Human Anatomy Final

The resting potential of a neuron is

-70 mV

monocytes

2-8%differential count become macrophages to engulf pathogens or debris

lymphoctes

20-40% differential count, immune response to specific pathogens

there are ____ pairs spinal nerves

31

Blood is approximately ______ percent plasma by volume

46-63

The average functional lifespan of an RBC is

60-120 days

Blood normal clots in approximately

90 seconds

What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis

A reduction in blood loss

Why do vein s have relatively thin walls?

A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure

Secretion of glucocorticoids

ACTH

________ is released in response to decrease in blood volume

ADH

Edema

Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues

IgE

Accelerates inflammation, stimulates basophils and mast cells

Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?

Acetylcholine

Cortisone

Adrenal gland

type AB blood contains

Agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B

Plasma proteins. that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are

Albumins

increases reabsorption of Na+

Aldosterone

the all-or-non principle states that

All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials

During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule

Amino acids

prolactin

Anterior pituitary

Agglutinins

Are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type

Steroid hormones

Are structurally similar to cholesterol

Identify the correct match between the blood vessel and its corresponding charactersitic

Arteriole/controls blood pressure

A virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies against the viral antigen. These antibodies are removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to combat an infection by the same virus. This would be an example of

Artificially induced passive immunity

Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining

Atherosclerosis

Which event marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle

Atrial systole

The ______ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity

Autonomic

vestibulocochlear

Balance and hearing

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-a and anti-Rh serum but not with anti-b serum this means

Bill's plasma contains anti-b antibodies

The function of hemoglobin is to

Bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Regarding the typical structure of blood vessel walls, those that have only a tunica intima are the

Capillaries

The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are called

Capillaries

Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the

Carotid sinus

Mitral valve prolaps

Caused by malfunctioning chordae tendineae or papillary muscles and may not show any symptoms

Hypercalcemia

Causes more powerful, prolonged contractions of the heart due to excess ion concentrations

Hyperkalemia

Causes weak, irregular heart contractions due to excess ion concentrations

The ability of certain cells to respond to chemicals in their environment is called

Chemotaxis

Mononucleosis

Chronic infection of the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)

Peptide hormones are...

Composed of chains of amino acids

Facial

Controls taste buds and muscles of facial expression

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes

Cushing disease

Opening of voltage-gated sodium changes in the membrane of a neuron results in

Depolarization

Which of the following is a short-circuit that exists between the pulmonary and aortic trunks in the fetus?

Ductus Arteriosus

________ directly stimulates red blood cell production

EPO

Lymphatic vessels, which ext the lymph node and carry the lymph toward the venous system, are called

Efferent lymphatic vessels

which blood vessels are able to absorb the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle

Elastic arteries

What is the connection between breathing and the venous return?

Exhalation decreases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava

Increases blood glucose levels

FSH

Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are

FSH and LH

IgM

First to be produced following exposure to an antigen

In a fetus, blood for the right atrium can flow freely to the left atrium through the _______, thus bypassing the pulmonary circuit

Foramen Ovale

Atherosclerosis

Formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media

IgA

Found in mucus and helps prevent pathogens from entering the body

Surgeons often use segments of the_______ as a bypass vessel during coronary bypass surgery

Great saphenous vein

hypervolemic

Having an excessive blood volume

Cells that secrete cytokines, which coordinate specific and nonspecific and nonspecific defenses, are called

Helper T-cells

As blood flows through peripheral tissues what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs

Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen

The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed

Hemophilia

The inherited. condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed

Hemophilia

When a chamber fills with blood and is preparing to begin the next cardiac cycle, that chamber is

In diastole

SCID

Inability to develop either cell-mediated or antibody-mediated immunity

Which of the following will causes a decrease in blood pressure

Increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium

The wall between the atria is called the

Interatrial septum

Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called

Intercalated discs

Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood

Jaundice

Which hepatic cells are antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate an immune response?

Kupffer cells

IgG

Largest class, delivered to fetus from mother through placenta

Basophils

Less than 1% differential count, release histamine, promote inflammation

Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of diapedesis (amoeboid movement) are

Leukocytes

Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins?

Liver

Which is the action of histamine

Makes capillaries more permeable and speeds up blood flow through the area of damaged tissue

Which cell population plays a pivotal role in the process of inflammation

Mast cells

______ enable the immune system to launch a faster, stronger response to a previously encountered antigen

Memory cells

The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart is also called the

Mitral valve

Which statement regarding the regulatory controls of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion is true?

Most neural and endocrine controls are inhibitory.

Trigeminal

Motor portion controls chewing

Most neurons in the brain are

Multipolar

The thick muscle layer of the heart is the

Myocardium

Which of the following function in immunological surveillance

NK cells

A child develops symptoms of chicken pox, produces antibodies against its specific antigens and recovers from illness.d Later as an adult, he is immune to another exposure to the chicken pox virus. This is an example of which type of immunity?

