Human A+P I- CH. 1+2
false
DNA is comprised of the following base pairs: cytosine/guanine and adenine/uracil a. True b. False
isotonic
Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
The weight of water (hydrostatic pressure) is equal to the osmotic pressure
Osmosis continues until: A. The weight of water (hydrostatic pressure) is equal to the osmotic pressure B. The solutes reach equilibrium C. There is an equal amount of water on each side of the membrane D. The concentration of solutes is equal on each side of the membrane
False
Osmosis moves solutes against their gradient. A. True B. False
hypertonic
having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.
1
how many codons equal one amino acid a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
cell
The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue
increases rigidity of the cell membrane
increasing the proportion of saturated fats in the plasma membrane would cause which of the following? a. increases fluidity of the cell membrane b. will have no affect on the fluidity of the plasma membrane c. increases rigidity of the cell membrane
Nucleus; cytoplasm
Transcription occurs in the _____ and translation occurs in the ____.
Enhancement of labor contractions Explanation The posterior pituitary releases a small amount of oxytocin; cervical dilation and low level uterine contraction gradually push the baby further down the birth canal, enhancing cervical dilation and stretching the uterus; nerves feed forward signals to continue to stimulate additional oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary; more uterine smooth muscle contraction occurs until regular contractions fully dilate the cervix and enable the baby to move through the vaginal canal.
Feed forward mechanisms enable small changes in desired outcomes to further stimulate the physiological response. Which of the following is a good example of a positive feedback mechanism? a. Body temperature regulation b. Regulating glucose levels in the blood c. Enhancement of labor contractions d. Blood calcium level regulation
Facilitated diffusion
If diffusion occurs through a transport protein this would be called A. Transport diffusion B. Simple diffusion C. Facilitate diffusion D. Osmosis
Increases
If the concentration of solutes increases, osmotic pressure: A. Increases B. Decreases C. Remains the same
Hypertonic
In a ___ solution, the osmotic pressure generated causes fluid inside of the cell to leave the cell A. Isotonic B. Hypertonic C. Hypotonic D. Homogenous
Codons
mRNA has A. Codons B. Anti-codons
codons
mRNA has a. codons b. anticodons
Transcription
mRNA is synthesized in A. Transcription B. Translation
solvent
In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.
mRNA codons code for amino acids
In translation: a. mRNA codons code for amino acids b. tRNA codes for amino acids c. mRNA enters the nucleus and transcribes DNA d. triplets are coded from DNA to mRNA by base pairing
1. More rigid 2. More fluid 3.More ridig
Indicate whether each scenario will cause the phospholipid bilayer to become more fluid or more rigid. 1. Child rescued from a frozen pond with hypothermia 2. Genetic mutation prevents body from using saturated fatty acid tails 3. Patient's blood labs reveal elevated levels of cholesterol at 37°C
nervous Explanation This system uses specialized receptors to send messages to the central nervous system about changes in environmental stimuli.
John is working near a hot surface when he accidentally leans up against it. Almost instantly and w/o thinking, he reacts by pulling his hands away from the surface w/o getting burned. This is b/c his ____ systems responds fastest to changes in environmental stimuli. a. muscular b. lymphatic c. immune d. nervous
nervous Explanation: This system uses specialized receptors to send messages to the central nervous system about changes in environmental stimuli.
