Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 10

which of the following statements about muscles of the elbow joint is true

-The biceps brachii has two heads that share the same origin site -The brachioradialis originates and inserts on the ulna -The biceps brachii is posterior extensor - none of these statements are true ******

sequence of events at the neuromuscular junction

1. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal 2. Synaptic vesicles release ACh 3. ACh binds to ACh receptors. 4. Ligand-Gated cation channels open 5. Na+ enters K+ exits 6. Membrane potential is less negative.

Without lateral rotation of the humerus by the teres minor and infraspinatus muscles, the maximum angle of abduction would be _____________.

90 degrees

cross bridge cycle starts when

Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin

Which of the following is responsible for muscle relaxation?

Calcium ions are removed from the sacroplasm by active transport

Deep posterior extensor of the wrist and fingers

Controls the thumb and index finger

The extensor muscle that branches to form for tendons on the back of the hand is

Extensor digitorum

T or F: Keeping the humeral head centered within the glenoid cavity requires that the muscle be in separate planes.

False It requires that the muscles be in same plane as the head of the humerus.

T or F: The teres major muscle is one of the two posterior muscles that cross the glenohumeral joint.

False Only the teres major muscle crosses the glenohumeral joint.

T or F: Both adduction and abduction require the deltoid muscle for action.

False The deltoid muscle is the prime mover for abduction.

T or F: The rotator cuff muscles increase upward pressure from the humerus on the acromion process of the scapula.

False The rotator cuff muscles minimize upward pressure against the acromion.

T or F: The rotator cuff is a term used to describe the group of muscles and tendons that stabilize and reinforce the pectoral girdle.

False The rotator cuff stabilizes and reinforces the glenohumeral joint.

The two heads of the biceps brachii combine to insert on the

Radial tuberosity

which deep posterior extensor of the wrist originates on the radius and ulna and enter interosseous membrane

The abductor pollicis longus

according to this graft

The muscle fiber is not allowed to relax between stimuli

which of the following statements about muscles of the forearm is true

The pronator teres originates on the medial epicondyles and inserts on the radius

How many distinct sets of fibers compose the deltoid muscle?

Three

T or F: Contraction of the pronator teres and the pronator quadratus results in forearm pronation.

True

T or F: Muscle of extension for the forearm is located posteriorly.

True

T or F: One of the origin sites for the trapezius muscle is the external occipital protuberance.

True

T or F: The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to provide the only connection between the arm and the axial skeleton.

True

T or F: The rotator cuff muscles act to stabilize the humerus.

True

T or F: The subscapularis muscle inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus.

True

T or F: The teres minor muscle provides for external rotation of the humerus.

True

T or F: The two heads of the biceps brachii muscle converge distally to insert on the radial tuberosity.

True

What are the components of a triad?

Two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasma reticulum (SR) and one T-tubule

end plate potential

a depolarization caused by sodium ion movement into the cytosol.

The teres major adducts the arm but does not_____the arm

abduct

The middle fibers of the Deltoid muscle

abduct arm

Movement of the shoulder away and laterally from the body is called _____________.

abduction

tensor fascia latae is involved in hip

abduction

epi-

above

mechanism ends neural transmission at neuromuscular junction

ach diffuses away from synaptic cleft ach is broken down into acetic acid and choline by the enzyme acettlcholinesterase

the pettiness muscle ___ the thought ans is inverted by the ___nerve

addicted and flexes ;fibular

A reduction in the lateral angle of the glenohumeral joint in relation to the anatomical position would be called __________.

adduction

actions of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

adduction, extension, internal rotation, horizontal abduction

which of the following is not true of the deep fascia of the leg

an insertion for the majority of the lower leg muscles

smallest of the posterior extensors of the elbow joint

anconeus

The muscles of the shoulder joint are divided into all of the following groups except the _____________.

anterior flexors

The origin of the rectus femoris is the

anterior inferior iliac spine

the origin of the sartorius muscle is from the ___ slime

anterior superior iliac

The pectoralis muscle originates on the _____________.

anterior surfaces of ribs 3 to 5

The deltoid muscle fibers are separated into

anterior, middle, posterior

At the completion of supinator action the palm is turned

anteriorly

insertion of extensor carpi radialis longus

base of 2nd metacarpal

The anterior scapular muscles include the _____________ muscle(s).

biceps brachii coracobrachialis deltoid

Hyperextension of the elbow would result in damage to the _____________.

biceps brachii muscle

The most powerful muscle of the flexors is the _____________.

brachialis

Which of the following muscles is not part of the shoulder

brachialis

The anterior flexors consist of the _____________ muscle(s).

brachialis, brachioradialis and biceps brachii

The two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle converge to insert onto __________.

calcaneus

the soleus and the gastrocnemius share an insertion in the

calcaneus

The components of the pectoral girdle include _____________.

clavicle and scapula

The pectoralis major muscle can be divided into groups of fiber superior or _____and inferior or _____

clavicular sternocostal

Temporalis, along with the masseter, __________.

closes the jaw

types of contraction

concentric, eccentric, isotonic -muscle lengthens isometric -muscle is contracting but is neither lengthening nor shortening

