HUMAN BIOLOGY: THE SPECIAL SENSES (CH. 15)
Sensory adaption, _____ in stimulus response, can occur with _____ _____ a) increase, repetitive stimuli b) decrease, fixed stimuli c) decrease, repetitive stimuli
Decrease, repetitive stimuli
Sensory receptors a) dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli b) detect stimuli from outside the body (e.g., taste, hearing, vision) c) receive stimuli from inside the body (e.g., change in blood pressure)
Dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli
Transparent portion of the sclera that is important in refracting light a) sclera b) cornea c) retina
Cornea
Sclera contains the a) cornea b) pupil c) iris d) cornea and pupil
Cornea and pupil
Choroid a) mostly white and fibrous except the cornea b) darkly, pigmented vascular layer c) inner layer containing photoreceptors
Darkly, pigmented vascular layer
Exteroceptors a) dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli b) detect stimuli from outside the body (e.g., taste, hearing, vision) c) receive stimuli from inside the body (e.g., change in blood pressure)
Detect stimuli from outside the body (e.g., taste, hearing, vision)
Rotational equilibrium a) detects angular movement b) detects movement of the head in the vertical and horizontal planes
Detects angular movement
Semicircular canals a) gravitational equilibrium b) rotational equilibrium c) clockwise rotaion
Rotational equilibrium
White of the eye that maintains eye shape a) sclera b) cornea c) retina
Sclera
What are the three layers of the eye? a) anterior chamber, choroid, posterior chamber b) sclera, choroid, retina c) rods, sclera, cones
Sclera, choroid, retina
Third step of sensation a) sensory receptors respond to environmental stimuli b) sensation (conscious perception) of stimuli occurs c) nerve impulses travel to cerebral cortex
Sensation (conscious perception) of stimuli occurs
Taste receptors a) mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone b) receptors in the dermis that make the skin sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature c) sensitive to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes in food
Sensitive to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes in food
Smell receptors depend on the __-__ million _____ cells (modified neurons) in the roof on the nasal cavity a) 20-50, neurons b) 10-20, muscle c) 10-20, olfactory
10-20, olfactory
There are _____ taste buds mostly on the _____ a) 2,000, roof of nasal cavity b) 3,000, tongue c) 5,000, tongue
3,000, tongue
Ossicles a) amplify sound waves b) carry waves to bones c) connects through to middle ears
Amplify sound waves
What is volume determined by? a) bending of embedded hairs that send nerve impulses to the cochlear nerve b) varying wave frequencies that are detected by different parts of the organ of Corti c) amplitude of sound waves
Amplitude of sound waves
What are the two compartments of the eye? a) anterior and posterior junctions b) anterior and posterior chambers c) anterior and posterior disks
Anterior and posterior chambers
Clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber a) aqueous humor b) vitreous humor c) aqueous duct
Aqueous humor
Condition in which the cornea or lens is uneven leading to a fuzzy image a) color blindness b) cataracts c) glaucoma d) astigmatism e) nearsightedness f) farsightedness
Astigmatism
Lens a) donut-shaped, colored structure that regulates the size of the pupil b) structure behind the iris that contains a muscle that controls the shape of the lens c) attached to the ciliary body and functions to refract and focus light rays
Attached to the ciliary body and functions to refract and focus light rays
_____ of embedded _____ cause vibrations that send _____ impulses to the _____ nerve and then to the brain a) sending, hairs, nerve, cochlear b) moving, nerves, hairs, vestibule c) bending, hairs, nerve, cochlear
Bending, hairs nerve, cochlear
Anterior chamber a) between the cornea and lens filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor b) most of the eye, behind the lens, contains a gelatinous material called vitreous humor
Between the cornea and lens filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor
The optic nerve attaches and lacks vision at the _____ a) blindspot b) rear end c) receptors
Blindspot
Lens of the eye is cloudy a) color blindness b) cataracts c) glaucoma d) astigmatism e) nearsightedness f) farsightedness
Cataracts
Middle layer that absorbs light rays that are not absorbed by the retina a) cornea b) pupil c) choroid d) cornea and pupil
Choroid
Contains organ of Corti (spinal organ), sense organ containing hairs for hearing a) vestibule b) semicircular canals c) cochlea
Cochlea
Converts vibrations into nerve impulses a) vestibule b) semicircular canals c) cochlea
Cochlea
Genetic disease most common in males which they usually cannot see red or green a) color blindness b) cataracts c) glaucoma d) astigmatism e) nearsightedness f) farsightedness
Color blindness
