Human A+P I- CH. 1+2

false

DNA is comprised of the following base pairs: cytosine/guanine and adenine/uracil a. True b. False

isotonic

Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

The weight of water (hydrostatic pressure) is equal to the osmotic pressure

Osmosis continues until: A. The weight of water (hydrostatic pressure) is equal to the osmotic pressure B. The solutes reach equilibrium C. There is an equal amount of water on each side of the membrane D. The concentration of solutes is equal on each side of the membrane

False

Osmosis moves solutes against their gradient. A. True B. False

hypertonic

having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid.

1

how many codons equal one amino acid a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

cell

The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue

increases rigidity of the cell membrane

increasing the proportion of saturated fats in the plasma membrane would cause which of the following? a. increases fluidity of the cell membrane b. will have no affect on the fluidity of the plasma membrane c. increases rigidity of the cell membrane

Nucleus; cytoplasm

Transcription occurs in the _____ and translation occurs in the ____.

Enhancement of labor contractions Explanation The posterior pituitary releases a small amount of oxytocin; cervical dilation and low level uterine contraction gradually push the baby further down the birth canal, enhancing cervical dilation and stretching the uterus; nerves feed forward signals to continue to stimulate additional oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary; more uterine smooth muscle contraction occurs until regular contractions fully dilate the cervix and enable the baby to move through the vaginal canal.

Feed forward mechanisms enable small changes in desired outcomes to further stimulate the physiological response. Which of the following is a good example of a positive feedback mechanism? a. Body temperature regulation b. Regulating glucose levels in the blood c. Enhancement of labor contractions d. Blood calcium level regulation

Facilitated diffusion

If diffusion occurs through a transport protein this would be called A. Transport diffusion B. Simple diffusion C. Facilitate diffusion D. Osmosis

Increases

If the concentration of solutes increases, osmotic pressure: A. Increases B. Decreases C. Remains the same

Hypertonic

In a ___ solution, the osmotic pressure generated causes fluid inside of the cell to leave the cell A. Isotonic B. Hypertonic C. Hypotonic D. Homogenous

Codons

mRNA has A. Codons B. Anti-codons

codons

mRNA has a. codons b. anticodons

Transcription

mRNA is synthesized in A. Transcription B. Translation

solvent

In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.

mRNA codons code for amino acids

In translation: a. mRNA codons code for amino acids b. tRNA codes for amino acids c. mRNA enters the nucleus and transcribes DNA d. triplets are coded from DNA to mRNA by base pairing

1. More rigid 2. More fluid 3.More ridig

Indicate whether each scenario will cause the phospholipid bilayer to become more fluid or more rigid. 1. Child rescued from a frozen pond with hypothermia 2. Genetic mutation prevents body from using saturated fatty acid tails 3. Patient's blood labs reveal elevated levels of cholesterol at 37°C

nervous Explanation This system uses specialized receptors to send messages to the central nervous system about changes in environmental stimuli.

John is working near a hot surface when he accidentally leans up against it. Almost instantly and w/o thinking, he reacts by pulling his hands away from the surface w/o getting burned. This is b/c his ____ systems responds fastest to changes in environmental stimuli. a. muscular b. lymphatic c. immune d. nervous

nervous Explanation: This system uses specialized receptors to send messages to the central nervous system about changes in environmental stimuli.

John is working near a hot surface when he accidentally leans up against it. Almost instantly and without thinking, he reacts by pulling his hands away from the surface without getting burned. This is because his ______________ system responds fastest to changes in environmental stimuli. a. Muscular b. Lymphatic c. Immune d. Nervous

homeostasis

maintenance of an internal environment at a set-point in the face of changing external environmental factors

Metaphase

Looking at cell slides you notice a cell has a diminished nuclear envelope and an unorganized cluster of chromatids at the center of the cell. This cell will most likely enter which phase of mitosis next? A. Anaphase B. Prophase C. Metaphase D. Telophase

1. 30% water/ 70% solution—> Hypertonic 2. 50% water/ 50% solution—> Isotonic 3. 90% water/ 10% solution—> Hypotonic

Match the composition to the solution: 1. 30% water/ 70% solution—> Hypotonic 2. 50% water/ 50% solution-> Hypertonic 3. 90% water/ 10% solution-> Isotonic

simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

ligand-gated

open and close in response to ligands or chemicals

water; semipermeable membrane

osmosis is the movement of ___ across a ___

All structures in one level of organization which have a related function combine to create the next, more complex level of organization

Which of the following choices best describes how the levels of organization are related to each other? a. All structures in 1 level of organization perform the exact same task b. All structures in one level of organization which have a related function combine to create the next, more complex level of organization c. The levels of organization are not related. They work independently of each other. d. All the above are correct

G1, S1, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Which of the following choices correctly lists in order the phases of the cell life cycle? A. S1, G1, G2, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase B. S1, G1, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase C. G1, S1, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase D. G1, S1, G2, Metaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Anaphase

1. Division of the cell's cytoplasm — > Cytokinesis 2. Centromeres align at the equator of the cell —> Metaphase 3. Chromosomes resume threadlike chromatin form at opposite ends of the poles — > Telophase 4. Chromosome condense and nuclear envelope disintegrates — > Prophase

Match the following phase with the correct description 1. Division of the cell's cytoplasm — > Cytokinesis 2. Centromeres align at the equator of the cell —> Prophase 3. Chromosomes resume threadlike chromatin form at opposite ends of the poles —> Metaphase 4. Chromosome condense and nuclear envelope disintegrates —> Telophase

Anaphase I (Meiosis)

Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division?

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Negative feedback loop

Mr. Harris walks into his kids' playroom to turn off the lamp. As he is walking out of the room in the dark, he steps on a lego. This causes excruciating pain and b/c of that he lifts his foot up stopping the terrible, terrible plain. This is an example of what? a. positive feedback loop b. homeostasis c. negative feedback loop d. ingestion

The fever and sweating are working together to denature the pathogen

Mr. Mirabito has come down w/a cold. His fever continues to rise but he also notices he is sweating. Which of the following is a false statement? a. sweating is a negative feedback mechanism that is attempting to regulate body temperatures. b. the fever is an example of a positive feedback loop c. this is an ex. of a positive feedback loop occurring simultaneously but independently. d. The fever and sweating are working together to denature the pathogen.

nervous

Neurons (cells), nervous tissue and the femoral nerve (organ) function together to create the _____________ system (organ system level). a. endocrine b. nervous c. respiratory d. digestive e. reproductive

high concentration to low concentration

Which of the following correctly states how particles move with respect to a concentration gradient? (assuming there is no semipermeable membrane) a. High concentration to low concentration b. Low concentration to high concentration

amino

Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? a. phosphate b. adenine c. amino d. ribose

Diffusion slows at higher temperature

Which of the following is false in regards to diffusion? A. A steeper gradient increases the rate of diffusion B. It is a passive process C. Diffusion slows at higher temperature D. The rate of diffusion increases with the size of the molecule

Denature into nucleic acids

Which of the following is not a function of protein? a. Sending chemical messages within the body b. Denature into nucleic acids c. Catalyzing metabolic reactions d. Help fight infection

A solute pump maintains a gradient by moving particles against the concentration gradient.

Which of the following is not an example of a passive process? a. Someone pees in the pool and the warm spot disappears after a while. b. A carrier molecules allow particles to move out of the cell along the concentration gradient. c. The life straw (a survival tool) forces water through a semipermeable membrane which traps any dirt, bacteria, or parasites. d. A solute pump maintains a gradient by moving particles against the concentration gradient.

simple diffusion

Which of the following methods of membrane transport are not effected by a semipermeable membrane? A. Facilitated diffusion B. Simple diffusion C. Receptor-mediate endocytosis D. Osmosis

lymphatic

Which of the following organ systems functions to protect the body from invading pathogens (germs)? a. Endocrine b. Urinary c. Musculoskeletal d. Lymphatic

- Membrane proteins can move laterally. - Phospholipids can rotate. Explanation The phospholipids, membrane proteins, and cholesterol molecules can rotate and move laterally, but cannot spontaneously flip from one side of the bilayer to the other due to polarity.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the Fluid Mosaic Model? Select all that apply. a. Membrane proteins can move laterally. b. Phospholipids can spontaneously flip from one side of the bilayer to the other. c. Phospholipids can rotate. d. Phospholipids are constantly in motion while membrane proteins are fixed.

Increasing carbohydrates when a person is hypothermic

Which of the following would increase membrane fluidity? a. Increasing carbohydrates when a person is hypothermic b. Decreasing temperature while keeping all other components the same c. Adding more saturated fatty acids d. Increasing carbohydrates at 37°C

lipid

Which of the four basic biomolecules consists of a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail? a. Carbohydrate b. Lipid c. Nucleic acid d. Protein

negative

Which type of feedback reduces the change in physiological processes? a. Positive b. Transverse c. Negative d. Additive

adaptation

You are sitting in a classroom and the person next to you is coughing and sneezing uncontrollably. You recognize that this sneezing and coughing could cause you to become sick, especially given the current pandemic. Being uncomfortable with this, you decide to move away from that person and reduce the risk of you getting sick. What characteristic of life does this demonstrate? a. Energy production and consumption b. Reproduction c. Growth & Repair d. Adaptation

a negative feedback loop

You show up to 1223 lab for the start of the fall session. You quickly realize that the temperature control is broken and the labs are incredibly hot. As you core body temperature rises you begin to sweat. The sweat is an attempt to bring your body temperature back to "normal." This is an example of what? a. anatomy b. a negative feedback loop c. a positive feedback loop d. a retrograde feedback loop e. a anterograde feedback loop

sodium-potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

quatermary structure

association of two or more protein subunits to form a complex R-groups attached to each amino acid determine the overall shape of a protein by dictating the bonds and interactions that form between the amino acids.

Telophase

phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin

Anaphase (Mitosis)

cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles

fever that continues to spike when you remain sick Explanation The posterior pituitary releases a small amount of oxytocin; cervical dilation and low-level uterine contraction gradually push the baby further down the birth canal, enhancing cervical dilation and stretching the uterus; nerves feed forward signals to continue to stimulate additional oxytocin release from the posterior pituitary; more uterine smooth muscle contraction occurs until regular contractions fully dilate the cervix and enable the baby to move through the vaginal canal.

feed forward mechanisms enable small changes in desired outcomes to further stimulate the physiological response. Which of the following is a good example of a positive feedback mechanism? a. sweating to regulate body temperature b. regulating glucose levels in the blood c. fever that continues to spike when you remain sick d. blood calcium level regulation

prophase

first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

secondary structure of protein

protein structure is formed by folding and twisting of amino acid chain and alpha ( )- helices and beta ( ) - pleated sheets

tertiary structure of protein

protein structure is formed when the twists and folds of the secondary structure fold again to from a larger 3D structure and 3D structure

metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Respiratory and cardiovascular systems

which two body systems work together to allow gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) throughout all the tissues in the body? a. respiratory and lymphatic systems b. cardiovascular and endocrine systems c. endocrine and urinary systems d. respiratory and cardiovascular systems e. endocrine and lymphatic systems

negative

which type of feedback reduces the change in physiological processes a. positive b. transverse c. negative d. additive

Function modifying structure

you get an opportunity to attend the student conference at Colorado State Univ. which is at 5,000 feet above sea level. During the first few days, you find yourself out of breath freq. On the last day of the conference and you participate in a workshop where your hemoglobin (the protein that carries oxygen in your blood) is measured. Your hemoglobin is much higher than at your last appointment at your doctor's office in Phil. (39 feet above sea level). This increase in hemoglobin production to accommodate your activity is an example of what? a. structure informing function b. Function modifying structure

Interphase

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

hypotonic

(of a solution) having a lower osmotic pressure than a comparison solution

ECF (extracellular fluid)

- fluid found outside the cells of the body, constitutes approximately about one third of total body fluid, - transporter of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products - includes: intravascular fluid, interstitial fluid, transcellular fluid

Water would move from the cell into the solution.

A red blood cell which is 8% N.A. It is placed in a solution which is 30% Na. Which of the following would correctly identify how water would be influenced? A. Water would move from the solution into the cell. B. Water would move from the cell into the solution.

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

skeletal system

The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ___. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system

Homeostasis

The process by which the body maintains a constant internal temperature is known as?

peripheral proteins

The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane.

negative

what kind of feedback loop prevents sudden changes in body temperature? a. postitive b. negative c. additive d. subtractive

primary structure

which is the simplest organization of a protein and the amino acids sequence

a neuron

which of the following examples is the most complex considering the body's level of organization a. the liver b. the lymphatic system c. epithelial tissue d. a neuron e. skeletal muscle tissue

Water

which of the following is NOT a major class of biomolecule? a. carbohydrates b. protein c. nucleic acid d. water e. lipids

childbirth

which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation

Dissaccride

which of the following is not a component of DNA? a. dissaccride b. nitrogenous base c. pentose sugar d. phosphate group

decay

which of the following is not a functional characteristic of life a. energy utilization b. responsiveness to stimuli c. adaptation d. decay

it is comprised of amino acids

which of the following is true about protein? a. DNA is an example of a protein b. it is comprised of monosaccharides (sugar molecules) c. it is comprised of amino acids d. it is an molecule used to store energy