John is working near a hot surface when he accidentally leans up against it. Almost instantly and without thinking, he reacts by pulling his hands away from the surface without getting burned. This is because his ______________ system responds fastest to changes in environmental stimuli. a. Muscular b. Lymphatic c. Immune d. Nervous
homeostasis
maintenance of an internal environment at a set-point in the face of changing external environmental factors
Metaphase
Looking at cell slides you notice a cell has a diminished nuclear envelope and an unorganized cluster of chromatids at the center of the cell. This cell will most likely enter which phase of mitosis next? A. Anaphase B. Prophase C. Metaphase D. Telophase
1. 30% water/ 70% solution—> Hypertonic 2. 50% water/ 50% solution—> Isotonic 3. 90% water/ 10% solution—> Hypotonic
Match the composition to the solution: 1. 30% water/ 70% solution—> Hypotonic 2. 50% water/ 50% solution-> Hypertonic 3. 90% water/ 10% solution-> Isotonic
simple diffusion
movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
ligand-gated
open and close in response to ligands or chemicals
water; semipermeable membrane
osmosis is the movement of ___ across a ___
All structures in one level of organization which have a related function combine to create the next, more complex level of organization
Which of the following choices best describes how the levels of organization are related to each other? a. All structures in 1 level of organization perform the exact same task b. All structures in one level of organization which have a related function combine to create the next, more complex level of organization c. The levels of organization are not related. They work independently of each other. d. All the above are correct
G1, S1, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Which of the following choices correctly lists in order the phases of the cell life cycle? A. S1, G1, G2, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase B. S1, G1, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase C. G1, S1, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase D. G1, S1, G2, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase
1. Division of the cell's cytoplasm — > Cytokinesis 2. Centromeres align at the equator of the cell —> Metaphase 3. Chromosomes resume threadlike chromatin form at opposite ends of the poles — > Telophase 4. Chromosome condense and nuclear envelope disintegrates — > Prophase
Match the following phase with the correct description 1. Division of the cell's cytoplasm — > Cytokinesis 2. Centromeres align at the equator of the cell —> Prophase 3. Chromosomes resume threadlike chromatin form at opposite ends of the poles —> Metaphase 4. Chromosome condense and nuclear envelope disintegrates —> Telophase
Anaphase I (Meiosis)
Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?
facilitated diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
Negative feedback loop
Mr. Harris walks into his kids' playroom to turn off the lamp. As he is walking out of the room in the dark, he steps on a lego. This causes excruciating pain and b/c of that he lifts his foot up stopping the terrible, terrible plain. This is an example of what? a. positive feedback loop b. homeostasis c. negative feedback loop d. ingestion
The fever and sweating are working together to denature the pathogen
Mr. Mirabito has come down w/a cold. His fever continues to rise but he also notices he is sweating. Which of the following is a false statement? a. sweating is a negative feedback mechanism that is attempting to regulate body temperatures. b. the fever is an example of a positive feedback loop c. this is an ex. of a positive feedback loop occurring simultaneously but independently. d. The fever and sweating are working together to denature the pathogen.
nervous
Neurons (cells), nervous tissue and the femoral nerve (organ) function together to create the _____________ system (organ system level). a. endocrine b. nervous c. respiratory d. digestive e. reproductive
high concentration to low concentration
Which of the following correctly states how particles move with respect to a concentration gradient? (assuming there is no semipermeable membrane) a. High concentration to low concentration b. Low concentration to high concentration
amino
Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose
Diffusion slows at higher temperature
Which of the following is false in regards to diffusion? A. A steeper gradient increases the rate of diffusion B. It is a passive process C. Diffusion slows at higher temperature D. The rate of diffusion increases with the size of the molecule
Denature into nucleic acids
Which of the following is not a function of protein? a. Sending chemical messages within the body b. Denature into nucleic acids c. Catalyzing metabolic reactions d. Help fight infection
A solute pump maintains a gradient by moving particles against the concentration gradient.
Which of the following is not an example of a passive process? a. Someone pees in the pool and the warm spot disappears after a while. b. A carrier molecules allow particles to move out of the cell along the concentration gradient. c. The life straw (a survival tool) forces water through a semipermeable membrane which traps any dirt, bacteria, or parasites. d. A solute pump maintains a gradient by moving particles against the concentration gradient.
simple diffusion
Which of the following methods of membrane transport are not effected by a semipermeable membrane? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Simple diffusion C. Receptor-mediate endocytosis D. Osmosis
lymphatic
Which of the following organ systems functions to protect the body from invading pathogens (germs)? a. Endocrine b. Urinary c. Musculoskeletal d. Lymphatic
- Membrane proteins can move laterally. - Phospholipids can rotate. Explanation The phospholipids, membrane proteins, and cholesterol molecules can rotate and move laterally, but cannot spontaneously flip from one side of the bilayer to the other due to polarity.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the Fluid Mosaic Model? Select all that apply. a. Membrane proteins can move laterally. b. Phospholipids can spontaneously flip from one side of the bilayer to the other. c. Phospholipids can rotate. d. Phospholipids are constantly in motion while membrane proteins are fixed.
