Human Biology Ch. 13 - The Endocrine System

which of the following statements about glucagon is true a. glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose b. glucagon secretion is highest following a heavy meal c. glucagon promotes the uptake of glucose by liver and muscle cells d. glucagon works with cortisol to lower blood glucose levels

a. glucagon causes glycogen to break down to form glucose

secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland is closely regulated by the a. hypothalamus b. posterior pituitary gland c. cerebellum d. adrenal cortex

a. hypothalamus

insulin causes a. an increase in the production of glucagon b. a decrease in blood pressure c. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose d. an increase in blood pressure e. an increase in he concentration of blood glucose

c. a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

_____ is a type of glucocorticoid that is the most abundant

cortisol

the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as a. hormones b. stimuli c. effectors d. target cells e. neurons

a. hormones

which of the following is incorrectly paired a. insuling, diabetes insipidus b. growth hormone, acromegaly c. thyroid, grave's disease d. cortisol, cushing's syndrome

a. insulin, diabetes insipidus

luteinizing hormone is considered a gonadotropin because a. it promotes growth of reproductive organs in both males and females b. it triggers the production of gonadotropin hormones c. it stimulates the growth but not the development of gonads in males d. its functions to complement the activity of TSH e. it stimulates the growth and development of gonads, but only in females

a. it promotes growth of reproductive organs in both males and females

the hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary is a. luteinizing hormone b. progesterone c. prolactin d. interstitial cell-stimulating hormone e. follicle-stimulating hormone

a. luteinizing hormone

insulin helps regulate blood sugar at homeostatic levels by a. promoting the entry of glucose into cells b. stimulating alpha cells of the pancreas to produce more hormone c. stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose d. activating hormone production in the posterior pituitary gland e. promoting the breakdown of fat

a. promoting the entry of glucose into cells

hormones are specific to particular tissues because a. target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone b. they will only interact with target cells at a synapse c. they can only be released following depolarization of the target cell d. they are released next to target tissues, so they cannot interact with other cells e. all of the above are correct

a. target tissues display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone

when oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the a. uterus b. breasts c. hypothalamus d. kidney e. both the breasts and uterus

a. uterus

thyroxine is released from the thyroid gland in response to the presence of a. ACTH b. TSH c. LH d. FSH e. GH

b. TSH

which one of the following is not an anterior pituitary hormone a. adrenocorticotropic hormone b. antidiuretic hormone c. luteinizing hormone d. follicle-stimulating hormone e. prolactin

b. antidiuretic hormone

alcohol inhibits the secretion of a. oxytocin b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. prolactin (PRL) d. glucagon e. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

b. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

which of the following statements comparing steroid and nonsteroid hormones is true? a. steroid hormones typically act through second messengers such as cAMP b. nonsteroid hormones usually are faster acting than steroid hormones c. steroid hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, and nonsteroid hormones are secreted by the posterior gland d. steroid hormones are produced only after puberty, whereas nonsteroid hormones are produced throughout the lifespan

b. nonsteroild hormones usually are faster acting than steroid hormones

which of the following statements about the adrenal cortex or its hormones is true? a. the adrenal cortex secrets a mixture of steroid and nonsteroid hormones b. the adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress immune responses c. the secretion of hormones by the adrenal cortex is controlled by the sympathetic division of the nervous system d. hypersecretion of cortisol and aldosterone is seen in addison's disease

b. the adrenal cortex secretes hormones that may decrease the inflammatory response and suppress the immune response

uptake of blood glucose by liver cells is stimulated by a. prolactin b. ADH c. insulin d. parathyroid hormone e. glucagon

c. insulin

___ hormones enter target cells and bind to intracellular receptors, whereas ____ hormones bind to cell membrane receptors and never enter the target cells a. nonsteroid , steroid b. protein, peptide c. steroid, nonsteroid d. steroid, carbohydrate