3 different kinds of cones containing red, green, and blue pigments a) rods b) cones
Cones
Allow us to detect fine detail and color a) rods b) cones
Cones
Located mostly in the fovea a) rods b) cones
Cones
Require bright light and see wavelengths of light (color) a) cones b) retina c) rods
Cones
Eustachian tube a) external ear flap that catches sound wave b) directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane and is lined with fine hairs and modified sweat glands that secrete earwax c) vibrates to carry the wave to the bones d) connects from the throat to the middle ear and is used to equalize pressure so the eardrum does not burst
Connects from the throat to the middle ear and is used to equalize pressure so the eardrum does not burst
Gravitational equilibrium a) detects angular movement b) detects movement of the head in the vertical and horizontal planes
Detects movement of the head in the vertical and horizontal planes
Auditory canal a) external ear flap that catches sound wave b) directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane and is lined with fine hairs and modified sweat glands that secrete earwax c) aka eardrum; vibrates to carry the wave to the bones d) connects from the throat to the middle ear and is used to equalize pressure so the eardrum does not burst
Directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane and is lined with fine hairs and modified sweat glands that secrete earwax
Iris a) donut-shaped, colored structure that regulates the size of the pupil b) structure behind the iris that contains a muscle that controls the shape of the lens c) attached to the ciliary body and functions to refract and focus light rays
Donut-shaped, colored structure that regulates the size of the pupil
What can cause mental health issues such as inability to concentrate, an increase in irritability, and anxiety? a) loud noises b) environmental noises
Environmental noises
Pinna a) external ear flap that catches sound wave b) directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane and is lined with fine hairs and modified sweat glands that secrete earwax c) aka eardrum; vibrates to carry the wave to the bones d) connects from the throat to the middle ear and is used to equalize pressure so the eardrum does not burst
External ear flap that catches sound wave
Eyeball is too short making it hard to see near objects a) color blindness b) cataracts c) glaucoma d) astigmatism e) nearsightedness f) farsightedness
Farsightedness
An area of the retina densely packed with cones where images are focused a) fovea ventralis b) ciliary muscle c) retina
Fovea ventralis
Fluid pressure builds up in the eye a) color blindness b) cataracts c) glaucoma d) astigmatism e) nearsightedness f) farsightedness
Glaucoma
Rotational equilibrium a) hair cells in the utricle and saccule b) hair cells at the base of each semicircular canal (ampulla)
Hair cells at the base of each semicircular canal (ampulla)
Gravitational equilibrium depends on a) hair cells in the utricle and saccule b) hair cells at the base of each semicircular canal (ampulla)
Hair cells in the utricle and saccule
The ear functions in _____ and _____ a) articulation and hearing b) hearing and balance c) balance and response
Hearing and balance
Loud noises or chronic noise can damage _____ ear cells a) inner b) middle c) outer
Inner
Contains 3 areas: cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule a) inner ear b) outer ear c) middle ear
Inner ear
Functions in hearing and balance; filled with fluid a) outer ear b) middle ear c) inner ear d) inner ear and outer ear e) outer ear and middle ear
Inner ear
Important for hearing and balance a) outer ear b) middle ear c) inner ear
Inner ear
Stapes (middle ear bone) vibrates and strikes the membrane of the oval window causing fluids in the cochlea a) outer ear b) middle ear c) inner ear
Inner ear
Retina a) mostly white and fibrous except the cornea b) darkly, pigmented vascular layer c) inner layer containing photoreceptors
Inner layer containing photoreceptors
Accommodates, changes shape, to focus light on the retina in order to form an image a) lens b) choroid c) ciliary body
Lens
Flexible, transparent, concave structure a) lens b) choroid c) ciliary body
Lens
Loses elasticity as we age and glasses are used to correct for this a) lens b) choroid c) ciliary body
Lens
Noise pollution a) loud noises, environmental noises b) quiet noises, water exposure c) guitar sounds, any noises
Loud noises, environmental noises
Proprioceptors a) mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone b) receptors in the dermis that make the skin sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature c) sensitive to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes in food
Mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone
Posterior chamber a) between the cornea and lens filled with a clear fluid called aqueous humor b) most of the eye, behind the lens, contains a gelatinous material called vitreous humor