Uracil

which of the following nitrogenous bases are associated w/RNA? a. Guanine b. cytosine c. adenine d. uracil

The cell would engorge and possibly lose as water entered from the extracellular space

What would occur if a cell was placed into a hypotonic solution? A. The cell would take on a shriveled shape as water exited into the extracellular space. B. Nothing; the cell would remain the same. C. The cell would engorge and possibly lose as water entered from the extracellular space D. None of the above

hair growth

Which of the following are not under homeostatic control? a. hair growth b. muscle diameter c. bone diameter d. body temperature

Desmosomes

Which of the following cell junctions would allow for the most amount of movement between cells? A. Desmosomes B. Adherins junctions C. Tight junctions

set point

the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

integral proteins

Because they are embedded (go all the way through) within the membrane, ion channels are examples of ___. a. receptor proteins b. integral proteins c. peripheral proteins d. glycoproteins

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

organ

A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system

nucleic acids

A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? a. polysaccharides b. nucleic acids c. phosphorylated glucose d. glycogen

has both polar and nonpolar regions

A phospholipid ___. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

stores energy for use by body cells

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ___. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled bursts c. stores energy for use by body cells d. All of the above

Stores energy for use by body cells

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important molecule because it ________. a. is the result of catabolism b. release energy in uncontrolled burst c. stores energy for use by body cells d. all of the above

a control center

After you eat lunch, nerve cells in your stomach respond to the distension (the stimulus) resulting from the food. They relay this information to __. a. a control center b. a set point c. effectors d. sensors

3

How many codons equal one amino acid A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

- mRNA leaves the nucleus - ribosome binds to mRNA - tRNA binds an amino acid - tRNA anticodon binds to complementary mRNA codon - the preceding tRNA hands off the growing protein to the new tRNA and the ribosome links the new amino acid to the protein - tRNA is released from the ribosome and is available to pick up a new amino acid and repeat the process - after translating the entire mRNA the ribosome dissociates into its two subunits - ribosomal subunits rejoin to repeat the process with the same or another mRNA

Place the following steps of protein synthesis in order: - tRNA anticodon binds to complementary mRNA codon - tRNA is released from the ribosome and is available to pick up a new amino acid and repeat the process -tRNA binds an amino acid - mRNA leaves the nucleus - ribosome binds to mRNA - the preceding tRNA hands off the growing protein to the new tRNA and the ribosome links the new amino acid to the protein - after translating the entire mRNA the ribosome dissociates into its two subunits - ribosomal subunits rejoin to repeat the process with the same or another mRNA

receptor proteins

Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells.

1 Organism 2 Organ system 3 Organ 4 Tissue 5 Cellular 6 Chemical

Sort the following levels of organization from most complex to least complex. organism chemical tissue cellular organ system organ

true

True or False: A semipermeable membrane allows some particles, but not others, in or out of the cell. a. true b. false

False

True or False: Cytokinesis is the last phase of mitosis A. True B. False

Hair, nails and teeth (enamel)

What are some examples of protein found in the human body other than muscle.

Integumentary Endocrine Reproductive Nervous Lymphatic Cardiovascular Respiratory Urinary Musculoskeletal Digestive

What is 1 organ system in the human body?

A difference in concentration, charge, pressure, temperature, or any other variable. (is the process of particles, which are sometimes called solutes, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles. The areas are typically separated by a membrane)

What is a concentration gradient?

1. Nucleic Acid-> Nucleotides 2. Carbohydrates-> Monosaccharides 3. Lipid-> Triglycerides 4. Protein-> Amino acids

What is the organic molecules monomer 1. Nucleic Acid 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipid 4. Protein

negative

What kind of feedback loop prevents sudden changes in body temperature? a. Positive b. Negative c. Additive d. Subtractive

endocrine

What organ system is comprised of the thyroid gland, ovaries, thymus, and adrenal glands? a. Endocrine b. Nervous c. Digestive d. Reproductive e. Urinary

passive process

substances cross the membrane without any energy input from the cell

Ribosome

tRNA brings the amino acids to the A. Nucleus B. Ribosome

Translation

tRNA transfers amino acids during A. Translation B. Transcription

primary structure of protein

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

ICF (intracellular fluid)

the fluid inside the cell

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell