

a. Hypnosis may actually increase the potential for error in recalling events.

People awakened from __________ sleep may report dreams, but they tend to involve thinking about problems rather than vivid scenes. a. Stage 2 b. REM c. Stage beta d. slow-wave

a. Stage 2

Juanita daydreams and fantasizes throughout the day, practices meditation in the afternoon and sleeps all night. These are examples of: a. alternate states of consciousness b. controlled processes c. automatic processes d. none of the above

a. alternate states of consciousness

Kate notices that her energy level tends to be highest mid-morning, to drop in mid-afternoon, and then be lowest in the evening. Such biological changes that take place on a 24-hour cycle are called ___________. a. circadian rhythms b. stream of consciousness c. alternate states of consciousness d. none of the above

a. circadian rhythms

Polysomnography used in sleep research and clinics combines measurements of EEG with measurements of _________ and __________. a. eye movements, skeletal muscle tone b. insomnia, sleep apnea c. dreams, breathing d. tossing, turning

a. eye movements, skeletal muscle tone

Since Toby is a recovering cocaine addict, which substance in his brain creates enduring memories of drug use by changing neural connections and therefore increases his cravings and likelihood of relapse? a. glutamate b. dopamine c. adenosine d. serotonin

a. glutamate

What is the main symptom of sleep apnea? a. the cessation of breathing while asleep b. episodic thrashing, talking and hitting c. overwhelming daytime sleepiness d. sleep attacks during waking hours

a. the cessation of breathing while asleep

Which of the following statements about marijuana is FALSE? a. Some research has found marijuana therapeutic in alleviating the nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy. b. Chronic marijuana users often experience the intense cravings associated with withdrawal. c. Chronic marijuana use can lead to declines in testosterone levels, reduced sperm count and disruption of ovulation and the menstrual cycle. d. At the highest doses, marijuana may produce hallucinations, delusions and distortions of body image.

b. Chronic marijuana users often experience the intense cravings associated with withdrawal.

Lucia is taking a difficult anatomy exam and is highly focused on each question. This is an example of: a. an automatic process b. a controlled process c. stream of consciousness d. habituation

b. a controlled process

Patients with Parkinson's disease have decreased activity in cells that produce dopamine. The drug L-dopa is converted in the brain to dopamine and sometimes relieves the tremors, rigidity, and difficulty in movement characteristic of patients with Parkinson's disease. Is L-dopa an agonist or antagonist for dopamine? a. L-dopa is neither an agonist nor an antagonist for dopamine. b. L-dopa is both an agonist and antagonist for dopamine. c. L-dopa is an agonist. d. L-dopa is an antagonist.

c. L-dopa is an agonist.

Isabel's _____ is her awareness of herself and her surroundings. a. awareness b. central processing c. consciousness d. alertness

c. consciousness

Mia is five years old and often awakes during stage three or four sleep. She sits upright in her bed screaming and sweating. She talks incoherently as her parents desperately try to wake her, yet she seems to be almost impossible to awaken during these episodes. Which sleep disorder is she most likely experiencing? a. sleep apnea b. nightmares c. night terrors d. narcolepsy

c. night terrors

Rafiq has used alcohol daily for several years. He enjoys the "buzz" from drinking and has noticed that it requires more alcohol to achieve the same effects. This describes: a. psychological dependence b. withdrawal c. tolerance d. physical dependence

c. tolerance

dopamine

chemical related to REM sleep disorder

acetylcholine

chemical related to sleep apnea

Betsy fears that aliens have abducted her during the night. She reports lying in bed and experiencing strange flashes of light and a sensation of floating off the bed. According to the textbook, what is a more likely explanation for the experiences she describes? a. Betsy is probably remembering a dream from Stage 4, which is a stage of very deep sleep. b. Betsy was probably really abducted by aliens. c. Betsy probably fell asleep with the television on. d. Betsy's hypnagogic experiences may have been incorporated into fragmented dreams and remembered in the morning.

d. Betsy's hypnagogic experiences may have been incorporated into fragmented dreams and remembered in the morning.