Increasing carbohydrates when a person is hypothermic
Which of the following would increase membrane fluidity? a. Increasing carbohydrates when a person is hypothermic b. Decreasing temperature while keeping all other components the same c. Adding more saturated fatty acids d. Increasing carbohydrates at 37°C
lipid
Which of the four basic biomolecules consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail? a. Carbohydrate b. Lipid c. Nucleic acid d. Protein
negative
Which type of feedback reduces the change in physiological processes? a. Positive b. Transverse c. Negative d. Additive
adaptation
You are sitting in a classroom and the person next to you is coughing and sneezing uncontrollably. You recognize that this sneezing and coughing could cause you to become sick, especially given the current pandemic. Being uncomfortable with this, you decide to move away from that person and reduce the risk of you getting sick. What characteristic of life does this demonstrate? a. Energy production and consumption b. Reproduction c. Growth & Repair d. Adaptation
a negative feedback loop
You show up to 1223 lab for the start of the fall session. You quickly realize that the temperature control is broken and the labs are incredibly hot. As you core body temperature rises you begin to sweat. The sweat is an attempt to bring your body temperature back to "normal." This is an example of what? a. anatomy b. a negative feedback loop c. a positive feedback loop d. a retrograde feedback loop e. a anterograde feedback loop
sodium-potassium pump
a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell
quatermary structure
association of two or more protein subunits to form a complex R-groups attached to each amino acid determine the overall shape of a protein by dictating the bonds and interactions that form between the amino acids.
Telophase
phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin
Anaphase (Mitosis)
cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles
fever that continues to spike when you remain sick Explanation The posterior pituitary releases a small amount of oxytocin; cervical dilation and low-level uterine contraction gradually push the baby further down the birth canal, enhancing cervical dilation and stretching the uterus; nerves feed forward signals to continue to stimulate additional oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary; more uterine smooth muscle contraction occurs until regular contractions fully dilate the cervix and enable the baby to move through the vaginal canal.
feed forward mechanisms enable small changes in desired outcomes to further stimulate the physiological response. Which of the following is a good example of a positive feedback mechanism? a. sweating to regulate body temperature b. regulating glucose levels in the blood c. fever that continues to spike when you remain sick d. blood calcium level regulation
prophase
first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus
secondary structure of protein
protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain and alpha ( )- helices and beta ( ) - pleated sheets
tertiary structure of protein
protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure and 3D structure
metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Respiratory and cardiovascular systems
which two body systems work together to allow gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) throughout all the tissues in the body? a. respiratory and lymphatic systems b. cardiovascular and endocrine systems c. endocrine and urinary systems d. respiratory and cardiovascular systems e. endocrine and lymphatic systems
negative
which type of feedback reduces the change in physiological processes a. positive b. transverse c. negative d. additive
Function modifying structure
you get an opportunity to attend the student conference at Colorado State Univ. which is at 5,000 feet above sea level. During the first few days, you find yourself out of breath freq. On the last day of the conference and you participate in a workshop where your hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in your blood) is measured. Your hemoglobin is much higher than at your last appointment at your doctor's office in Phil. (39 feet above sea level). This increase in hemoglobin production to accommodate your activity is an example of what? a. structure informing function b. Function modifying structure
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
hypotonic
(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution
ECF (extracellular fluid)
- fluid found outside the cells of the body, constitutes approximately about one third of total body fluid, - transporter of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products - includes: intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid
Water would move from the cell into the solution.
A red blood cell which is 8% N.A. It is placed in a solution which is 30% Na. Which of the following would correctly identify how water would be influenced? A. Water would move from the solution into the cell. B. Water would move from the cell into the solution.