c. steroid , nonsteroid

which of these statements comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system is true? a. the endocrine system exclusively controls development, whereas the nervous system controls homeostasis b. the nervous system can access and communicate with all cells in the body, whereas the access of the endocrine system to different cells and tissues is more limited c. the nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system d. the nervous system is fully functioning at birth, whereas the endocrine system doesn't begin to function until puberty

c. the nervous system enables more rapid communication and signaling than does the endocrine system

diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of a. glucagon b. prolactin (PRL) c. growth hormone d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) e. parathyroid hormone (PTH)

d. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

which of the following would be triggered by a drop in blood Ca2+ levels? a. increase the PTH secretion b. decrease in calcitonin secretion c. increase in ADH secretion d. both (a) and (b)

d. both (a) and (b)

an enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from a deficiency of dietary iodine is called a. exophthalmos b. myxedema c. acromegaly d. goiter e. cretinism

d. goiter

which of the following is required in the diet in order for active thyroid hormones to be produced? a. phosphorus b. iron c. calcium d. iodine e. zinc

d. iodine

which of the following hormones/chemical messengers is produced exclusively in males? a. prostaglandins b. melatonin c. testosterone d. none of these choices

d. none of these choices

which of the following would be least likely to be affected by a tumor of the pituitary gland? a. cortisol secretion b. thyroid hormone secretion c. lactation d. secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

d. secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla

non-steroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that a. they cause a change to occur in the target cell b. they bind to an intracellular receptor c. they activate enzymes in the cell membrane d. they bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane e. they are water insoluble

d. they bind to a receptor on the outer surface of the cell membrane

ADH hyposecretion results in

diabetes insipidos - excessive urination, dehydration, thirst, dry mouth

a goiter results from low dietary iodine levels a. as glucagon levels elevate b. due to ADH levels rising controllably c. due to the activity of teh anterior pituitary gland d. because the hypothalamus cannot be inhibited without iodine e. because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

e. because thyroxine cannot be made, which results in high levels of TSH

which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland a. prolactin b. growth hormone c. thyroid-stimulating hormone d. luteinizing hormone e. oxytocin

e. oxytocin

the hypothalamus is most closely associated with the a. pancreas b. thymus gland c. thyroid gland d. pineal gland e. pituitary gland

e. pituitary gland

growth hormone a. results in cushings disease if produced in excess b. is secreted by the thymus gland c. is produced by the thyroid gland d. prevents urine production e. promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles

e. promotes growth in long bones and skeletal muscles

all of the following represent hormone pairs with antagonistic activities except a. estrogen, and progesterone b. insulin, and glucagon c. parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin d. aldosterone, and ANH

a. estrogen and progesterone

the pineal gland produces a. melatonin b. thymosin c. estrogen d. insulin e. cortisol

a. melatonin

GH hypersecretion in adults results in

acromegaly (thickening of muscles)

what is the disorder caused by the destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal cortex?

addison's disease

the "fight-or-flight" response triggers the release of a. prolactin b. epinephrine c. melatonin d. ADH e. growth hormone

b. epinephrine

insulin works as an antagonist to a. thymosin b. glucagon c. thryoid hormone d. testosterone e. oxytocin

b. glucagon

the hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep-awake cycles is a. thyroxine b. melatonin c. thymosin d. progesterone e. glucagon

b. melatonin

rising blood levels of aldosterone cause the kidney tubules to a. reabsorb calcium b. reabsorb sodium c. reabsorb hydrogen d. reabsorb potassium e. reabsorb iodine

b. reabsorb calcium

insulin is produced by which cells in the pancreas?

beta cells

what does the parathyroid hormone control?

blood calcium levels by removing calcium and phosphate from bone, increasing absorption of Ca from GI tract, and causing the kidneys to retain Ca

insulin is produced by cells of the pancreatic islets called a. gamma cells b. delta cells c. beta cells d. alpha cells e. theta cells

c. beta cells

insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in a. gigantism b. acromegaly c. dwarfism d. diabetes insipidus e. a drop in blood glucose levels

c. dwarfism

which of these endocrine disorders is associated with the inability of the pancreas to produce insulin a. diabetes insipidus b. addisons disease c. type 1 diabetes d. type 2 diabetes

c. type 1 diabetes

which of the two hormones most directly regulate lactation? a. estrogen and progesterone b. estrogen and prolactin c. progesterone and oxytocin d. oxytocin and prolactin

d. oxytocin and prolactin

the thyroid gland is located a. within the pancreas b. within the mediastinum c. above the kidneys d. within the parathyroid gland e. below the adams apple

e. below the adams apple

hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called a. acromegaly b. cushings disease c. myxedema d. pituitary dwarfism e. gigantism

e. gigantism

hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood leads to pituitary dwarfism T or F

false

in order for all hormones to cause a response, they must first bind to an appropriate receptor on the target cells membrane T or F

false

steroid hormones are structurally related to ...

cholesterol

insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels by stimulating the release of glucose from glycogen stores T or F

false

what stimulates the release of cortisol?

ACTH

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary gland control activity of all the following glands except a. adrenal medulla b. thyroid gland c. testes d. ovaries

a. adrenal medulla

an individual, driving through his neighborhood, suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. a few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. this is primarily due to the secretion of a. epinephrine from the adrenal medulla b. thyroxine from the thyroid c. insulin from the pancreas d. cortisol from the adrenal cortex e. norepinephrine from the adrenal cortex

a. epinephrine from the adrenal medulla

______ is a mineralocorticoids that regulates Na+ and K+ in the body

aldosterone

glucagon is produced by which cells in the pancreas?

alpha cells

the testes produce what male sex hormone?

androgen

between alpha and beta cells, which is the more numerous in the pancreas?

beta cells

which of the following hormones is/are involved in normal functioning of the male reproductive system a. testosterone b. LH c. FSH d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

what does calcitonin do ?

decreases rate of bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulates calcium uptake

GH hyposecretion in childhood results in

dwarfism

which of the following hormones stimulates the production of testosterone in males? a. growth hormone b. aldosterone c. prolactin d. FSH e. LH

e. LH

the anterior pituitary gland produces a. ACTH b. LH c. TSH d. PRL e. all of the above are correct

e. all of the above are correct

the adrenal cortex releases small amounts of _____ and ______

estrogen and testosterone

endocrine glands have ducts T or F

false

GH hypersecretion in childhood results in

gigantism

glucagon influences the breakdown of ____ to glucose

glycogen

endocrine cells are located in clusters called the pancreatic_____

islets of langerhars

glucagon influences the synthesis of glucose from _____ ____ , fatty acits, and amino acids

lactic acid

what is glucagons primary target organ?

liver

the pineal gland is responsible for secreting pinealocytes, which secrete ____

melatonin

the adrenal medulla produces what ?

non steroidal hormones, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

between steroid, and nonsteroid hormones, which is faster?

non-steroidal hormones are faster

non steroid hormones are related to ...

proteins

which is the lipid soluble hormone?

steroid hormones

what serves both endocrine and exocrine functions?

the pancreas

which gland is considered the "master gland"

the pituitary gland

what is the bi-lobed organ located in front of the aortic arch and behind the manubrium ?

thymus gland

adrenaline is also known as epinephrine T of F

true

mineralocorticoids help regulate both water and electrolyte balance in body fluids T or F

true

most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms T or F

true

steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus to activate or deactivate genes T or F

true

steroid hormones typically move across the cell and nuclear membrane to bind to receptors in the nucleus T or F

true

the levels of potassium and sodium in the body are regulated primarily by the hormone aldosterone T or F

true

the pituitary gland is found in the brains closely associated with the hypothalamus T or F

true

the posterior pituitary gland stores the hormones it releases, but does not manufacture them T or F

true

the target issue of prolactin is the female breast T or F

true