Human A&P II Lecture: LearnSmarts (Ch. 25)

How long is the gallbladder?

10 cm

The submucosa is labeled ________ letter in this figure.

A

What is a goblet cell?

A mucus-secreting epithelial cell

Which are functions of saliva? A. Aids in swallowing B. Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted C. Inhibits the chemical digestion of starch D. Cleanses mouth and teeth E. Chemically digests proteins

Aids in swallowing, Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted, Cleanses mouth and teeth.

The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic ___________.

Amylase

Which are found in saliva? Select all that apply. A. Gastrin B. Pepsin C. Fibrin D. Amylase E. Water F. Lysozyme G. Lipase H. Mucus

Amylase, Water, Lysozyme, Lipase, Mucus

What is a protease?

An enzyme that digests proteins.

Which of the following is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions? A. An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining. B. The mechanical digestion of food. C. The propelling of contents along the intestines. D. The mixing of chyme with secretions. E. An increased secretion rate.

An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining, The propelling of contents along the intestines, The mixing of chyme with secretions.

Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?

Buccinator and orbicularis oris

The region of the stomach where the esophagus enters is the ______ region.

Cardiac

The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the ______

Cecum

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine?

Cholecystokinin

The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as __________.

Chyme

What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as?

Chyme

What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?

Digestion

What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Which center in the medulla oblongata is involved in the process of vomiting?

Emetic

What are nucleases?

Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA

The pharynx connects the oral cavity to the ______ and the nasal cavity to the ______.

Esophagus, larynx

True or false: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers.

False (Reason: Both branches of the autonomic system innervate the stomach; the PSNS stimulates the digestive system and the SNS inhibits it.)

True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.

False (Reason: Motility also mixes chyme with secretions and brings chyme into contact with intestinal lining.)

True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.

False (Reason: The liver produces bile for fat emulsion. It is the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.)

True or false: Most digestion occurs in the stomach, while most absorption occurs in the small intestine.

False (Reason: Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.)

The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.

Gallbladder

Stomach function is regulated in three phases, which are the __________ phase, the intestinal phase, and the cephalic phase.

Gastric

The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called _________

Gastroenterology

The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are _________ contractions.

Haustral

Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the ______.

Hepatic portal system

The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?

Large intestine

Enzymes that digest lipids are called _______

Lipases

Which digestive reflexes use autonomic nerve fibers running to and from the brainstem?

Long

What are the gastric rugae?

Longitudinal folds in the stomach lining.

Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?

Masseter and temporalis

Chewing is also known as which of the following?

Mastication

Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents? A. Mucous coat B. Epithelial cell replacement C. Tight junctions D. Protective gastric juices E. Excessive blood flow

Mucous coat, Epithelial cell replacement, Tight junctions.

Which of the following are found in intestinal juice? A. Mucus B. Bicarbonate C. Secretin D. Chymotrypsin E. Water

Mucus and Water

The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?

Oligosaccharides and maltose

What part (a cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?

Oral cavity

How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?

Osmosis

In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of _________ , following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients.

Osmosis

The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve?

Parasympathetic

Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach? A. Partial digestion of only protein occurs in the stomach. B. Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach. C. There is no digestion occurring in the stomach.

Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.

What is the inactive precursor of pepsin?

Pepsinogen

What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?

Peristalsis

When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the _________ before reaching the esophagus.

Pharynx

The esophagus is ______ to the trachea.

Posterior

A(n) ______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.

Protease

Which are functions of mesenteries? A. Provide passage for blood vessels. B. Hold abdominal viscera in place. C. Secrete hormones. D. Provide passage for nerves.

Provide passage for blood vessels, Hold abdominal viscera in place, Provide passage for nerves.

Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following?

Saliva

Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?

Secretin

Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?

Secretion of bile

What are mesenteries?

Sheets of connective tissue that suspend the intestines in the abdomen.

Which reflexes that utilize the myenteric nerve plexus to control digestive activity?

Short

What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine?

Simple columnar

Where are minerals in the diet absorbed?

Small intestine

Which are functions of the oral cavity? A. Speech B. Respiration C. Excretion of wastes D. Ingestion E. Absorption of nutrients

Speech, Respiration, Ingestion.

Which are stimuli for defecation? A. Stretching of the sigmoid colon. B. Stretching of the stomach. C. Stretching of the descending colon. D. Stretching of the rectum.

Stretching of the sigmoid colon, Stretching of the descending colon, Stretching of the rectum.

What is deglutition?

Swallowing

What is ingestion?

The selective intake of food.

What is gastroenterology?

The study of the digestive tract.

What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?

They protect the stomach lining from acid damage.

Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract?

They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.

Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract? A. They use the myenteric plexuses. B. They affect functioning of nearby regions of the alimentary canal. C. They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.

They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.

What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion?

Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride.

Which nutrients are absorbed without being digested?

Vitamins and minerals

What does the emetic center of the medulla oblongata stimulate?

Vomiting

What are the functions of the large intestine?

Water and electrolyte absorption.

The stomach receives sympathetic innervation from the ______.

celiac ganglion

What are the three phases of gastric activity?

cephalic, gastric, intestinal

The stimulus for the _______ reflex is stretching of the rectum.

defecation

Another name for the act of swallowing is _______.

deglutition

The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.

goblet

The selective intake of food is known as _______.

ingestion

The primary function of the _________ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients.

large

The term gut _____ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.

microbiome

The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called ________

nucleases

The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric _________.

rugae

The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with _________ columnar epithelium.

simple

Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the _________ intestine.

small

The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the ______.

superior mesenteric artery

Minerals and __________ are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.

vitamins

An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a ______.

zymogen