Most of the eye, behind the lens, contains a gelatinous material called vitreous humor
Sclera a) mostly white and fibrous except the cornea b) darkly, pigmented vascular layer c) inner layer containing photoreceptors
Mostly white and fibrous except the cornea
Eyeball is too long making it hard to see far away objects a) color blindness b) cataracts c) glaucoma d) astigmatism e) nearsightedness f) farsightedness
Nearsightedness
Second step of sensation a) sensory receptors respond to environmental stimuli b) sensation (conscious perception) of stimuli occurs c) nerve impulses travel to cerebral cortex
Nerve impulses travel to cerebral cortex
Functions in hearing; filled with air a) outer ear b) middle ear c) inner ear d) inner ear and outer ear e) outer ear and middle ear
Outer ear and middle ear
A type of chemoreceptor that responds to chemicals released by damaged tissue a) photoreceptors b) pain receptors c) mechanoreceptors
Pain receptors
Outer ear includes a) pinna b) auditory canal c) tympanic membrane d) eustachian tube e) pinna and auditory canal f) tympanic membrane and eustachian tube
Pinna and auditory canal
A hole that allows light into the eyeball a) cornea b) pupil c) iris d) cornea and pupil
Pupil
Interoceptors a) dendrites specialized to detect certain types of stimuli b) detect stimuli from outside the body (e.g., taste, hearing, vision) c) receive stimuli from inside the body (e.g., change in blood pressure)
Receive stimuli from inside the body (e.g., change in blood pressure)
Cutaneous receptors a) mechanoreceptors involved in reflex actions that maintain muscle tone b) receptors in the dermis that make the skin sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature c) sensitive to sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes in food
Receptors in the dermis that make the skin sensitive to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
Photoreceptors a) respond to nearby chemicals b) respond to light energy c) respond to mechanical forces such as pressure d) stimulated by temperature changes
Respond to light energy
Mechanoreceptors a) respond to nearby chemicals b) respond to light energy c) respond to mechanical forces such as pressure d) stimulated by temperature changes
Respond to mechanical forces such as pressure
Chemoreceptors a) respond to nearby chemicals b) respond to light energy c) respond to mechanical forces such as pressure d) stimulated by temperature changes
Respond to nearby chemicals
Contains photoreceptors called rods and cones a) retina b) choroid c) lens
Retina
Sensory receptors from the _____ form the _____ _____ that takes _____ from the brain a) retina, optic nerve, impulses b) sclera, ciliary muscle, rods c) impulses, ciliary muscles, sclera
Retina, optic nerve, impulses
Contain a visual pigment called rhodopsin a) rods b) cones
Rods
Important for peripheral and night vision a) rods b) cones
Rods
Vitamin A is important for proper functioning a) rods b) cones
Rods
First step of sensation a) sensory receptors respond to environmental stimuli b) sensation (conscious perception) of stimuli occurs c) nerve impulses travel to cerebral cortex
Sensory receptors respond to environmental stimuli
Thermoreceptors a) respond to nearby chemicals b) respond to light energy c) respond to mechanical forces such as pressure d) stimulated by temperature changes
Stimulated by temperature changes
Ciliary body a) donut-shaped, colored structure that regulates the size of the pupil b) structure behind the iris that contains a muscle that controls the shape of the lens c) attached to the ciliary body and functions to refract and focus light rays
Structure behind the iris that contains a muscle that controls the shape of the lens
Contains ossicles a) tympanic membrane b) eustachian tube c) auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Eardrum a) eustachian tube b) tympanic membrane c) auditory canal
Tympanic membrane
Middle ear includes a) pinna b) auditory canal c) tympanic membrane d) eustachian tube e) pinna and auditory canal f) tympanic membrane and eustachian tube
Tympanic membrane and eustachian tube
What is pitch determined by? a) bending of embedded hairs that send nerve impulses to the cochlear nerve b) varying wave frequencies that are detected by different parts of the organ of Corti c) amplitude of sound waves
Varying wave frequencies that are detected by different parts of the organ of Corti
Gravitational equilibrium a) vestibule b) semicircular canals c) cochlea
Vestibule
Tympanic membrane a) external ear flap that catches sound wave b) directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane and is lined with fine hairs and modified sweat glands that secrete earwax c) vibrates to carry the wave to the bones d) connects from the throat to the middle ear and is used to equalize pressure so the eardrum does not burst
Vibrates to carry the wave to the bones
Gelatinous material in the posterior chamber a) aqueous humor b) vitreous humor c) aqueous duct
Vitreous humor