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
skeletal system
The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ___. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system
Homeostasis
The process by which the body maintains a constant internal temperature is known as?
peripheral proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.
negative
what kind of feedback loop prevents sudden changes in body temperature? a. postitive b. negative c. additive d. subtractive
primary structure
which is the simplest organization of a protein and the amino acids sequence
a neuron
which of the following examples is the most complex considering the body's level of organization a. the liver b. the lymphatic system c. epithelial tissue d. a neuron e. skeletal muscle tissue
Water
which of the following is NOT a major class of biomolecule? a. carbohydrates b. protein c. nucleic acid d. water e. lipids
childbirth
which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation
Dissaccride
which of the following is not a component of DNA? a. dissaccride b. nitrogenous base c. pentose sugar d. phosphate group
decay
which of the following is not a functional characteristic of life a. energy utilization b. responsiveness to stimuli c. adaptation d. decay
it is comprised of amino acids
which of the following is true about protein? a. DNA is an example of a protein b. it is comprised of monosaccharides (sugar molecules) c. it is comprised of amino acids d. it is an molecule used to store energy
Uracil
which of the following nitrogenous bases are associated w/RNA? a. Guanine b. cytosine c. adenine d. uracil
The cell would engorge and possibly lose as water entered from the extracellular space
What would occur if a cell was placed into a hypotonic solution? A. The cell would take on a shriveled shape as water exited into the extracellular space. B. Nothing; the cell would remain the same. C. The cell would engorge and possibly lose as water entered from the extracellular space D. None of the above
hair growth
Which of the following are not under homeostatic control? a. hair growth b. muscle diameter c. bone diameter d. body temperature
Desmosomes
Which of the following cell junctions would allow for the most amount of movement between cells? A. Desmosomes B. Adherins junctions C. Tight junctions
set point
the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates
integral proteins
Because they are embedded (go all the way through) within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ___. a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
organ
A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system
nucleic acids
A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen
has both polar and nonpolar regions
A phospholipid ___. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution
stores energy for use by body cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ___. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. All of the above
Stores energy for use by body cells
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled burst c. stores energy for use by body cells d. all of the above
a control center
After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to __. a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. sensors
3
How many codons equal one amino acid A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
- mRNA leaves the nucleus - ribosome binds to mRNA - tRNA binds an amino acid - tRNA anticodon binds to complementary mRNA codon - the preceding tRNA hands off the growing protein to the new tRNA and the ribosome links the new amino acid to the protein - tRNA is released from the ribosome and is available to pick up a new amino acid and repeat the process - after translating the entire mRNA the ribosome dissociates into its two subunits - ribosomal subunits rejoin to repeat the process with the same or another mRNA
Place the following steps of protein synthesis in order: - tRNA anticodon binds to complementary mRNA codon - tRNA is released from the ribosome and is available to pick up a new amino acid and repeat the process -tRNA binds an amino acid - mRNA leaves the nucleus - ribosome binds to mRNA - the preceding tRNA hands off the growing protein to the new tRNA and the ribosome links the new amino acid to the protein - after translating the entire mRNA the ribosome dissociates into its two subunits - ribosomal subunits rejoin to repeat the process with the same or another mRNA
receptor proteins
Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells.
1 Organism 2 Organ system 3 Organ 4 Tissue 5 Cellular 6 Chemical
Sort the following levels of organization from most complex to least complex. organism chemical tissue cellular organ system organ
true
True or False: A semipermeable membrane allows some particles, but not others, in or out of the cell. a. true b. false
False
True or False: Cytokinesis is the last phase of mitosis A. True B. False
Hair, nails and teeth (enamel)
What are some examples of protein found in the human body other than muscle.
Integumentary Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Lymphatic Cardiovascular Respiratory Urinary Musculoskeletal Digestive
What is 1 organ system in the human body?
A difference in concentration, charge, pressure, temperature, or any other variable. (is the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane)
What is a concentration gradient?
1. Nucleic Acid-> Nucleotides 2. Carbohydrates-> Monosaccharides 3. Lipid-> Triglycerides 4. Protein-> Amino acids
What is the organic molecules monomer 1. Nucleic Acid 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipid 4. Protein
negative
What kind of feedback loop prevents sudden changes in body temperature? a. Positive b. Negative c. Additive d. Subtractive
endocrine
What organ system is comprised of the thyroid gland, ovaries, thymus, and adrenal glands? a. Endocrine b. Nervous c. Digestive d. Reproductive e. Urinary
passive process
substances cross the membrane without any energy input from the cell
Ribosome
tRNA brings the amino acids to the A. Nucleus B. Ribosome
Translation
tRNA transfers amino acids during A. Translation B. Transcription
primary structure of protein
the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain
ICF (intracellular fluid)
the fluid inside the cell
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell