Human Development Final

Mid-Twentieth Century Theories: Applies behavior analysis Ch1

Contributions and limitations of behaviorism and social learning theory. Consists of careful observation of individual behavior an relatable environmental events followed by systematic changed in those events based on procedures of conditioning an modeling. This goal is to eliminate undesirable behavioral and increase desirable responses.

HEALTH AND FITNESS MIDDLE ADULTHOOD CH15

sexuality: frequency of sexual activity among heterosexual couples tends to decline in midlife but for most the drop is modest both men and women take longer to feel arousal and to reach orgasm. illness and disability: cancer and cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of us deaths in middle age about 25% of middle-aged Americans die of cardiovascular disease. hostility and anger: type a behavior pattern means an extreme competitiveness ambition impatient hostility angry outbursts and sense of eagerness

Piaget's Theory: The Preopertional Stage ch7

spans the years 2 to 7, the most obvious change is an extraordinary increase is representational, or symbolic activity Make Believe play Social dramatic Play: the make believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood. Imitations of preoperational thought: Egocentrism- failure to distinguish others symbolic viewpoints from ones own, inability to conversate, centration- focusing on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features. Irreversibility- an inability to mentally go thorough a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point

INFORMATION PROCESSING CH15

speed of processing: aging is accompanied by withering of the myelin cortex and the corpus callosum. executive function: from the 20s into the 90s working memory diminishes studly weather giving verbal or spatial working memory tasks middle-aged and older adults perform last well new young adults however verbal working memory for example of repeating a list of numerical digits backwards suffers much less than spatial working memory like remembering the location of exit is showing at one time in the computer system grid special performance declines at Double the rate of verbal performance. practice problem solving the chukars people to size up real world situations and analyze how best to achieve goals that have a high degree of uncertainty.

Motor Development Early Childhood Ch7

2-3 years walks more rhythmically, puts on and removes simple clothing 3-4 years walks up stairs, uses scissors, draws first picture of person 4-5 years: walks down stairs, runs more smoothly, uses fork effectively 5-6 years: rides bike, increases running speed, ties shoes, uses knife to cute small food.

PHYSICAL CHANGES CH17

Activities of daily living: the basic self-care tasks required to live on one's own such as bathing dressing getting in and out of bed or a chair or eating Instrumental activities of daily living: cast necessary to conduct the business of daily life and also requiring some cognitive competence such as telephoning shopping food preparation housekeeping and paying bills Autonomic nervous system performs less well and a loss of neurons happens. Regarding vision cataracts which are cloudy areas in the lenses resulting in foggy vision and without surgery eventually blindness happens in late adulthood. when light-sensitive cells in the McCulloch or central region of the retina breakdown older adults may develop this in which central vision blurs and gradually is lost. Assistive technologyL: an array of devices that permit people with disabilities to improve their functioning.

Piagets Ideas About Cognitive Change Ch5

Adaptation: building schemes through direct interaction with the environment consisting of two complementary activities, assimilation when we use our current schemes to interrupt the external world and accommodation when we create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current ways of thinking do not capture the environment completely. Organization: a process that occurs internally, apart from direct contact with the environment. Once children form new schemes, they rearrange them, linking them with other schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive system.

RETIREMENT CH18

Affordability of retirement is usually the first consideration in the decision to retire yet despite Financial concerns many pre-retirees decide to let go of a study work life in favor of alternative personally meaningful work Leisure a volunteer activities social factors also affect retirement decisions retirement decisions vary with gender and ethnicity on average women retire earlier than men larger because family events in spouses retirement where the need to care for an ill partner or parent play a large role in their decision however single women and ethnic minorities who are over-represented among older adults in or near poverty often Life Financial Resources to retirement money continue to work until old age.

Mid-Twentieth Century Theories: Social Learning Theory Ch1

Albert Bandura emphasizes modeling, also know as imitation or observational learning as a powerful social of development. Children gradually become more selective in what they imitate, children development personal standards for behavior and a sense of self-efficacy the belief that their own abilities an characteristics will help them succeed.

Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development Ch8

Authoritative child-rearing Style- the most successful approach involves High acceptance involvement adaptive control techniques inappropriate autonomy granting Authoritarian child rearing- low and acceptance involvement high in coercive control and low in autonomy granting Permissive child-rearing- warm and accepting but I'm involved these parents are either over-indulgent or inattentive and does engaging little control instead of gradually gaining autonomy they allow children to make many of their own decisions at a young age when they are not yet capable of doing so Unintentional child rearing- combined law Acceptance in involvement with a little control in general and differences to issues of autonomy

UNDERSTANDING OF AND ATTITUDES TOWARD DEATH CH19

An accurate biological understanding of death is based on 5 sub Concepts: 1. non functionality meaning all living functions including thoughts feelings movement in bodily processes cease at death. 2. finality once a living thing dies it cannot be brought back to life. 3. University all living things eventually die. 4. applicability death applies only to living things/ 5. Causation: that is caused by a breakdown of bodily functioning which can be brought about by a wide variety of in turn on external causes. and childhood to master these Concepts children must acquire some basic Notions of biology that animals and plants contain body parts like brain hurts stomach Leaf stem roots essential for maintaining life they must also break down their Global category of not alive into dead in anime unreal and non-existent until children grass these ideas they tend to interpret death in terms of familiar experiences as you change Behavior. an adolescent teenagers can easily explain death subconcepts and non functionality and finality but they are attracted to alternatives for example adolescent often described as an enduring absence trait such as Darkness you turn the light transition or nothingness they also formulate personal theories about life after death besides images of Heaven and Hell influenced by the religion background they speculate about reincarnation transmigration of Souls and spiritual Survival on Earth or at another level. In adulthood many people brush against thoughts of death this avoidance may be prompted by death anxiety which is fear or apprehension of death regardless of age in both eastern and western cultures is about depth in men.

PIAGET'S THEORY: THE FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE Ch11

Around age 11 young people enter the stage in which they develop the capacity for abstract systematic scientific thinking Hypothetico- deductive reasoning when faced with a problem they start with a hypothesis from which they deduct logical testable inferences then they systematically isolate and combined variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in real life propositional thought adolescent's ability to evaluate the logical of propositions verbal statements without referring to real-world circumstances

LIFE EXPECTANCY CH17

Average Life Expectancy: the number of years that an individuals born inna particular year can expect live, starting at any age. women outlive men by 5 year. Average Healthy Life Expectancy: the number of years a person born in. a particular year can expect to live in full health, without disease or injury. Americans reaching age 65 in the early 21st century can look forward to on average, to 19 more years of life.

Eriksons Theory of Infant and Toddler Personality Ch6

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust: The balance of care is sympathetic and loving, the psychological conflict of the first year, this is resolved in the positive side. Autonomy vs Shame: The conflict of toddlerhood is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and resonable choices.

Body Growth Ch9

Between ages 6 and 8 girls are slightly shorter and lighter than boys by age 9 this trimmer versus our girls approach to dramatic adolescent growth spurt which occurs two years earlier in girls than boys the lower portion of the body grows faster indicating their jeans outgrow more quickly than their jackets ligaments are not yet firmly attached to bones this combined with increasing muscle strength gives children the unusual flexibility needed to perform cartwheels and handstands between ages 6 and 12 all 20 primary teeth are most are lost and replaced by permanent ones girls losing teeth slightly earlier than boys

Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory

Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Principle that from infancy to adolescence, children progress through four qualitatively different stages of intellectual growth. Sensorimotor stage: first two years of life, where infants and toddlers "think" with their eyes, ears, hands, and other sensorimotor equipment. Schemes: specific psychological structures organized ways of making sense of experience. Circular Reaction: provides a special means of adapting their first schemes. It involves stumbling onto a new experience caused by the baby's own motor activity. The reaction is "circular" because as the infant tries to repeat the event again and again, a sensorimotor response that first occurred by chance strengths into a new scheme. Intentional or goal directed behavior is coordinating schemes deliberately to solve simple problems. Object permanence- the understanding that objects continue to exists when out of sight Mental Representations- internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate like images and concepts Deferred imitation- the ability to remember and copy the behavior of models whoa re not present Violation of expectation method: They may habituate babies to a physical event to familiarize them with a situation in which their knowledge will be tested. Or they may simply show babies an expected event and an unexpected event. Mental representation: deferred and inferred imitation, problem solving, symbolic understanding (the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present called displaced reference that emerges around the first birthday) Core Knowledge Perspective: babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems, or core domains of thought. Each of these prewired understandings permits a ready grasp of new related information and therefore supports early rapid development.

Mid-Twentieth Century Theories: Cognitive Developmental Theory Ch1

Children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world. Piagets Stages: Sensorimotor stage- cognitive development begins with the babies use of the senses and movements to explore the world. These action patterns evolve into the symbolic but illogical thinking of the preschooler in Preoperational stage. Then cognition is transformed into the more organized, logical reasoning of the school age child in the Concrete Operational Stage. Finally, in he Formal Operational Stage, thought becomes the abstract, systematic reasoning system of the adolescent and adult.

PEER RELATIONS Ch12

Cliques or groups of about five to seven members who are friends and therefore usually resemble one another and family background attitudes values or interest krowd where membership is based on reputation and stereotype granted adolescence and identity within a large social structure of school prominent crowds in high school our brains jocks populars Partiers, nonconformist and burnouts

ERIKSON'S THEORY: EGO INTEGRITY VERSUS DESPAIR CH18

Coming to terms with ones life. Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements.

BEREAVEMENT: COPING WITH THE DEATH OF A LOVED ONE CH19

Complicated grief: severe prolonged stress depression and lack of acceptance of the death that persist for years impairing physical and mental health Dual process model of coping with loss: effective coaching requires people to acidity between dealing with the emotional consequences of laws and attending to Life Changes which when handle successfully has restorative or healing effects Anticipatory grieving: acknowledging that the loss is inevitable and preparing emotionally with it Disenfranchised grief: a sense of loss without the opportunity to mourn publicly and benefit from other support

CHANGES IN MENTAL ABILITIES CH15

Crystallized intelligence refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience good judgment and Mastery of social conventions abilities acquired because they are valued by the individuals culture Fluid intelligence depends more heavily on basic and information processing skills, ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli, speed of analysis information and capacity of working memory.

Self understanding ch 8

Development of language enables children to talk about their own subjective experience of being. They begin to develop self concept where a warm sensitive parent-child relationship fosters a more positive coherent early self concept and self-esteem where by age 4, preschoolers have several self-judgement.

Epigenesis Ch2

Development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment.

OTHER THEORIES OF ADULT PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Ch14

During The Levinson seasons of life he found that during the transition early adulthood most young people constructed a dream and image of themselves in the adult world that guides our decision-making for men. The dream usually emphasizes achievement in a career whereas most career oriented women have split dreams in which both marriage and career are prominent. Also formed a relationship with a mentor who facilitated realization of their dream often a senior colleague at work according to Levinson men originated towards high-status careers spent their twenties acquiring professional skills values in credentials and contrast for many women Career Development extended into middle age around 8:30 and 2nd edition occurred young people who have been preoccupied with career and we're single usually focus on finding a life partner while women who have emphasized marriage and family option develop more individualistic goals. Vaillant's adaptation to life he built on Erikson's stages he followed the development of nearly 250 men born in the 1920s participants were interviewed in Inkster lengthy questionnaires about work family and physical and mental health at ages 47, 60 70 + 85 after focusing on intimacy concerns in their 20s the men turn to Career consolidation in their 30s during their forties day began more generative in their 50s and 60s day extended to generativity they became keepers of meaning expressing a deep need to preserve and pass on cultural Transitions and lessons learned from their life experience.

PEER RELATIONS CH10

During middle childhood children construct a flexible appreciation for moral rules they taking counting increasing number of variables not just the action and its immediate impact but also the actors intentions in the content of his behavior by age seven to eight children no longer say that truth-telling is always good and lies as always bad but consider pro-social and anti-social intentions and the contents of the behavior Notions of personal choice enhanced children's more understanding as early as age 6 children view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights even if losses is that the narcos rights by the early school years children of the prevailing societal attitudes Associated power and privilege with white people and poverty And inferior status of people of color. By the end of middle childhood children display a strong desire for a group belonging they form peer groups and look for peer acceptance which refers to likability to the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age Mage such as classmates as a worthy social partner. Popular kids are both well liked and admired; they combine academic and social competence. Popular antisocial children include tough guys Athletics skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority and relationally aggressive boys and girls to enhance their own satisfaction while excluding or spreading rumors about other children. Rejected aggressive children show high rates of conflict physical and relational aggression and hyperactivity inattentive and impulsive behavior Rejected withdrawn children are passive and socially awkward

SELF-UNDERSTANDING CH10

During this time self-confidence changes where children have social comparison judgments of their appearance abilities and behaviors in relation to those of others. The changing content of self concept is a product of both cognitive capacities and feedback from others. In regards to self esteem although individual differences exist during childhood and Adolescence children perceive physical appearance correlations more strongly with overall self-worth than does any other self-esteem. Factor self-esteem generally remains High during elementary school but becomes more realistic as children evaluate themselves in various areas. influences of self-esteem ARE academics Better Life by classmates and positive relationships. Mastery oriented attributes which means crediting their successes to Ability it characteristic they can improve through trying hard account on when faced with new challenges and they attribute failure to factors that can be changed or control such as insufficient effort or difficult task learned helplessness attribute their failures not their successes to Ability when they succeed they can cool with that external factors such as luck are responsible unlike their mastery-oriented counterparts they believe the ability is fixed and can't be improved by try hard person praise which emphasizes the child's trade you are smart or process fees whichever sizes behavior and effort you figured it out.

Measures of Brain Functioning Ch 4

Electroencephalogram EEG Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI- does not depend on xray photography but requires injection of a radioactive substance and detects changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism throughout the brain magnetically, yielding a colorful moving picture. Near-Infrared Spectrocopy NIRS- infrared (invisible) light is beamed at regions of the cerebral cortex to measure blood flow and oxygen metabolism while the infant or early childhood child attends to a stimulus

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage ch9

Ends from about 7 to 11 years compared with an early childhood thought is more logical voxbone organized conversation is has reversibility the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse Direction returning to the staging Point classification seriation which is the ability to order items along a qualitative Dimension such as length or width transitional interference which is the concrete operational child can also cre8 mentally spatial reasoning like cognitive Maps which is their mental representation of spaces or just classroom schools or neighborhood. there is a limitation of concrete operational thought we're children think and I'll organize logical fashion only when dealing with concrete information they seep receive direct their mental operation Works pulley with abstract ideas was not appropriate in the real world.

Mid-Twentieth Century Theories: Psychosocial Theory Ch1

Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between Id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society.

ERIKSON'S THEORY: IDENTITY VERSUS ROLE CONFUSION Ch12

Erikson, the psychological conflict of adolescence this he believed that successful psychological outcomes of infancy and childhood the weight or the positive resolution if young people's earlier conflicts are resolved negatively or if social limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires are likely to appear shallow directionless and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood

Development of Attachment Ch6

Ethological Theory of Attachment: recognizes the infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, is the most widely accepted view. Four stages preattachment phase birth to 6 weeks, attachment in the making phase 6 weeks to 6-8 months, clear-cut when babies 6-8 months to 18 months can display seperation anxiety because they are upset when their caregiver leaves and formation of a reciprocal relationship 18 months to 2 years Internal Working Model: set of expectations about the availability of attachment figures and their likelihood o providing support during times of stress. Becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

Recent Theoretical Perspectives: more Ch1

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology: Seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional, and social competence as those competencies change with age. Social Cultural Theory: Focuses on how culture, the values, belief, customs, an skills of a social group, is transmitted to the next generation. According to Vygotsky, social interaction cooperative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society, is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that makeup a community's culture. Ecological Systems Theory: Views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment.

MEMORY CH17

Explicit memory: require controlled, strategic processing Implicit memory: memory w/o conscious awareness. Associative memory deficit: or difficultly creating and retrieving links between pieces of information Reminiscence bump: among remote events recalled, most happened between age 10 and 30- a period of heightened autobiographical memory.

HEALTH ISSUES Ch11

For nutritional needs what are the most common problems of adolescence is iron deficiency anorexia nervosa is a tragic eating disorder in which young people starve themselves because of a compulsive fear of getting fat. bulimia young people again mainly girls but gay bisexual boys are also vulnerable engage in binge eating followed by compensatory effects to avoid gaining weight such as deliberate vomiting purging with laxatives excessive exercise or fasting. binge eating disorder binging at least once a week for three months or longer without purging exercising or fasting. A variety of adverse personal family pier in educational characteristics are linked to early and frequent teenage sexual activity these include childhood impulsivity weak sense of personal control over life events early pubical timing parental divorce single parent and step family homes large family size little or no religious involvement week parental monitoring disputed parent-child communication sexually active friends and older siblings poor school performance lower education aspirations early sexuality is more common among young people from economically disadvantaged homes. 40% of sexually active teenagers in the United States are at risk for intended pregnancy because they do not use contraceptive consistently

Mid-Twentieth Century Theories: Psychosexual Theory Ch1

Freud emphasizes that how parents manage their child's sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is critical or healthy personality development. Id, largest portion of the mind, source of basic biological needs and desires. Ego, the conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the Id's impulses so they are discharged in acceptable ways. Superego or conscience, between 3 to 6 years old develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society.

ERIKSON'S THEORY: GENERATIVITY VERSUS STAGNATION CH16

Generativity involves reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the Next Generation Harrison selected the term generativity to Encompass everything generated that can outlive the self and ensure societies continuiti an improvement like children ideas products and works of art the negative outcome of this stage is stagnation once people obtain certain life goals such as marriage children and Career Success they may become self-centered and self-indulgent adults with a sense of stagnation Express their self-absorption in many ways through lack of interest in young people including their own children having children seem to Foster generative development in both men and women just as Erikson's Theory suggests highly generative people appear especially well-adjusted low and anxiety and depression High autonomy self-acceptance in life satisfaction and more open to different viewpoints and likely to have a successful marriage and close friends.

Reproductive Choices Ch2

Genetic Counseling: a communication process designed to help couples assess their chances of giving birth to a baby with a hereditary disorder and choose the best course of action in view of risks and family goals. Prenatal Diagnostic Methods; medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problems before birth Adoption

· PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT Ch 12

Girls have a higher level of depression boys have a higher rate of suicide delinquency we're currently 12 to 17 year olds account for about 9% of police arrests 1/3 less than two decades ago police arrests in self-reports show that delinquency Rises over adolescence and then declines from the early twenties.

Motor Development Ch9

Gross motor development flexibility and balance agility and force fine motor development in can be shown in writing and drawing by age 6 most children can print the alphabet their first and last names and numbers from 1 to 10 with reasonable clarity, the writing is large. children usually master uppercase letters first children's drawing show dramatic gains in middle childhood by the end of preschool years children or accurately copy Mini 2 Dimensions shapes games with rules become common adult organized youth sports friendly chasing and play fighting is called Rough and Tumble play Rough and Tumble play may have become important for developing fighting skills it also helps children form a dominance hierarchy a stable ordering of group members that predicts who will win when conflict arises physical activity supports many aspects of children's development physical health self-esteem and cognitive and social skills however to devote more time to academic 80% of us school districts no longer require daily recess in elementary school grades

Motor Development Ch4

Gross motor refers to control over actions in infants like crawling, stanidng and walking. Fine motor has to do with smaller movements like reaching an grasping. Dynamic systems theory of motor development: mastery of motor skills involving acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment. Motor development can have cultural variations

PUBERTY: THE PHYSICAL TRANSITION TO ADULTHOOD Ch11

Growth hormone and thyroxine increase eventually leading to games and body size and skeletal maturity sexual maturation is controlled by the sex hormones although we think of estrogen as female hormones and androgen as male hormones both types are present in each sex but in different amounts adrenal androgens influence girls hitesburg and they stimulate growth of underarm and pubic hair. primary sexual characteristics: involve the reproductive organs ovaries uterus and vagina and females penis scrotum and testes in males or it's called secondary sexual characteristics are visible on the outside of body and serve as additional signs of sexual maturity for example breast development and females and their parents of underarm hair pubic hair in both sexes spermarche: first ejaculation. Menarch: first period.

· PHYSICAL CHANGES Ch13

Heart disease is the leading cause of deaths throughout adulthood responsible for as many as 10% of us males 5% of us women deaths between ages 20 + 34 what are the most serious diseases of the cardiovascular system is atherosclerosis which is heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collection on the walls of the main arteries let the heart the lungs show few age-related changes in functioning of rest but during physical exertion respiratory volume decreases in breathing rate increase with age Motor Performance declines in Heart and Lung functioning under conditions of exercise combined with gradual muscle loss lead to changes and Motor Performance for the immune system. There are two types of white blood cells that play a lot of rolls T cells which originated in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus attack antigens directly B cells manufactured in the bone marrow secrete antibodies into the bloodstream that multiply capture antigens and permit the blood system to destroy then reproductive capacity does decline with age between ages 15 and 29 level percent of u.s. married childless women reported for fertility problems.

Influences of Psychical Growth and Health Ch 7

Heredity and Hormones: Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain, plays crucial role by releasing two hormones that induce growth. Growth hormone: important for development of almost all body tissues. Thyroid stimulating hormone: promotes the thyroid gland in the neck to release thyroxine, which is necessary for brain development an for GH to have its full impact on body size. Nutrition Infectious Disease Childhood Injuries

Influences on Early Physical Growth Ch4

Heredity, Nutrition (Breastfeeding vs bottle-feeding, Malnutrition( marasmum is a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, usually appears in the fist year of life when the babies mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk ad bottle-feeding is also inadequate. Kwashirkor which is caused by an unbalanced diet very ow in protein. This disease usually strikes after weaning, between 1 and 3 years old.

FAMILY INFLUENCES CH10

In middle childhood the amount of time children spend with parents declines dramatically. Children's urine becomes easier for parents who established an authoritarian authoritative style during the early years reasoning is more effective. co-regulation a form of supervision in which they exercise General oversight while letting children take charge of Moment by moment decision making siblings continue to be important sources of support but sibling rivalry increases in middle childhood for same-sex siblings who are close in age parental comparisons are more frequent about sixty percent of divorced parents remarried within a few years others cohabit or share a sexual relationship and resistance with a partner outside of marriage parents that parent and child form a new family structure called Blended or reconstructed family when employed mothers remain committed to Parenting children develop favorably displaying higher self-esteem and less gender stereotype beleifs

Mid-Twentieth Century Theories: Behaviorism Ch1

Pavlov, directly observable events- stimuli and responses- are the appropriate focuses of study. Classical conditioning, dog and saliva. Skinners, operational conditioning theory, another form of behaviorism, a variety of reinforces, such as food, praise, or a friendly smith, or decreased through punishment, such as disapproval or withdrawal of privileges

Recent Theoretical Perspectives: Ch1

Information Processing: The human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows. People actively making sense of their own thinking Cognitive Neuroscience: Brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in he brain and the developing persons cognitive processing and behavior patterns. Developmental social neuroscience: A complementary new area devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain an emotional and social development. Ethology: Is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history Sensitive period: A time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to the environmental influences. However, its boundaries are less well-defined than those of a critical period. Development can occur later, but it is harder to induce.

Information Processing Ch7

Inhibition: Preschoolers gain steadily in ability to inhibit impulses and keep their mind on a cometing goal. Flexibility: Child have the ability to flexibly shift their focus of attention depending on whats important at the moment, is often studies through categorization and sorting behaviors. Working memory: enabling preschoolers to hold in mind and manipulate more information. Planning Parenting and Development of Executive Function: parental sensitivity and scaffolding foster preschoolers executive function skills. Recognition and Recall (memory for everyday experiences is called episodic memory. And information removed rom the contact in which it was first learned that has become part of you general knowledge base is called semantic memory. Metagonition is when children begin to construct a theory of mind or coherent set of ideas about mental activities. Emergent Literacy: children active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

MORAL DEVELOPMENT Ch12

Kohlberg's theory of moral development presented european-american 10 to 16 year old boys that hypothetical moral dilemmas stories involving a conflict between to morals and ask them what the main actor should do and why then you follow the participants on longitudinally reviewing them in three to four years intervals over the next 20 years. the best-known kohlberg dilemmas is the Heinz dilemma which pits the value of a Bangalore not stealing Alyssa value of human life saving a dying person kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about the Dilemma not the context of the response. Kohlberg's stages of moral understanding is the preconventional level where morality is externally controlled children except the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences behaviors that result in punishment are viewed as bad those that lead to rewards are good. Stage 1 the punishment and obedience orientation stage 2 the instrumental purpose orientation. next is the conventional level where individuals regard conformity to social rules as important but not for reasons of self-interest rather they believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and social order. stage 3 the good boy good girl orientation or the morality of interpersonal cooperation stage for the social order maintaining orientation. the final level is the post conventional or principle level individuals at this level move Beyond unquestioning support for their own society's rules and laws de Define Morality In terms of abstract principles and values that apply to our situation in societies. Stage 5 the social contract orientation stage 6 the universal ethical principle orientation

SELF-UNDERSTANDING Ch12

Kohlberg's theory of moral development presented european-american 10 to 16 year old boys that hypothetical moral dilemmas stories involving a conflict between to morals and ask them what the main actor should do and why then you follow the participants on longitudinally reviewing them in three to four years intervals over the next 20 years. the best-known kohlberg dilemmas is the Heinz dilemma which pits the value of a Bangalore not stealing Alyssa value of human life saving a dying person kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about the Dilemma not the context of the response. Self-esteem is different for adolescent teenagers at several New Dimensions of self-evaluation like post friendships romantic appeal in job appearance to those of middle childhood though some adolescents experience temporary or persistent declines after school transition self-esteem rises from its layout of lessons for most young people who report feeling especially good about their purely ship's physical appearance and athletic capabilities teenagers often assert that they have become more mature capable personable and attractive past to identity identity development commitment to values and goals following a. Of exploration identity moratorium exploration without having reach commitment identity foreclosure commitment in the absence of exploration and identity diffusion characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment. although young people in moratorium r a x inches in depressed about finding commitments they resembled identity achievement individuals inducing an active information-gathering cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems they seek out relevant information evaluate it carefully and critically reflect on their views.

THE FAMILY LIFE CYCLE Ch14

Leaving home: slightly over half of us 18 to 25 year old return to their parents home for brief periods after first leaving Joining of families in marriage: the average age of first marriage in the US has risen from about twenty for women and 23 for men in 1962 27 for women in 29 for men's today the number of first and second marriages has declined over the last few decades as more people stay single cohabit or do not remarry after divorce egalitarian marriages meaning Partners relate as equal sharing power and authority both tried to balance the time and energy they devote to their occupations their children and their relationship. traditional marriages involving a clear division of roles husband as head of household responsible for family economic well-being wife as caregiver and Homemaker services in the western Nations Parenthood: in dual-earner marriages the larger the difference in men and women's caregiving responsibilities the greater to decline in marital satisfaction after childbirth especially for women with negative consequences for parent infant interaction

Dr. Whiren studies how culture is transmitted to the next generation. Dr. Whiren's research best aligns with the perspective of which theorist?

Lev Vygotsky

A GRADUAL TRANSITION: EMERGING ADULTHOOD Ch14

Many emerging adults are committed to improving their communities nation in World. Attendance at religious Services declined further in the late teens and twenties as young people questioning beliefs acquired in their families and search for person meaningful alternatives. there's rapid culture change and most young people with access to the opportunities of emerging adulthood experience it as time of flourishing it which day solidify beliefs and values to exceed educationally practice in pro-social activities.

RELATIONSHIPS IN LATE ADULTHOOD CH18

Marital satisfaction rises from middle to late adulthood. About 5%. of older Americans have remained unmarried and childless. Some risk factors dependency of victims, dependency of perpetrators, psychological disturbance and other traits of perpetrators, history of family violence, and institutional conditions

Recent Theoretical Perspectives: Bronfedbrenners System Model Ch1

Microsystem: The inner most level of the environment consists of activities and interaction patterns in the persons immediate surroundings. Bronfedbrenner emphasized that to understand development at this level, we must keep in mind that all relationships are bidirectional Mesosystem: The second level, encompasses connections between microsystem. Exosystem: Consists of social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate settings. Macrosystems: The outermost level, consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources. Chronosystem: Bronfenbrenner labeled the temporal dimension of his model as this. Life changes can be imposed externally or alternatively can arise from within the person, since individuals select, modify, an create many of their own settings and experiences.

Brain Development Ch 4

Neurons: nerve cells that store and transmit information Synapses: fibers from different neurons come close together but do not tough Neurotransmitters: Neurons send messages to one another by releasing these chemicals which cross the synapse Programmed call death: makes space for these connective structures. As synapses form, many surrounding neurons die, about 40-60 percent depending on the brain region. Synaptic pruning: When neurons that are seldom stimulated soon lose their synapse, this returns neurons not needed a the moment to an uncommitted state o they can support future development. Glial cells: about half of the brains volume is made up of this which are responsible for myelination, which is the coating of neural fiber with an insulating fatty sheath called myelin that improves the efficiency of message transfer. Cerebral Cortex: surrounds the brain, resembling half of a shelled walnut. Th largest brain structure, 85% of the brains weight an has the greatest number of neurons and synapses. Regions include body movement, body sensation, visual cortex, auditory cortex, prefrontal cortex, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. Lateralization: left hemisphere better at processing information in a sequential analytic way and dealing with verbal and emotional communication. Right hemisphere betting at processing information in a holistic integrative manner, ideal for making sense of spatial information and negative emotion. Experience-Expectant Brain Growth- refers to young braid rapidly developing organization when depends on ordinary experiences, opportunities to explore the environment, interact with people and hear language and other sounds. Experience-Dependent Brain Growth- occurs throughout our lives. It consist of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as result of specific learning experiences that cary widely across individuals and cultures. Changing States of Arousal: Sleep and wakefulness changes substantially between birth and 2 years and fussiness and crying also decline. Sleep time declines.

Common Health Problems Ch9

Nutrition overweight and obesity vision and hearing were the most common vision problem middle childhood is myopia or nearsightedness illnesses and unintentional injuries

STABILITY AND CHANGE IN SELF-CONCEPT AND PERSONALITY CH18

Older adults gain modestly in agreeableness into their seventies, becoming more generous, acquiescent, and good natured. However, declines in agreeableness tend to occur after age 80 as more people face physical and cognitive challenges. Another late-life development is greater acceptance of change- an attitude older adults frequently mention as important to psychological well-being.

CONSEQUENCES OF ADOLESCENT COGNITIVE CHANGES Ch11

Piaget believed that a new form of egocentric scism a rise in which adolescents again have difficulty distinguishing their own and others perspectives P IG follower suggest attitude assorted images of the relation between self and other appear the first was called imaginary audience where adolescents believe that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern the second is personal fable certain that others are observing and thinking about them teenagers develop an inflated opinion of their own importance it's saying that they are special and unique

Eriksons' Theory Initiative vs guilt early childhood ch8

Preschoolers have a new sense of purposefulness. They are eager to tackle new tasks, join in activies with peers, and discover what they can do with the help of others and make strides to conscience development

Individual Differences in Mental Development Ch7

Preschools who develop well intellectually have homes rich in educational toys and books, their parents re warm and affectionate, stimulate language and academic knowledge, and arrange interesting outings, and make reasonable demands for socially mature behavior. Other differences can be seen in types of preschool and kindergarten, early intervention for at risk preschoolers, child care, educational television, and learning with computers.

Erikson's Theory: Intimacy versus Isolation Ch14

Psychological conflict in early adolescence evident in The Young Person's thoughts and feelings about making a long-term commitment to an intimate partner and enclosing mutually gratifying relationships. A secure identity Foster's attachment of intimacy Erikson believed that successful resolution of intimacy versus isolation prepares the individual for the middle adulthood stage which focuses on generativity can for the Next Generation in helping to improve Society in some identity intimacy and generativity are concerns for early adulthood which shift in emphasis that differ among individuals.

Gender Typing Ch8

Refers to any association of objects activities rolls or traits with one sex or the other in ways that conform to cultural stereotypes children can label their own sex consistently with associations with gender men as rough and sharp woman as soft and round their biological influences on gender typing where are male ancestors were largely oriented towards competing for mates are female ancestors towards growing children there for males become genetically Prime to dominance in females for intimacy responsiveness and cooperativeness environment evolutionary theories claim that families and cultural forces can influence the intimacy of biologically-based sex differences experience cannot Paradise those aspects of gender typing in several adaptive functions in human history their environmental influences on gender typing like parents teachers and peers. Gender identity: image of oneself as masculine or feminine and characteristics. Gender schema theory: is an information-processing approach that combines social learning and cognitive development features and explains how environmental pressures in children's cognitive work together to shave gender-role development.

The Newborn Baby's Capacities Ch3

Reflexes, sensory capacities like tough, vision, states of arousal like crying could be abnormal crying caused by brain-damanged babies and those who have experienced prenatal and birth complications involving a shrill piercing an shorter in duration than healthy infants and sleep (rapid eye movement sleep when the eyes dart beneath the ids heart rate, bp, and breathing are uneven and slight body movements occur. In contrast during regular non rapid eye movement sleep, the body is almost motionless, and heart rate, breathing, and brain wave are slow and even.

THINKING AND EMOTIONS OF DYING PEOPLE CH19

Regarding spirituality religion and culture for Buddhism they emphasized that all physical and mental states are transient which Fosters appearance of death by chanting sutras teachings of Buddha to the dying to calm the mind and emphasizing that death leads to rebirth how many Native American groups stuff is met with stoic self control an approach taught at an early age through stories that emphasized a circular rather than linear relationships between life and death and importance of making way for others for African-Americans a dying loved one signals a crisis that unites family members in caregiving the terminally ill person remains an active and vital force within the family until he or she has no longer carry out their role and attitude of respect that uses for dying process among the theseMaori of New Zealand relatives and friends gather around a dying person to give spiritual strength and comfort the older adults and the experts in tribal costumes conduct a Karakia ceremony in which they recite prayers asking for peace mercy and guidance from the creator after the ceremony the patient is encouraged to discuss important matters with closest loved ones giving away of personal belongings directions for interment in completion of other unfinished task.

CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS Ch14

Romantic love: When selecting a mate people you're just like Partners who resemble themselves and other ways attitudes personality educational plans intelligent mental health physical attractions in even height but find similarities in their own age level of Education ethnicity and religion women assign greater weight and financial status intelligence and vision in World character whereas men Place more emphasis on physical attractiveness and dominant skills in addition women prefer the same age or slightly older partner men a younger partner. triangular theory of Love identifies three components of passion intimacy and commitment that shift in emphasis as romantic relationships develop passionate love which is intense sexual attraction compliment love warm trusting affection and valuing of the other and compassionate love concerned for the others well-being Express through caring efforts to alleviate the others distress and promote the others growth and flourishing passionate love is recognized in virtually all contemporary cultures. Friendships: adults are usually similar in age, sex, and SES. trust intimacy and loyalty along with shared interests and values and enjoyment of each other's company continue to be imported in adult friendships throughout life women have more intimate same-sex friendships than men from the College Years through career exploration and setting into work roles other sex friendships increase after marriage did applying for men but continue to rise for women cool more often from them in the workplace

Types of Attachment Ch6

Secure: infant uses parents as a secure base. When seperated they may or may not cry, but if they do it is because their parent it absent , when their parent arrives they convert pleasure Insecure-avoidance: Infant is unresponsive to to the parent when she is resent. when they leave they are not distressed and they react to a stranger in much the similarly way. Insecure-resistance: Before seperation, these infants seek closeness to the aren't and often fail to explore. When the parent leaves, they are usually distressed and on her return they combine clinginess with angry, resistive behavior. Disorganized/disoriented: the greatest insecurity. At reunion, infants show confused, contradictory behavior

EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT CH10

Self-conscious emotions of Pride and guilt become clearly governed by person responsibilities as school-age children integrate social expectations into their self-concepts children no longer report Guild for any mishap as they did earlier but only for intentional wrongdoing such as enormous possibilities cheating or lying Pride motivation to take on further challenges whereas guilt promotes them to make amends in to strive for self-improvement school-age children are likely to explain Emotion by referring to internal stage such as happy or sad Thoughts by the than external event also between ages 6 and 12 children become more aware of circumstances like you to spark mixed emotions problem centered coping they appraise the situation as changeable identify the difficulties and decide what to do about it if problem solving does not work they engage in Emotion Centered coping which is internal private and aim to controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome

MORAL DEVELOPMENT CH10

Self-conscious emotions of Pride and guilt become clearly governed by person responsibilities as school-age children integrate social expectations into their self-concepts children no longer report guilt for any mishap as they did earlier but only for intentional wrongdoing such as enormous possibilities cheating or lying Pride motivation to take on further challenges whereas guilt promotes them to make amends in to strive for self-improvement school-age children are likely to explain Emotion by referring to internal stage such as happy or sad Thoughts by the than external event also between ages 6 and 12 children become more aware of circumstances like you to spark mixed emotions problem centered coping they appraise the situation as changeable identify the difficulties and decide what to do about it if problem solving does not work they engage in Emotion Centered coping which is internal private and aim to controlling distress when little can be done about the outcome By the end of middle childhood children display a strong desire for a group belonging they form peer groups and look for peer acceptance which refers to likability to the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age Mage such as classmates as a worthy social partner. Popular kids are both well liked and admired; they combine academic and social competence. Popular antisocial children include tough guys Athletics skilled but poor students who cause trouble and defy adult authority and relationally aggressive boys and girls to enhance their own satisfaction while excluding or spreading rumors about other children. Rejected aggressive children show high rates of conflict physical and relational aggression and hyperactivity inattentive and impulsive behavior Rejected withdrawn children are passive and socially awkward

Information Processing Ch5

Sensory register- first where information enters, this is where sights and sounds are represented directly and stored briefly Short-term memory store: The second part of the mind, we remain attended-in to information briefly so we can actively work on it to reach out goals. Working memory- the number of items that can be briefly help in mind while also engaging in some effort to monitor or manipulate those items Central executive directs the flow of information, implementing the basic procedures just mentioned and also engaging in more sophisticated activities that enable complex flexible thinking. Automatic process- are well learned that they require no space in working memory and therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them. Executive function- the diverse cognitive operations and strategies that enable us to achieve our goals in cognitively challenging situations. Menory: retention of visual events improves over time

Changes in Body and Brain in Early Childhood Ch7

Skeletal growth: 45 new epiphyses or growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone emerge in various parts of the skeleton. Brain Development: brain increased from 70% of its adult weight to 90%. handedness reflects the greater capacity of one side f the brain, the individuals dominant cerebral hemisphere to carry out skilled motor action. Cerebellum is a structure at the rear and base of the brain that aids in balance and control of body movement. Reticular formation: structure in the brain stem that maintains alertness and consciousness. Amygdala: Plays a center role in processing of novelty and emotional information. Hippocampus: located in the inner-brain, adjacent to the amygdala, which plays a ole in memory and images of space that help us find our way.