The coracobrachialis muscle originates on the _____________.

coracoid process of the scapula

The brachialis muscle is located _____to the biceps brachii muscle

deep

The forearm muscles can be divided into interior flexors and posterior extensors as well as

deep and superficial layers

Of the nine muscles that cross the shoulder joint and insert on the humerus which muscle is considered to be a prime mover

deltoid

The prime movers of glenohumeral joint flexion are the _____________ muscles.

deltoid and the pectoralis major

action of highlighted muscle

depressed hyoid

Digastirc omohyoid sternothyroid thyrohyoid

diagastric

insertion of extensor digitorum

distal phalanges of fingers 2-5

Muscles of the shoulder can be divided into three separate groups based on _____________ relationships.

distribution and functional

the structure highlighted

epimysium

The main action of the fibularis longus is to

evert foot

Which of the following is NOT a role of ATP in muscle contraction?

exposing myosin binding sites on actin

The action of the extensor digitorum longus muscle is to

extend digits

vastus intermedius ___ the leg at the knee

extends

The semimembranosus ______the thigh at the hip and ______the leg at the knee

extends ;flexes

The gluteus maximus is the most powerful muscle during

extension

The prime mover of wrist extension is the

extensor digitorum

The two muscles that insert on the fifth phalanx or on the fifth metatarsal are the __________.

extensor digo toruń longus and fibularis tertius

which structure is highlighted myofibril fiber perimysium fascicle

fascicle

vastus lateralízalo is inverted by the

femoral nerve

eversión of the foot is a function of the

fibularis longus

sacro

flesh

Both heads of the biceps femoris muscle __________.

flex the leg at the knee

The soleus muscle the foot at the ankle and is innervated by the

flexes ; tibial nerve

flexor carpi ulnaris action

flexes wrist and adducts hand

A reduction in the anterior angle of the glenohumeral joint in relation to the anatomical position would be _____________.

flexion

Movement at the elbow joint is summarized as _____________.

flexion and extension

Brachioradialis is a strong forearm

flexor

superficial flexor muscles of the forearm is most lateral

flexor carpi radialis

which muscle is a superficial anterior flexor muscle

flexor digitorum superficialis

which muscle of the rest in fingers is deep interior

flexor pollicis longus

wrist abduction occurs through the actions of

four

abduction requires the action of two muscles that adduction requires action of

four muscles

The soleus muscle shares an insertion with the

gastrocnemius muscle

The prime mover of hip extension is the __________.

gluteus maximus

Infraspinatus inserts on the ___ of the humerus

greater tubercle

The insertion of the teres minor is on the

greater tubercle of humerus

insertion of supraspinatus

greater tubercle of humerus

origin of flexor carpi radialis

humerus

what are the three heads of the flexor digitorum superficialis

humoral radial ulnar

The majority of the fibers of the gluteus maximus insert onto the

iliotibial tract

excitation contraction coupling results in an increase of calcium ion concentration

in the custom of the muscle fiber

Carpal tunnel syndrome is characterized by

inflammation of the flexor retinaculum and/or tendon sheaths

The long head of the triceps brachii muscle originates on the _____________.

infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula

the flexor hallucinations longus muscle originates on the

interosseous membrane

latissimus dorsi inserts

intertubercular groove of humerus

All fibers of the pectoralis major muscle converge on the lateral edge of the__________.

intertubercular sulcus

The actions of the muscles that cross the hip do not include

inversión

The tibialis anterior muscle dorsiflexes the foot at the ankle and also assists in of the foot

inversión

The most flexible joint in the body

is the shoulder joint

The long head of the biceps femoris muscle originates on the

ischial tuberosity

hamstring muscles originate on the

ischial tuberosity

The arrow indicates the direction of the electrochemical gradient for

k+

The most important function of the rotator cuff muscles is to _____________.

keep the humeral head centered within the glenoidal cavity

Tensor Fasica Latae stabilizes the hip joint and the ___ joint

knee

The rectus femoris muscle extends the leg at

knee

The trapezius muscle may be separated into all the following groups except

lateral

The origins of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle are the

lateral condyle and posterior surface of the femur

origin of supinator

lateral epicondyle of humerus

The actions of the rhomboid major on the scapula do not include

lateral rotation

The prime movers of the shoulder joint are

latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, and deltoid

The posterior axial muscle that crosses the glenohumeral joint is the

latissimus dorso

Both the Psoas major muscle and iliacus muscle insert on the __________.

lesser trochanter of the femur

Iliopsoas inserts onto the ________.

lesser trochanter of the femur

The subscapularis muscle inserts on the

lesser tubercle of humerus

The four muscles that comprise the posterior group of the pectoral girdle are the _____________.

levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, rhomboideus major, and trapezius

The organ that the vastus medialis muscle shares with the vastus lateralis is the

linea aspera of the femor

Masseter inserts onto the angle and ramus of the ______.

mandible

Buccinator has origins on both the _______ and the ______.

mandible; maxilla

insertion of the fibularis longus is the

medial cunieform

The pectoralis minor muscle is innervated by the

medial pectoral nerve

The key actions of the pectoralis major muscle are __________.

medial rotation and adduction

what structure is highlighted muscle fibers capillaries motor axons motor end plates

motor axons

what structure is highlighted motor end plates mitochondria motor axons nuclei

motor end plates

myo

muscle

active ingredient of botox, botulinum toxin blocks the release of Ach from the axon terminal . an overdose of botox will most likely result in

muscle paralysis at the site of injection

The protein that binds to actin when tropomyosin moves off the active sites of actin is

myosin

A crossbridge forms when:

myosin head binds to actin

The extensor hallucis longus muscle inserts on digit

one

Movement not associated with the scapula

opposition

serratus anterior

originates from ribs 1-8 and inserts on the anterior vertebral border of the scapula

pectoralis minor

originates on the anterior surfaces of ribs 1-5 and inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula

Palmaris longus inserts on the

palmart aponeurosis

Anterior muscles of the pectoral girdle include the _____________.

pectoralis minor and the serratus anterior

what structure is highlighted sarcolemma endomysium epimysium perimysium

perimysium

the most powerful movement at the ankle joint is ___ and the ___is one of the prime movers if this movemtn

plantar flexión ; gastrocnemius

to allow for flexión _____ unlocks the knee joint

popliteus

The semitendinosus muscle is innervated by the ___nerve

posterior

insertion of pectineus is ___ and on the ___

posterior fémur

The flexor hallucis longus muscle originates from the

posterior surface of the fibular shaft

The biceps femoris is located in the

posterior thigh

All fibers the semimembranosus muscle converge lo insert on the

posterior tibia

The ball and socket joint in the hip is similar to the ball and socket joint of the shoulder but is designed more for blank then blank

power precision

Movement of the forearm is summarized as _____________.

pronation and supination

Muscles of the forearm that function in pronation and supination are the _____________.

pronator quadratus, pronator teres, and supinator

of all the flexor muscles of the forearm the__ is the shortest

pronator teres

all fibers of the triceps brachii are innervated by the

radial nerve

The interosseous membrane is located between the

radius and ulna

origin of serratus anterior

ribs 1-8

The rotator cuff muscles provide what type of movement?

rotation

Infraspinatus muscle is included in the____muscles

rotator cuff

anterior muscles of the thigh that originate on the os coxae are

sartorius ;recutus femoris

To allow movement of the tendons within carpal tunnel zone each tendon is encased in a

sheath

the figure decpictws the contraction of

smooth muscle

Stimulation of acetylcholine (ACh) receptors by ACh will primarily result in:

sodium ions entering the muscle fiber

In the absence of ATP in the musclewhich of the following is most likely to occur?

some myosin heads will remain attached to actin molecules but are unable to perform power stroke

fibers of trapezius muscles are innervated

spinal accessory nerve

The rhomboideus minor muscle originates on which process of the vertebrae?

spinous process

thyrohyoid sternohyoid omohyoid sternothyroid

sternothyroid

The gluteus medius muscle is innervated by the

superior gluteal nerve

rhomboid minor muscle sits

superior to the rhomboid major

Forearm supination is the result of the __________, but is assisted by the ____________.

supinator muscle, biceps brachii muscle

Downward dislocation of the humerus from the glenohumeral joint when carrying weight is prevented by the _____________ muscle.

supraspinatus

What muscles are part of the rotator cuff?

supraspinatus infraspinatus subscapularis teres minor

narrow space between the axon terminal and motor end plate is called the

synaptic cleft

Extension of the glenohumeral joint results from the contraction of one synergist, the _____________.

teres major

The posterior scapular muscle that crosses the glenohumeral joint is the _____________ muscle(s).

teres major

The angle of the subscapularis muscle prevents _____________.

the humeral head from sliding upward out of the joint as the arm is raised

The neurons of patients with multiple sclerosis are unable to transmit action potentials down the axon. How will that affect skeletal muscle stimulation?

the muscle will not be stimulated and therefore will not contract

The posterior surface of the tibial shaft is

the origin of the flexor dígitorum longus

Predict the effect of Tetrodotoxin , a powerful blocker of voltage-gated sodium ion channels

there will be no action potential in muscle fiber

muscles that act on the knee joint form most of the mass of the

thigh

why are the muscles that move the fingers and wrist located in the forearm

this design allows the hand to maintain fine motor control and strength without interference of bulky muscles

The tibialis posterior muscle originates at which three locations?

tibia fibula interosseous membrane

The semitendinosus muscle is innervated by the______ nerve

tibial

The flexor digitorum longus muscle is innervated by the

tibial nerve

The gastrocnemius muscle is innervated by the

tibial nerve

the prime mover of dorsiflexion is the

tibialis anterior

The origins of the levator scapula are from the ______of four cervical vertebrae

transverse processes

The prime mover of elbow extension is the

triceps brachii

in preparation for contraction calcium ions bind to

tropinin

T/F The anterior axial muscle that crosses the glenohumeral joint is the pectoralis major muscle

true

endo

within

actions of the extensor carpi radialis brevis are localized to

wrist