Naturally acquired active immunity

clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes are known as

Nissl bodies

Eosinophils

Only about 2-4$ differential count, phagocytic, reduce inflammation due to allergens and parasites

released in response to low Ca 2+ levels

PTH

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid

The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by the

Parietal pericardium

microglia

Perform phagocytic protective functions

Cardiac tamponade

Pericardial inflammation/irritation causes fluid to collect in pericardial sac, restricts hear movement and cardiac output

____ are clusters of lymphoid nodules located beneath the epithelial lining of the intestines

Peyer patches

which nerve innervates the diaphragm

Phrenic

IgD

Plays a role in sensitization of B cells in extracellular fluid

Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphatic system

Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes

The first blood vessels to branch from the pulmonary trunk are the

Pulmonary arteries

During red blood cell development what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?

Reticulocyte

One method by which cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells is by releasing substances that

Rupture cell membranes

Which one of the following represents the correct path for transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje Fibers

Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier which is an innate defense mechanism

Secretions of sebaceous glands

Lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of emptying into the

Subclavian veins

satellite cells

Surround and support neuron cell bodies in the PNS

Which cells have a primary role in cell-mediated immunity

T cells

increase metabolic rate

T3 and T4

A faster than normal heart rate is called

Tachycardia

syncope

Temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden drop in blood pressure

Why is atrial repolarization not illustrated on an ECG

The QRS complex masks it

Which statement is true about the adrenal glands?

The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium and glucose blood levels

The common pathway of coagulation ends with

The. activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Choose the most accurate characteristic of B cells

They differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Which one of the following is not true of WBCs

They initiate the clotting process

Which is true regarding pyrogens

They make capillaries more permeable and speed up blood flow through the area within the damaged tissue

The two collecting ducts that ultimately drain the lymphatic vessel are the

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

A blood clot attached to the wall of vessel scaled a

Thrombus

Thymosin

Thymus

Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine

Thyroid

______ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx

Tonsils

Allograft

Transplant between compatible recipient and donor

Xenograft

Transplant between two different species

Angiotensin II elevates systemic blood pressure by

Triggering arteriole construction

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

Vagus nerve

Another name for antidiuretic hormone is

Vasopressin

Which spinal cord structure contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands

Ventral roots

The T wave of an ECG corresponds to

Ventricular repolarization

Calcium ions and _________ have an effect nearly every aspect of the clotting process

VitaminK

The term_______refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together

Whole blood

The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract is called

absorption

The resulting disorder that occurs when a bolus cannot reach the stomach

achalasia

A disorder that results as a result of excessive production of acid or inadequate production of alkaline mucus

acid reflux

Pancreatic enzymes and buffers are secreted by which of the following?

acinar cells

epinephrine

adrenal gland

The part of the peripheral nerves system that brings information to the central nervous system is the

afferent division

In the duodenum, submucosal glands secrete which of the following?

an alkaline mucus

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

anterior pituitary

Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the

anterior pituitary

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

anterior pituitary

human growth hormone (hGH)

anterior pituitary

Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit

ascending aorta

Which of the following monitors blood pressure at the end of the systematic circuit

atrial baroreceptors

Systemic lupus erythematosus

autoimmune disorder; breakdown of antigen recognition process

Neurons​ that have one axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them are called

bipolar

which one of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones:

body coordination

After crossing the axilla, the axillary artery becomes the

brachial artery

Which phase of swallowing begins with compression of the bolus against the hard palate?

buccal

The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called

capillary hydrostatic pressure

Salivary amylase functions to digest

carbohydrates

The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the

cardiac output

hypoglossal

carries impulses from the grunge and controls toungue movement

Malfunctioning chord tendineae would

cause regurgitation into the atria

Major regions of the large intestine include the

cecum, colon, and rectum

The first hear sound is produced as atrioventricular valves _____ and the semilunar valves _________

close, close

The attachment of the cut end of colon to an opening in the body wall is a procedure known as

colostomy

Accessory

controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Schwann cells

cover axons of the PNS

Thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy results in which of the following

cretinism

The bulk of a tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called

dentin

The ability of certain phagocytes to move through the wall of a capillary is called

diapedesis

The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region

diencephalon

inflammation of pockets in the intestinal mucosa of the sigmoid colon is referred to as

diverticulosis

The portion of the small intestine that is closest to the stomach is the

duodenum

Bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called

emulsification

Which of the following contains a crystalline form of calcium phosphate and is the hardest biologically manufactured substance?

enamel

The esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the

esophageal hiatus

limbic system

establish emotion states

Diabetes insidious can be caused by

failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH

The role of the spleen is slightly different from other lymph organs because it

filters blood

oligodendrocytes

form myelin sheath on axons of the CNS

Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when fats and glucose enter the small intestine?

gastric inhibitory peptide

During the gastric phase of gastric secretion, which of the following stimulates stomach contractions?

gastrin

The alpha cells of the pancreas produce

glucagon

The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called

hematocrit

Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called

hemocytoblasts

Blood leaving the capillaries by the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric flows to the liver through the

hepatic portal system

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor and

hydrochloric acid

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

hypothalamus

where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?

hypothalamus

Broca's area

if damaged, can make sounds, but not words

The ________ controls movement of chyme between the last segment of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine.

ileocecal valve

The portion of the small intestine that connects with the cecum is the

ileum

enlargements of the spinal cord occur

in the cervical and lumbar regions

Which type of teeth is used for clipping and cutting?

incisors

Plicae and intestinal villi

increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine

effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include

increased secretion by digestive glands

Gastrin causes

increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells.

pons

influences rate and depth of breathing

A bacterial infection in the foot would most likely affect lymph nodes in which of the following regions

inguinal

Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries

inhibin

prefrontal cortex

intellectual functions, predicting consequences (reasoning), frustration, tension, anxiety, problem solving

Virus-infected cells release

interferon

Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ___ for production

iodine

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

is a membrane protein that can display foreign antigens

amygdaloid body

jealousy, anger, fear

The portion of the small intestine that performs the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the

jejunum

The target organs for the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are

kidneys, bone, and digestive system

ependymal cells

line cavities in the CNS produce CSF

Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of

lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?

liver

Which of the following is the primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood?

liver

reticular activating system

located in midbrain, filters and regulates sleep/ wakefulness

ovulation, formation of corpus luteum

luteinizing hormone

astrocytes

maintain blood-brain barrier

Chewing is called

mastacation

Establishes day/night cycle

melatonin

Aldosterone is the principal

mineralocorticoid

Which of the following is an agranulocyte

monocyte

neutrophils

most abundant (about 60% differential count), phagocytic, engulf pathogens, release cytotoxic chemicals

Rugae are

mucosal ridges in the stomach.

cerebellum

muscular coordination for balance and equilibrium, kinesthetic awareness

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation

myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

Immunity that results from antibodies ingested from breast milk is which type of immunity?

naturally acquired passive immunity

Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by

negative feedback

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

The first place in which mechanical processing of food takes place is the

oral cavity

Labor contractions, milk ejection

oxytocin

The effect of prolactin closely interacts with the hormone

oxytocin

Insulin

pancreas

Which of the following correctly represents the layers associated with the heart from superficial to deep

parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium

Which of the following lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible?

parotid salivary glands

A foreign microorganism that may cause disease in humans Is called a

pathogen

The pressure at which the pulse can first be heard corresponds to the

peak systolic

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Melatonin

pineal gland

Lymph differs from plasma in that

plasma contains more protein than lymph

Which one of the following does not lead to anemia:

polycythemia (abnormal increase in RBCs)

The thymus gland is positioned

posterior to sternum

the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the

pre central gyrus

A person's blood type is determined by the

presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane

stimulates production of milk

prolactin

corpus callous

provides neural connections between right and left hemispheres

Functions of the large intestine include

reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.

In adults the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the

red bone marrow

Major events produced by inflammation include

redness, swelling, heat, pain

medulla oblongata

reflex centers for cardiovascular center and respiratory rhythmicity centers

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called

regulating hormones

The endocrine system

relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells

Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters the

right atrium

Which of the following pairs is not properly matched

sacral spinal nerves: 5

Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when the pH in the duodenum falls as acidic chyme arrives from the stomach?

secretin

The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium is called

secretion

which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system

sending signals to muscles

olfactory

sensory neuron responsible for smell

The instrument used to measure blood pressure is the

sphygmomanometer

hippocampus

storage of longterm memories

The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus are lined by

stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?

subarachnoid space

Which layer of the digestive tract consists of dense irregular connective tissue?

submucosa

The fusion of the two brachiocephalic veins form the

superior vena cava

Performing a gastrectomy involves

surgical removal of all/part of the stomach

The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the

sympathetic

Consider a blood pressure reading of 120/80. 120 corresponds to the

systolic pressure

male secondary sex characteristics

testosterone

The gastric phase of gastric secretion begins with

the arrival of food in the stomach.

The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in _____________ of the cardiovascular system

the arterial vessels

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,

the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active.

During ventricular systole

the ventricles are contracting

produces T-ymphocytes for mine system

thymosin

Calcitonin

thyroid

Which of the following is a protease produced by the pancreas?

trypsin

The muscular layer of blood vessels n the

tunica media

As blood travels from the aorta award the capillaries

vascular resistance increases

The semilunar valves prevent back flow into the

ventricles

Intrinsic factor aids the absorption of ________ across the intestinal lining.

vitamin B12

Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to

weight loss