Temperament and Development Ch6

Temperament: early-appearing, stable individual differences in reactivity, quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity and self-regulation, the strategies that modify that reactivity. Structure of temperament: easy child, difficult child, slow-to-warm child (mild low-key actions to environmental stimuli, negative in mood, adjusts slowly to new experiences. Effortful control: the capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominate response in order to pan and execute a more adaptive response Measuring Temperament: interviews and questions from parents, teachers, pediatrician. Can be inhibited or a shy child who reacts negatively to and withdraw from novel stimuli and a uninhibited, or sociable child who display positive emotion to and approach novel stimuli

Prenatal Environment Influences Ch3

Teratogens (refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. It depends on dose where larger doses over longer time periods usually have more negative effects, heredity the makeup of the mother and the developing organism that plays an important role, other negative influences like additional teratogens, poor nutrition, and lack of medical care can worsen the impact of a harmful agent, And age. In the germinal period, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact, if they do the tiny mass of cells is usually so damaged that it dies. The embryonic period is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parents are being laid down. During the fetal period, teratogenic damage is usually minor. However, organs such as the brain, ears, eyes, teeth, and genitals can still be strongly affected) Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FASD a rang of physical mental and e=behavioral outcomes cause by prenatal alcohol exposure, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome FAS slow physical growth, a pattern of three facial abnormalities: short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a smooth or flattened philturm, or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip, and brain injury. Partial Fetal Alcohol Syndrome p-FAS characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities mentioned and brain injury. Alcohol-related Neurodevelopment Disorder ARND at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities.) Radiation ( Defects due to ionizing radiation were apparent in children born to pregnant women who survived the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during WWII as well as the Chernobyl, Ukraine nuclear power plant in 1986) Infectious Disease (Viruses: rubella and cytomegalovirus. Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases: toxoplasmosis caused by a parasite found in many animals.) Rh factors incompatibility (When a mother is Rh negative meaning she lacks the Rh blood protein and the father is Rh positive the baby may inherit the fathers Rh positive blood type The importance of Prenatal Health Care (preeclampsia, situational barriers like difficulty finding a doctor, getting an appointment or transportation there, and personal barriers like psychological stress, group prenatal care) Nutrition, Emotional Stress, Prescription and Nonprescription drugs, Illegal Drugs, Tobacco, Environmental Pollution, Maternal Age

Environmental Contexts for Development Ch2

The Family: direct and indirect influences, adapting to change Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning: SES, which combines three related but not completely overlapping variables 1. Years of education 2. the prestige of ones job and the skill it requires, both of which measure social status 3. income which measures economic status. Poverty: could threaten development Affluence: parents whose prestigious and high-paying occupations too often fail to engage in family interaction and parenting that promote favorable development. Neighborhoods and Schools: Connections between family and community are vital for psychological well-being The Cultural Context: Cultural Value and Practices, subcultures, extended family households, public policies (laws and government programs to improve current conditions), looking forward to the future.

CONCEPTIONS OF ADOLESCENCE Ch11

The biological perspective young people fulfill their biological Destiny sexual reproduction and survival of species the social perspective Eating Disorders depression suicide and lawbreaking do occur more often than earlier a balanced point of view biology psychology and social forces contribute to influence adult development. early adolescence 11 to 14 years this is a. Of Rapid pubic change middle adolescence 14 and 16 years pubertal changes are now nearly completed late adolescent 16 to 18 years the young person that use full adult appearance and anticipates assumption of adult roles

What did John Bowlby believe?

The infant‒caregiver bond has lifelong consequences for human relationships also the internal working model becomes a vital part of personality, serving as a guide for all future close relationships.

A Balanced Point of View Ch 1

The lifespan perspective is lifelong (events occurring during each major period can have equally powerful effects on future change) multidimensional and multidirectional(affected by a blend of biological, psychological, an social factors. Multidirectional because development is an expression of growth an decline) highly plastics, and affected by multiple interacting forces (biological, historical, social and cultural. Age-Graded Influences which are events that are strongly related to age, History-Graded Influences explain why people born around the same time called a cohort tend to be alike in ways that set them. apart from people born at other times. nonnormative influences which are events that are irregular and happen to just one person or a few people and do not follow a predictable time line.

Foundations of Morality and Aggression Ch8

The psychoanalytic perspective Freud recalls that young children form a super-ego or conscious by identifying with the same-sex parent whose moral standards they adapt children obey to superego to avoid guilt moral development Freud believed is commonly completed by 5 to 6 years old researchers disagree in his theory fear of punishment and loss of Parental love motivate conscious formation and moral development yet children whose parents frequently used threats commands or physical Force 10 to violate standards often and fill little-gill inductive discipline and contrast means in which an adult helps make the children aware Feelings by pointing out the effects of the child's misbehavior on others according to Social Learning Theory morality does not have a unique course of development rather moral behavior is acquired through modeling just like any other set of responses so there is no important for modeling effects to punishment alternatives to harsh punishment positive relationships and positive parenting the cognitive development perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules children make moral judgments deciding what is right or wrong on the basis of Concepts they construct about Justice and fairness which is in contrast to psychoanalytic and behavioral approaches the other side of morality is the development of aggression there's physical aggression verbal aggression and relational aggression which damages another's relationships through social exclusion malicious gossip or friendship manipulation

ERIKSON'S THEORY: INDUSTRY VERSUS INFERIORITY CH10

The psychological conflict of middle childhood which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks adults respond to Children's improved physical and cognitive capabilities by making new demands and children are ready to benefit from those challenges the danger in this stage is inferiority reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well this sense of inadequacy can develop when family life has not prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children self-confidence with negative responses.

Vygotsky's Social Context of Early Cognitive Development Ch5

The zone of proximal or potential development refers to a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners. Mostly applies to preschool and school-age children who are more skilled in language and social communication. Recently however his theory has been extended to infancy and toddlerhood.

