Hugap Unit 4 - Ms.Lewis

What did UNCLOS come up with for the law of the sea?

12 mile territorial limit - State sovereignty Exclusive economic zone - 200 miles for purely economical use

What is a geometric boundary?

A boundary drawn using grid systems such as latitude or longitude.

What is a physical-political boundary?

A boundary made using a natural landmark.

What is a definitional boundary dispute?

A focus on the legal language of a boundary agreement.

Define nation-state.

A nation-state is a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space.

What is the second element of the sea power theory?

A near monopoly of seaborne commerce from which to draw wealth, manpower, and supplies

What is a state?

A state is a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government.

What is the third element of the sea power theory?

A string of colonies to support the 1st and 2nd elements.

What is the second basic tenet of the World-Systems theory?

Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy.

What do shatterbelts eventually lead to?

Balkanization, as the regions will "shatter"

What are some examples of separitist groups?

Bretons in NW France, Basques and Catalonians in Spain, Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka.

According to hartshorne, what two forces contribute to a state's exist as long as they are in balance?

Centripetal and centrifugal forces

What is the highest tier of the world economy?

Core, where one is most likely to find higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology.

What is devolution?

Devolution is the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state.

What does a centrifugal force do?

Divides a people within a state

What is the third problem with the world-systems theory?

Does not fully account for how places can easily move to and from any category (Core, semi-periphery, periphery.)

Provide an example of a supranational organization.

European union, League of Nations/United Nations, Organization for European Economic Cooperation, FAO, WTO, UNESCO, OPEC

During the heyday of colonialism, what was the reason for many European powers to try and colonize around the world?

Exploitation of their natural resources for economical purposes, and simply to expand their empires

Explain the Domino Theory.

Fear that if one country fell to communism, that surrounding countries would follow suit, until eventually a large portion of the world was communist/soviet satellites.

What form of government has a central body share power with other, smaller governing bodies of regions?

Federal

What is a locational boundary dispute?

Focus on the delimitation and possibly the demarcation of said boundary. The definition is not in dispute, but its interpretation is.

What is a allocational boundary dispute?

Focuses mostly on resources

Who created the term "territorality"

Geographer Stuart Elden.

What is deterritorialization?

Globalization, networked communities, etc undermining the state's traditional territorial authority.

What are separatist groups?

Groups that want to "separate" or break away from the organized state.

Who made the heartland theory?

Halford John Mackinder

What is the result of colonialism?

Highly uneven global distribution of power and wealth

Define territoriality and the inventor of said theory.

In political geography, a country's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.

What is a operational boundary dispute?

Involves neighbors who differ over the way their border should function.

What is the biggest problem of assuming a nation-state?

It assumes the presence of reasonably well-defined, stable nations living contiguously in discrete territories.

What did the British/American school believe?

Land bases power, not sea power, would ultimately rule the world

Who made the sea power theory?

Mahan (American Naval Strategist) 1840-1914

What theory of economy and trade did colonial European powers adopt?

Mercantilism

Almost every state in the world is a ______ _____, a state with more than one nation inside it's borders.

Multinational State

When a nation stretches across borders and states, it is called a ______ ______

Multistate nation

What is a nation?

Nation is a culturally defined term, originally meant to refer to a group of people who think themselves as one.

Who created the Rimland Theory?

Nicholas Spykman

What is unilateralism?

One country (United States) in position of dominance, with other countries following its lead.

What is the first problem with the world-systems theory?

Overemphasizes economic factors in political development

What is the lowest tier of the world economy?

Periphery, the poorest of the countries, typically exploited by the core countries for cheap labor.

What is political Geography?

Political geography is the study of the political organization of the world.

Who made the Organic Theory of the State

Ratzel (German Anthropologist)

What are shatterbelts?

Regions with great cultural complexity with groups competing for power.

What is the name of the political geographer that described centripetal and centrifugal forces?

Richard Hartshorne

What is the middle tier of the world economy?

Semiperiphery, where both periphery and core processes mix.

Today, Territoriality is also tied to what concept?

Sovereignty

What is it called when a nation does not have a state?

Stateless Nations

What does the Organic Theory of the State say?

States are instead organic and growing, with borders representing only a temporary stop in movement. The expanse of a state's borders is a reflection of the health of the nation. Lebensraum (German for Living space)

How are boundaries typically defined?

States typically do so in a treaty-like document in which actual points in the landscape or points of latitude and longitude are described.

What does the Rimland Theory say?

That if one managed to control all of Europe, the Middle East, and all coastal countries of Eurasia, then you essentially control the world.

To what event does the idea of a nation-state trace back to?

The French-Revolution

What are the 2 schools of classical geopolitics

The German school, The British/American school

What treaty started the modern concept of a state?

The Peace of Westphalia, negotiated in 1648, marks the beginning of the modern state system.

What is geopolitics?

The idea that internation relations are affected by Geographic factors (Proximity to allies/enemies, key areas of control, access to the sea)

What is sovereignty?

The means to have a recognized right to control a territory.

What is balkanization?

The process by which a large country breaks down due to ethnic, economic, and political reasons.

What is reapportionment?

The process by which districts are moved according to population shifts, so that all districts are equal in population

According to the sea power theory, what was the purpose of a navy?

The purpose was to exert control over common lines of sea communications ( trade routes).

What is Reterritorialization?

The state moving to solidify control over its territory.

What did the German School believe?

The state resembles a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity, and, ultimately, death.

What is the third basic tenet of the World-Systems theory?

The world economy has a 3 tier structure

What is the first basic tenet of the World-Systems theory?

The world economy has one market and a global division of labor

What is a supranational organization?

Three or more states that force an association and form an administrative structure for mutual benefit.

What does a centripetal force do?

Unifies people within a state

What form of government is most of Europe today?

Unitary

What form of government has a centralized state that exerts full control over all of the state?

Unitary government

What event dictated the law of the sea?

United nations convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS)

What is the second problem with the world-systems theory?

Very state-centric

What is the first element of the sea power theory?

Weapons of war, primarily battleships, and their supply bases

What is delimiting?

When cartographers "delimit" the boundary by drawing it on the map.

What is demarcating?

When one or both of states bordering each other mark a boundary using any man-made visible means.

What does the heartland say?

Whoever rules East Europe commands the Heartland, Who rules the heartland commmands the world island, Who rules he world-island commands the world.

What are some historical examples of Balkanization?

Yugoslavia, and USSR, the Kurds, Sunni and Shi'ite muslims in Iraq

While each state is theoretically sovereign, not all states have the same ability to ________ _________ or ____________ __________ ___________

influence others, or achieve their political goals.

What is critical geopolitics?

intellectuals and influential leaders create ideas about places in the world-these ideas then share the majority of the population's opinions, behaviors, and policies towards those places.

Under the westphalian system, territory now defined the ________

society.