Which of the following statements would Thomas NOT have heard when he attended a seminar on meditation? a. Researchers have verified that meditation can produce dramatic changes in basic physiological processes including brain wave activity. b. Meditation has been proven to be somewhat successful in lowering blood pressure and stress. c. Research has shown that meditation alters the gray matter in several areas of the brain. d. To use meditation successfully requires years of careful and difficult practice.

d. To use meditation successfully requires years of careful and difficult practice.

Roma has a new baby with colic and she is working the night shift at the hospital so she has sleep deprivation. What type of issues might she be having? a. reduced concentration b. increased cortisol levels c. decreased self-esteem d. all of the above

d. all of the above

What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure? a. electrical impulses of the heart b. electrical impulses of muscles that move our eyeballs c. electrical impulses of skeletal muscles, such as those in the jaw d. electrical activity of neurons in the cortex of the brain

d. electrical activity of neurons in the cortex of the brain

What is the main symptom of REM sleep disorder? a. the cessation of breathing while asleep b. overwhelming daytime sleepiness c. sleep attacks during waking hours d. episodic thrashing, talking and hitting

d. episodic thrashing, talking and hitting

stage 3 sleep

deep stage of sleep, EEG recordings show very slow, fewer than 4 cycles per second, high-amplitude fluctuations (delta waves). Growth hormone is secreted during this slow-wave sleep. some people have sudden, intensely fearful awakenings, known as night terrors. sleepwalking also can take lace during this stage.

REM - Rapid Eye Movement, final stage of sleep

in this stage of sleep, most voluntary muscles cannot move and the EMG shows no muscle tone, our eyes move rapidly and brain waves go into more rapid, low-amplitude pattern that resembles our drowsy or waking EEG. people can be more easily awakened from REM sleep, than from slow-wave sleep, and usually report vivid and emotionally intense dreams.

sleep spindle

is a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep. It consists of 12-14 Hz waves that occur for at least 0.5 seconds. Sleep spindles are generated in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus.

(EOG) electrooculograph

measures electrical activity in muscles that control eye movements

(EMG) electromyograph

measures the electrical impulses to the muscles

presleep period

state of being drowsy and relaxed

polysomnography

technique that combines recordings from the EEG (electroencephalogram) recordings with EMG (electromyograph) and EOG (electrooculograph) to study sleep both in research settings and in clinical sleep centers.

hypnagogic state

with feelings of floating or weightlessness, visual images like flashing lights or colors, or jerking movements and the sensation of slipping or falling

stage 2 sleep

you are less responsive to the external environments. Your EEG shows occasional, high-amplitude bursts. people report dreams 10-15% of the time when awakened from stage 2 sleep, where the dreams tend to involve thinking about problems rather than visualizing stories healthy young adults spend about 50% in stage 2 sleep A sleep spindle is a burst of oscillatory brain activity visible on an EEG that occurs during stage 2 sleep. It consists of 12-14 Hz waves that occur for at least 0.5 seconds. Sleep spindles are generated in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus.

night terrors

Abrupt awakenings from NREM (non-rapid-eye-movement) sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic

latent content

According to Freud, a dream's unconscious, hidden meaning, which is transformed into symbols within the story line or manifest content of the dream

addiction

Broad term describing a compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in a certain activity

psychological dependence

Desire or craving to achieve a drug's effect

hallucinogens [hal LOO-sin-o-jenz]

Drugs that produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations

stage 1 sleep

EEG waves become larger and slower, breathing becomes more regular, your heart rate slows and your blood pressure decreases, this takes you into stage 2 sleep

meditation

Group of techniques designed to focus attention, block out all distractions, and produce an alternate state of consciousness (ASC)

automatic processes

Mental activities requiring minimal attention and having little impact on other activities

agonistic drug

Mimics and enhances a neurotransmitter's effect

evolutionary/circadian theory

Sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators; also serves as part of the circadian cycle

repair/restoration theory

Sleep serves a recuperative function, allowing organisms to repair or replenish key factors

rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep

Stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high-frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles, and dreaming

controlled processes

Mental activities requiring focused attention that generally interfere with other ongoing activities

alternate state of consciousness (ASC)

Mental states, other than ordinary waking consciousness, found during sleep, dreaming, psychoactive drug use, hypnosis, and so on