human bio exam

at which one of the following days in the 28-day cycle is a woman MOST likely to get pregnant?

14

the following is a list of events involved in the activation of a cell by a steroid hormone. which one of the following answers best represents the order in which the steps occur?

4,3,2,5,1

an eating disorder in which someone diets excessively or deliberately stops eating altogether is called

anorexia

which one of the following hormone pairs is antagonistic, in that they have opposing effects?

glucagon, insulin

muscular movements that mix food in the lumen of the small intestine are referred to as

segmentation

synthesis of new sperm cells occurs in the

seminiferous tubules

the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is completed in the

small intestine

which one of the following cell types typically divide throughout one's life?

stem cells in the bone marrow

water-soluble vitamins differ from fat-soluble vitamins in that water-soluble vitamins are

stored for a brief period of time

which one of the following causes the release of epinephrine and norephinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

sympathetic nerves

which one of the following sexually transmitted diseases in characterized by a primary phase that affects the genitals, and secondary and tertiary phases that spread throughout the body?

syphilis

Hormones act upon specific target tissues because

target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

the anterior pituitary gland produces all of the following EXCEPT which one?

ADH

which one of the following viruses is associated with cervical cancer?

Human papilloma virus

during which one of the following phases of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

S phase

which major digestive process involves nutrient molecules passing across the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph?

absorption

which one of the following might result if the lower esophageal sphincter malfunctions?

acid reflux

movement of sodium across the cells of the collecting duct relies on which one of the following?

active transport

cell differentiation of a pre-embryo begins

after the 8-cell stage

the thymus produces two peptides that function to

aid in the maturation of T lymphocytes

alcohol has diuretic effects, increasing urine output. by which one of the following is this mediated?

alcohol inhibits the release of ADH

mature sperm function best

at temperatures slightly cooler than body temperature

nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they

bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane

the release of LH in human males signals that

blood levels of testosterone are low

aldosterone is secreted in response to changes in

blood pressure

an eating disorder in which the individual eats and then takes steps to minimize the calories just ingested by inappropriate means like misusing medications is called

bulimia nervosa

the hormone ADH

causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to water

the opening of the uterus is referred to as the

cervix

which one of the following sexually transmitted diseases is currently the most prevalent in the united States?

chlamydia

DNA is organized and arranged in the nucleus as

chromosomes

the watery mixture of partially digested food produced in the stomach is called

chyme

which one of the following is TRUE regarding mature human gametes?

contain the haploid number of chromosomes

which one of the following structures degenerates if a ferttilized egg does not embed in the uterus

corpus leteum

if fertilization does not occur following release of the egg by the ovary, then which one of the following degenerates approximately two weeks after ovulation?

corpus luteum

the ultimate goal of the male reproductive system is to

deliver sperm into the female's reproductive system

hyposecretion of ADH results in

diabetes insipidus

which one of the following types of diets is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol

the process by which cells become specialized from one another is called

differentiation

which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the mitotic phase of the cell cycle?

during mitosis, DNA is divided into two sets and distributed equally to the daughter cells

ovulation occurs

during the middle of the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in

dwarfism

the process by which undigested material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is

elimination

an individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to aviod hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. a few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. this is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?

epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

the ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing

estrogen and progesterone

the kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?

exchanging blood gases

the seminal vesicles produce which one of the following to serve as the energy source to fuel sperm motility?

fructose

which one of the following statements CORRECTLY compares the effects of a mutation in a gamete to the effects of a mutation in a somatic cell?

gamete mutations are passed to the next generation, whereas somatic cell mutations are not

which one of the following hormones would be tested for in a home pregnancy test?

hCG

all of the following statements about the endocrine system are TRUE EXCEPT which one?

hormones act more quickly than the nervous system

during times of stress, which one of the following glands stimulates the anterior pituitary to release ACTH

hypothalamus

all of the following may result from untreated diabetes mellitus EXCEPT which one?

increased susceptibility to cancer

uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by

insulin

Luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because of which one of the following reasons?

it promotes the growth of reproductive organs in both males and females

which one of the following is TRUE regarding erythropoietin ?

it stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

minerals that crystallize in the renal pelvis are referred to as

kidney stones

bile is produced by the ______ and stored in the __________

liver; gall bladder

which one of the following components of saliva has antibacterial properties?

lysozyme

during which one of the following phases of the cell cycle does the nucleus divide?

mitotic phase

mutations in human DNA rarely impair normal cell function because

multiple DNA repair enzymes usually quickly correct the mutations before any damage can occur

the layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is responsible for motility is the

muscularis

which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

neurons and osteocytes remain in G0 after adolescence

in which one of the following locations does fertilization usually occur?

oviduct

when the oocyte is released from the ovary, it is transported to the uterus through the

oviduct

which one of the following is considered an accessory digestive organ?

pancreas

external genitalia of the male reprodutive system include the

penis and scrotum

"gurgling of the stomach" is due to

peristalic contractions

the process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is

peristalsis

once a bolus of food has been formed in the mouth, it is passed by the tongue and jaws to the

pharynx

which of the following groupings of organs is responsible for the maintenance of water balance in the body?

posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, kidneys

insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by

promoting the entry of glucose into cells

chromosomes first become visible as two sister chromatids held together at the centromere during which one of the following phases?

prophase

the primary sources of the nitrogenous wastes that are eliminated by the kidneys are

proteins

over 99% of the water filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed. at which one of the following locations does most of this water reabsorption occur?

proximal tubule

essential amino acids are

required in the diet because the human body cannont make them

mitosis differs from meiosis in that only mitosis

results in cells that are genetically identical to the original cell

embryo splitting is a type of cloning in which an egg is fertilized in vitro and

the cells are split after the eight-cell stage to be implanted into a surrogate mother

which one of the following statements best describes the chromosomes in the cells at the end of meiosis I?

the cells contain the haploid number of chromosomes

Nutrient-rich blood moves from the small intestine to the liver via

the hepatic portal system

urination depends on

the neural micturition reflex

which two endocrine glands exert the most control over blood calcium levels?

thyroid and parathyroid

the process by which the DNA code is converted from a single gene into a complementary single strand of nRNA is called

transcription

the processes of initiation, elongation, and termination that occur in the production of a protein are all associated with

translation

which one of the following forms of contraception is the most effective in preventing pregnancy?

tubal ligation

when urine leaves the kidneys, it enters the

ureter

a fertilized egg must embed in which one of the following organs for pregnancy to occur?

uterus

when oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the

uterus

which food group occupies the largest portion on the USDA "MyPlate"?

vegetables