Human Anatomy Final
The resting potential of a neuron is
-70 mV
monocytes
2-8%differential count become macrophages to engulf pathogens or debris
lymphoctes
20-40% differential count, immune response to specific pathogens
there are ____ pairs spinal nerves
31
Blood is approximately ______ percent plasma by volume
46-63
The average functional lifespan of an RBC is
60-120 days
Blood normal clots in approximately
90 seconds
What is a benefit of a vascular spasm at the onset of hemostasis
A reduction in blood loss
Why do vein s have relatively thin walls?
A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure
Secretion of glucocorticoids
ACTH
________ is released in response to decrease in blood volume
ADH
Edema
Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues
IgE
Accelerates inflammation, stimulates basophils and mast cells
Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons?
Acetylcholine
Cortisone
Adrenal gland
type AB blood contains
Agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B
Plasma proteins. that are necessary for blood to maintain osmotic pressure are
Albumins
increases reabsorption of Na+
Aldosterone
the all-or-non principle states that
All stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials
During the recycling of hemoglobin, what is the breakdown product of the globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule
Amino acids
prolactin
Anterior pituitary
Agglutinins
Are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type
Steroid hormones
Are structurally similar to cholesterol
Identify the correct match between the blood vessel and its corresponding charactersitic
Arteriole/controls blood pressure
A virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies against the viral antigen. These antibodies are removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to combat an infection by the same virus. This would be an example of
Artificially induced passive immunity
Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining
Atherosclerosis
Which event marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle
Atrial systole
The ______ nervous system provides involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity
Autonomic
vestibulocochlear
Balance and hearing
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-a and anti-Rh serum but not with anti-b serum this means
Bill's plasma contains anti-b antibodies
The function of hemoglobin is to
Bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Regarding the typical structure of blood vessel walls, those that have only a tunica intima are the
Capillaries
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are called
Capillaries
Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the
Carotid sinus
Mitral valve prolaps
Caused by malfunctioning chordae tendineae or papillary muscles and may not show any symptoms
Hypercalcemia
Causes more powerful, prolonged contractions of the heart due to excess ion concentrations
Hyperkalemia
Causes weak, irregular heart contractions due to excess ion concentrations
The ability of certain cells to respond to chemicals in their environment is called
Chemotaxis
Mononucleosis
Chronic infection of the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)
Peptide hormones are...
Composed of chains of amino acids
Facial
Controls taste buds and muscles of facial expression
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes
Cushing disease
Opening of voltage-gated sodium changes in the membrane of a neuron results in
Depolarization
Which of the following is a short-circuit that exists between the pulmonary and aortic trunks in the fetus?
Ductus Arteriosus
________ directly stimulates red blood cell production
EPO
Lymphatic vessels, which ext the lymph node and carry the lymph toward the venous system, are called
Efferent lymphatic vessels
which blood vessels are able to absorb the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle
Elastic arteries
What is the connection between breathing and the venous return?
Exhalation decreases pressure in the pleural cavity, thus more blood flows into the inferior vena cava
Increases blood glucose levels
FSH
Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are
FSH and LH
IgM
First to be produced following exposure to an antigen
In a fetus, blood for the right atrium can flow freely to the left atrium through the _______, thus bypassing the pulmonary circuit
Foramen Ovale
Atherosclerosis
Formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media
IgA
Found in mucus and helps prevent pathogens from entering the body
Surgeons often use segments of the_______ as a bypass vessel during coronary bypass surgery
Great saphenous vein
hypervolemic
Having an excessive blood volume
Cells that secrete cytokines, which coordinate specific and nonspecific and nonspecific defenses, are called
Helper T-cells
As blood flows through peripheral tissues what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs
Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen
The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed
Hemophilia
The inherited. condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed
Hemophilia
When a chamber fills with blood and is preparing to begin the next cardiac cycle, that chamber is
In diastole
SCID
Inability to develop either cell-mediated or antibody-mediated immunity
Which of the following will causes a decrease in blood pressure
Increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Phlebitis
Inflammation of a vein
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pericardium
The wall between the atria is called the
Interatrial septum
Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called
Intercalated discs
Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood
Jaundice
Which hepatic cells are antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate an immune response?
Kupffer cells
IgG
Largest class, delivered to fetus from mother through placenta
Basophils
Less than 1% differential count, release histamine, promote inflammation
Formed elements that are nucleated and capable of diapedesis (amoeboid movement) are
Leukocytes
Which organ synthesizes more than 90 percent of plasma proteins?
Liver
Which is the action of histamine
Makes capillaries more permeable and speeds up blood flow through the area of damaged tissue
Which cell population plays a pivotal role in the process of inflammation
Mast cells
______ enable the immune system to launch a faster, stronger response to a previously encountered antigen
Memory cells
The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart is also called the
Mitral valve
Which statement regarding the regulatory controls of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion is true?
Most neural and endocrine controls are inhibitory.
Trigeminal
Motor portion controls chewing
Most neurons in the brain are
Multipolar
The thick muscle layer of the heart is the
Myocardium
Which of the following function in immunological surveillance
NK cells
A child develops symptoms of chicken pox, produces antibodies against its specific antigens and recovers from illness.d Later as an adult, he is immune to another exposure to the chicken pox virus. This is an example of which type of immunity?
Naturally acquired active immunity
clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes are known as
Nissl bodies
Eosinophils
Only about 2-4$ differential count, phagocytic, reduce inflammation due to allergens and parasites
released in response to low Ca 2+ levels
PTH
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid
The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by the
Parietal pericardium
microglia
Perform phagocytic protective functions
Cardiac tamponade
Pericardial inflammation/irritation causes fluid to collect in pericardial sac, restricts hear movement and cardiac output
____ are clusters of lymphoid nodules located beneath the epithelial lining of the intestines
Peyer patches
which nerve innervates the diaphragm
Phrenic
IgD
Plays a role in sensitization of B cells in extracellular fluid
Which of the following is a primary function of the lymphatic system
Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
The first blood vessels to branch from the pulmonary trunk are the
Pulmonary arteries
During red blood cell development what is the term given to the first anucleate cell?
Reticulocyte
One method by which cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells is by releasing substances that
Rupture cell membranes
Which one of the following represents the correct path for transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje Fibers
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier which is an innate defense mechanism
Secretions of sebaceous glands
Lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of emptying into the
Subclavian veins
satellite cells
Surround and support neuron cell bodies in the PNS
Which cells have a primary role in cell-mediated immunity
T cells
increase metabolic rate
T3 and T4
A faster than normal heart rate is called
Tachycardia
syncope
Temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden drop in blood pressure
Why is atrial repolarization not illustrated on an ECG
The QRS complex masks it
Which statement is true about the adrenal glands?
The adrenal cortex is most important in the control of sodium, potassium and glucose blood levels
The common pathway of coagulation ends with
The. activation of a clotting factor that converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Choose the most accurate characteristic of B cells
They differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies
Which one of the following is not true of WBCs
They initiate the clotting process
Which is true regarding pyrogens
They make capillaries more permeable and speed up blood flow through the area within the damaged tissue
The two collecting ducts that ultimately drain the lymphatic vessel are the
Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct
A blood clot attached to the wall of vessel scaled a
Thrombus
Thymosin
Thymus
Triiodothyronine and Thyroxine
Thyroid
______ are large lymphoid nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx
Tonsils
Allograft
Transplant between compatible recipient and donor
Xenograft
Transplant between two different species
Angiotensin II elevates systemic blood pressure by
Triggering arteriole construction
Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
Vagus nerve
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is
Vasopressin
Which spinal cord structure contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control muscles and glands
Ventral roots
The T wave of an ECG corresponds to
Ventricular repolarization
Calcium ions and _________ have an effect nearly every aspect of the clotting process
VitaminK
The term_______refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together
Whole blood
The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract is called
absorption
The resulting disorder that occurs when a bolus cannot reach the stomach
achalasia
A disorder that results as a result of excessive production of acid or inadequate production of alkaline mucus
acid reflux
Pancreatic enzymes and buffers are secreted by which of the following?
acinar cells
epinephrine
adrenal gland
The part of the peripheral nerves system that brings information to the central nervous system is the
afferent division
In the duodenum, submucosal glands secrete which of the following?
an alkaline mucus
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
anterior pituitary
Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the
anterior pituitary
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
anterior pituitary
human growth hormone (hGH)
anterior pituitary
Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit
ascending aorta
Which of the following monitors blood pressure at the end of the systematic circuit
atrial baroreceptors
Systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune disorder; breakdown of antigen recognition process
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the cell body between them are called
bipolar
which one of the following is NOT one of the major processes controlled by hormones:
body coordination
After crossing the axilla, the axillary artery becomes the
brachial artery
Which phase of swallowing begins with compression of the bolus against the hard palate?
buccal
The force that pushes fluid out of the capillaries is called
capillary hydrostatic pressure
Salivary amylase functions to digest
carbohydrates
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the
cardiac output
hypoglossal
carries impulses from the grunge and controls toungue movement
Malfunctioning chord tendineae would
cause regurgitation into the atria
Major regions of the large intestine include the
cecum, colon, and rectum
The first hear sound is produced as atrioventricular valves _____ and the semilunar valves _________
close, close
The attachment of the cut end of colon to an opening in the body wall is a procedure known as
colostomy
Accessory
controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Schwann cells
cover axons of the PNS
Thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy results in which of the following
cretinism
The bulk of a tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
The ability of certain phagocytes to move through the wall of a capillary is called
diapedesis
The thalamus is the largest portion of which major brain region
diencephalon
inflammation of pockets in the intestinal mucosa of the sigmoid colon is referred to as
diverticulosis
The portion of the small intestine that is closest to the stomach is the
duodenum
Bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called
emulsification
Which of the following contains a crystalline form of calcium phosphate and is the hardest biologically manufactured substance?
enamel
The esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the
esophageal hiatus
limbic system
establish emotion states
Diabetes insidious can be caused by
failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH
The role of the spleen is slightly different from other lymph organs because it
filters blood
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath on axons of the CNS
Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when fats and glucose enter the small intestine?
gastric inhibitory peptide
During the gastric phase of gastric secretion, which of the following stimulates stomach contractions?
gastrin
The alpha cells of the pancreas produce
glucagon
The percentage of whole blood volume occupied by formed elements is called
hematocrit
Red blood cells result from the divisions of cells called
hemocytoblasts
Blood leaving the capillaries by the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric flows to the liver through the
hepatic portal system
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor and
hydrochloric acid
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hypothalamus
where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?
hypothalamus
Broca's area
if damaged, can make sounds, but not words
The ________ controls movement of chyme between the last segment of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine.
ileocecal valve
The portion of the small intestine that connects with the cecum is the
ileum
enlargements of the spinal cord occur
in the cervical and lumbar regions
Which type of teeth is used for clipping and cutting?
incisors
Plicae and intestinal villi
increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine
effects produced by the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system include
increased secretion by digestive glands
Gastrin causes
increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells.
pons
influences rate and depth of breathing
A bacterial infection in the foot would most likely affect lymph nodes in which of the following regions
inguinal
Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries
inhibin
prefrontal cortex
intellectual functions, predicting consequences (reasoning), frustration, tension, anxiety, problem solving
Virus-infected cells release
interferon
Unlike other hormones, T3 and T4 hormones require ___ for production
iodine
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
is a membrane protein that can display foreign antigens
amygdaloid body
jealousy, anger, fear
The portion of the small intestine that performs the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the
jejunum
The target organs for the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are
kidneys, bone, and digestive system
ependymal cells
line cavities in the CNS produce CSF
Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of
lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
liver
Which of the following is the primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood?
liver
reticular activating system
located in midbrain, filters and regulates sleep/ wakefulness
ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
luteinizing hormone
astrocytes
maintain blood-brain barrier
Chewing is called
mastacation
Establishes day/night cycle
melatonin
Aldosterone is the principal
mineralocorticoid
Which of the following is an agranulocyte
monocyte
neutrophils
most abundant (about 60% differential count), phagocytic, engulf pathogens, release cytotoxic chemicals
Rugae are
mucosal ridges in the stomach.
cerebellum
muscular coordination for balance and equilibrium, kinesthetic awareness
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of stages in RBC maturation
myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC
Immunity that results from antibodies ingested from breast milk is which type of immunity?
naturally acquired passive immunity
Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by
negative feedback
The visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobe
The first place in which mechanical processing of food takes place is the
oral cavity
Labor contractions, milk ejection
oxytocin
The effect of prolactin closely interacts with the hormone
oxytocin
Insulin
pancreas
Which of the following correctly represents the layers associated with the heart from superficial to deep
parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
Which of the following lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible?
parotid salivary glands
A foreign microorganism that may cause disease in humans Is called a
pathogen
The pressure at which the pulse can first be heard corresponds to the
peak systolic
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Melatonin
pineal gland
Lymph differs from plasma in that
plasma contains more protein than lymph
Which one of the following does not lead to anemia:
polycythemia (abnormal increase in RBCs)
The thymus gland is positioned
posterior to sternum
the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum is located in the
pre central gyrus
A person's blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane
stimulates production of milk
prolactin
corpus callous
provides neural connections between right and left hemispheres
Functions of the large intestine include
reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.
In adults the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the
red bone marrow
Major events produced by inflammation include
redness, swelling, heat, pain
medulla oblongata
reflex centers for cardiovascular center and respiratory rhythmicity centers
Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called
regulating hormones
The endocrine system
relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells
Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters the
right atrium
Which of the following pairs is not properly matched
sacral spinal nerves: 5
Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when the pH in the duodenum falls as acidic chyme arrives from the stomach?
secretin
The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium is called
secretion
which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system
sending signals to muscles
olfactory
sensory neuron responsible for smell
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is the
sphygmomanometer
hippocampus
storage of longterm memories
The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus are lined by
stratified squamous epithelium
Which of the following contains a delicate network of collagen and elastin fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid circulates?
subarachnoid space
Which layer of the digestive tract consists of dense irregular connective tissue?
submucosa
The fusion of the two brachiocephalic veins form the
superior vena cava
Performing a gastrectomy involves
surgical removal of all/part of the stomach
The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for emergencies is the
sympathetic
Consider a blood pressure reading of 120/80. 120 corresponds to the
systolic pressure
male secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
The gastric phase of gastric secretion begins with
the arrival of food in the stomach.
The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in _____________ of the cardiovascular system
the arterial vessels
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,
the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active.
During ventricular systole
the ventricles are contracting
produces T-ymphocytes for mine system
thymosin
Calcitonin
thyroid
Which of the following is a protease produced by the pancreas?
trypsin
The muscular layer of blood vessels n the
tunica media
As blood travels from the aorta award the capillaries
vascular resistance increases
The semilunar valves prevent back flow into the
ventricles
Intrinsic factor aids the absorption of ________ across the intestinal lining.
vitamin B12
Disorders associated with thyroid hormone excess have symptoms related to
weight loss
