Human A&P II Lecture: LearnSmarts (Ch. 25)
How long is the gallbladder?
10 cm
The submucosa is labeled ________ letter in this figure.
A
What is a goblet cell?
A mucus-secreting epithelial cell
Which are functions of saliva? A. Aids in swallowing B. Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted C. Inhibits the chemical digestion of starch D. Cleanses mouth and teeth E. Chemically digests proteins
Aids in swallowing, Dissolves molecules so they can be tasted, Cleanses mouth and teeth.
The enzyme that digests dietary starch is salivary or pancreatic ___________.
Amylase
Which are found in saliva? Select all that apply. A. Gastrin B. Pepsin C. Fibrin D. Amylase E. Water F. Lysozyme G. Lipase H. Mucus
Amylase, Water, Lysozyme, Lipase, Mucus
What is a protease?
An enzyme that digests proteins.
Which of the following is achieved with small intestinal muscle contractions? A. An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining. B. The mechanical digestion of food. C. The propelling of contents along the intestines. D. The mixing of chyme with secretions. E. An increased secretion rate.
An increased contact of chyme with the intestinal lining, The propelling of contents along the intestines, The mixing of chyme with secretions.
Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?
Buccinator and orbicularis oris
The region of the stomach where the esophagus enters is the ______ region.
Cardiac
The large intestines begin with a pouch inferior to the ileocecal valve that is known as the ______
Cecum
Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of fats in the small intestine?
Cholecystokinin
The soupy mixture of semidigested food formed in the stomach is known as __________.
Chyme
What is the semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food within the stomach known as?
Chyme
What is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food called?
Digestion
What are the segments of the small intestine in the order through which food passes?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Which center in the medulla oblongata is involved in the process of vomiting?
Emetic
What are nucleases?
Enzymes that digest RNA and DNA
The pharynx connects the oral cavity to the ______ and the nasal cavity to the ______.
Esophagus, larynx
True or false: The stomach is innervated by parasympathetic, but not sympathetic, fibers.
False (Reason: Both branches of the autonomic system innervate the stomach; the PSNS stimulates the digestive system and the SNS inhibits it.)
True or false: The only purpose of intestinal motility is to move residue along the digestive tract.
False (Reason: Motility also mixes chyme with secretions and brings chyme into contact with intestinal lining.)
True or false: The role of the liver in digestion is to produce digestive enzymes.
False (Reason: The liver produces bile for fat emulsion. It is the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.)
True or false: Most digestion occurs in the stomach, while most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
False (Reason: Most digestion and absorption occur in the small intestine.)
The sac on the underside of the liver that serves to store and concentrate bile is called the ______.
Gallbladder
Stomach function is regulated in three phases, which are the __________ phase, the intestinal phase, and the cephalic phase.
Gastric
The study of the digestive tract and the diagnosis and treatment of its disorders is called _________
Gastroenterology
The most common colonic contractions that occur about twice an hour are _________ contractions.
Haustral
Blood from the superior mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein then flows into the ______.
Hepatic portal system
The gut microbiome refers to the many species of bacteria residing where?
Large intestine
Enzymes that digest lipids are called _______
Lipases
Which digestive reflexes use autonomic nerve fibers running to and from the brainstem?
Long
What are the gastric rugae?
Longitudinal folds in the stomach lining.
Which muscles produce the up-and-down crushing action of the teeth during mastication?
Masseter and temporalis
Chewing is also known as which of the following?
Mastication
Which protect the stomach lining from the acidic contents? A. Mucous coat B. Epithelial cell replacement C. Tight junctions D. Protective gastric juices E. Excessive blood flow
Mucous coat, Epithelial cell replacement, Tight junctions.
Which of the following are found in intestinal juice? A. Mucus B. Bicarbonate C. Secretin D. Chymotrypsin E. Water
Mucus and Water
The digestion of starch by amylase results in the production of which of the following?
Oligosaccharides and maltose
What part (a cavity) of the digestive system functions in ingestion, speech, and respiration?
Oral cavity
How is water absorbed from the digestive tract?
Osmosis
In the digestive system, water is absorbed through the process of _________ , following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients.
Osmosis
The stomach receives what type of stimulation via the vagus nerve?
Parasympathetic
Which is true of chemical digestion in the stomach? A. Partial digestion of only protein occurs in the stomach. B. Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach. C. There is no digestion occurring in the stomach.
Partial digestion of both protein and fat can occur in the stomach.
What is the inactive precursor of pepsin?
Pepsinogen
What is the predominant type of muscle contraction occurring in the stomach?
Peristalsis
When swallowing, a bolus of food moves from the mouth directly into the _________ before reaching the esophagus.
Pharynx
The esophagus is ______ to the trachea.
Posterior
A(n) ______ is any enzyme that digests proteins.
Protease
Which are functions of mesenteries? A. Provide passage for blood vessels. B. Hold abdominal viscera in place. C. Secrete hormones. D. Provide passage for nerves.
Provide passage for blood vessels, Hold abdominal viscera in place, Provide passage for nerves.
Lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, mucus, electrolytes and water are all found in which of the following?
Saliva
Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?
Secretin
Which liver function contributes to the process of digestion?
Secretion of bile
What are mesenteries?
Sheets of connective tissue that suspend the intestines in the abdomen.
Which reflexes that utilize the myenteric nerve plexus to control digestive activity?
Short
What is the primary epithelium found in the large intestine?
Simple columnar
Where are minerals in the diet absorbed?
Small intestine
Which are functions of the oral cavity? A. Speech B. Respiration C. Excretion of wastes D. Ingestion E. Absorption of nutrients
Speech, Respiration, Ingestion.
Which are stimuli for defecation? A. Stretching of the sigmoid colon. B. Stretching of the stomach. C. Stretching of the descending colon. D. Stretching of the rectum.
Stretching of the sigmoid colon, Stretching of the descending colon, Stretching of the rectum.
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
What is ingestion?
The selective intake of food.
What is gastroenterology?
The study of the digestive tract.
What is the significance of the epithelial tight junctions and the mucous coat lining the stomach?
They protect the stomach lining from acid damage.
Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract?
They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.
Which is true of the long reflexes that aid in regulation of the digestive tract? A. They use the myenteric plexuses. B. They affect functioning of nearby regions of the alimentary canal. C. They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.
They use the vagus nerves and brainstem.
What are the typical end products of triglyceride digestion?
Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride.
Which nutrients are absorbed without being digested?
Vitamins and minerals
What does the emetic center of the medulla oblongata stimulate?
Vomiting
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Water and electrolyte absorption.
The stomach receives sympathetic innervation from the ______.
celiac ganglion
What are the three phases of gastric activity?
cephalic, gastric, intestinal
The stimulus for the _______ reflex is stretching of the rectum.
defecation
Another name for the act of swallowing is _______.
deglutition
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called ______ cells.
goblet
The selective intake of food is known as _______.
ingestion
The primary function of the _________ intestine is to absorb water and electrolytes, but not other nutrients.
large
The term gut _____ is the collective name for the many species of bacteria residing in the large intestine.
microbiome
The enzymes that hydrolyze nucleic acids into nucleotides are called ________
nucleases
The longitudinal wrinkles in the lining of the stomach are called gastric _________.
rugae
The mucosa of the colon is primarily lined with _________ columnar epithelium.
simple
Minerals in the diet are absorbed in the _________ intestine.
small
The small intestine receives nearly all of its blood supply from the ______.
superior mesenteric artery
Minerals and __________ are absorbed in the GI tract without being digested first.
vitamins
An enzyme that is secreted in its inactive form is known as a ______.
zymogen