Comparing and Evaluating Theories Ch1

They focus on different domains of development. Psychoanalytic perspective and ethology emphasize emotional and social development. Piagets cognitive development, information processing, an Vygotsky's sociocultural theory stress changes in thinking. The remainder focus on human functioning Second, every theory contains a point of view about development. Finally, every theory has strengths and limitations

SUCCESSFUL AGING CH18

This is in which gains are maximized and losses minimize enabling realization of individual potential people age well when their growth validity and strivings limit and at times overcome physical cognitive and social declines aging well is facilitated by societal contacts that promote effective person environment life enabling older people to manage Life Changes older adults need well-funded Social Security plans good Healthcare safe housing and diverse Social Services

Learning in School Ch9

Traditional classroom the teacher is our sole Authority for knowledge rules and decision-making students are passive listening responding when called on and completing teacher assigned tasks Constructivist classroom and contrast engaging students to construct their own knowledge many are grounded in Piaget's theory views children as active agent to reflect on and coordinate their own thoughts rather than absorbing those of others reveals Richie equipped Learning Center small groups and individual solving self-chosen problems in a teacher who guides and supports in response to Children's needs Social constructivist classrooms children participate in large raised a challenging activities with teachers and peers with whom they jointly construct understanding and children acquire knowledge and strategies to working together they become confident contributing members of the classroom community in advancing cognitive and Social Development Cooperative learning small groups of classmates work towards common goals but considering one another's ideas challenging one another providing sufficient explanations to correct misunderstanding and resolving differences of opinion on the basis of reason and evidence educational self-fulfilling prophecies children may adapt teachers positive or negative views and start to live up to them Inclusion classroom students with learning disabilities found alongside typical students in the regular educational setting for all or part of the classroom day

PHYSICAL CHANGES MIDDLE ADULTHOODCh15

Vision: difficulty reading small print is common due to thickness of lenses combined with weakening of the muscles that enables the eye to account update adjust its focus two nearby objects presbyopia meaning old eyes happens around age 62 lenses loses its capacity to adjust to objects at varying distances entirely middle-aged adults are at increase risk of glaucoma a disease in which poor fluid drainage leads to a buildup of pressure within the eye damaging the optic nerve. hearing: 14% of Americans between ages 45 and 64 suffer from hearing loss although some conditions run in families and maybe inherited most are age-related a condition called prebycusisold hearing. skin: our skin consists of three layers of the epidermis the dermis and the hypodermis as we age the epidermis becomes less firmly attached to the dermis fibers in the dermis are thin and lose their elasticity cells in both the epidermis and dermis decline in water content in fat in the hypodermis diminish leaving the skin to wrinkle loosen and feel dry. skeleton: as new cells accumulate on their outer layers the bones brought in with age but their mineral content decline so they become more porous loss of bone strength causes the disc in the spinal column to collapse when bone loss is very great it leads to a deliberate eating disorder osteoporosis. Reproductive system: the midlife transition in which fertility declines is called the climacteric, also during this time as menopause to reduce the physical discomforts of menopause. Just may prescribe hormone therapy or aloe daily doses of estrogen it comes in two types estrogen alone or estrogen replacement therapy for women who have had hysterctomies ( surgical removal of uterus) and estrogen plus progesterone or hormone replacement therapy for other women combining estrogen with progesterone lessens the risk of cancer for men both quantity and motility of sperm decrease from the twenties on and quality of semen diminishes after 40 negatively affecting fertility in middle age still sperm production continue throughout life in men in their 90's have fathered children reduce testosterone plays a major role in demonstrating blood flow to and changes in connection tissue to the penis as a result more stimulation is required for an erection and it may be harder to maintain.

HOW WE DIE CH19

When the transition from life to death is immediate the person Austin moves through three phases: the agonal phase- the Greek word agon means struggle here agonal refers to a rattle breathing sound do to liquid buildup in the throat and to gas and muscle spasms during the first moments in which the regular heartbeat disintegrates. The second phase is a clinical death- a short interval follows in which heartbeat circulation breathing and brain functioning stop Marissa cetacean is still possible. the third phase is mortality- the individual passes into permanent death

VOCATIONAL LIFE CH16

Work continues to be a Salient aspects of identity and self-esteem in middle adulthood many people attempt to increase the personal meaning and self-direction of their vocational lives never desire to work longer than previous generations research shows that job satisfaction increases in midlife in diverse Nations and at all occupational levels from Executives to hourly workers when different aspects of jobs are considered intrinsic satisfaction- happiness with the work itself- shows with strong age-related gain what's a age-related increase in job satisfaction is weaker for women than men women and ethnic minorities face a glass ceiling or invisible barrier to achievement up to the corporate ladder. Retirement is a lengthy complex process that begins as soon as the middle-aged person first things about it. Planning is important. Retirement leads to ways of spending time largely Guided by one's interest rather than one's obligations.

The Vygotskian concept of zone of proximal development refers to __________.

a range of tasks that the child cannot yet handle alone but can do with the help of more skilled partners

Emotional Development Ch 6

basic emotions, social smile, stranger anxiety, use of familiar caregiver as a secure base, or point of which to explore, venturing into the environment and then returning for emotional support. Social referencing: actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in uncertain situation Self-conscious emotions: humans are capable of a second higher order set of feelings like guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride because each involves injury to or enhancement of our sense of self

Body Growth Ch4

cephaloaudial trend: Head to tail, during the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body Proximodistal trend: growth proceeds, literally, from near to far from the center of the body outward in the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first then the arms and legs and finally the hands and feet. During the infancy and childhood, the arms and legs continue to grow somewhat ahead of the hands and feet. Individual and Group Differences: sex differences, race (asian below the growth norms), early malnutrition, same age differ in rate of physical growth, skeletal age which is the measure of bone development.

In the United States, public policies safeguarding __________ lag behind policies for __________.

children and youths; older adults

GENDER TYPING CH10

children derive these gender stereotyped beliefs from observing sex differences in Behavior as well as from adult treatment from 3rd to 6th grade boys tend to strengthen their identification with masculine personality traits whereas girls identify with feminine traits to climb girls are more androgynous than boys which means you're more likely to describe themselves as having some other gender characteristics. Gender typically- the degree to which the children feel similar to others of the same gender all those children need not to be highly gender type to view themselves as gender typical is psychological well-being depends on some degree on feeling that they fit in with the sam-esex peers gender contentedness- the degree to which the child feels comfortable with his or her gender assignment which also promotes happiness self pressure to conform to gender roles- the degree to which the child pose parents in parents disapprove of his or her gender-related trades because such process reduces the likelihood that children will explore options related to their interests and talents children who feel strong gender-typed pressure or often distressed.

Information Processing Ch9

children handle increasingly difficult tasks that require the integration of working memory inhibition and flexible shifting of attitude which in turn support gains in planning and strategic thinking and self-monitoring and so correction of behavior memory strategies like rehearsal and organization also elaboration creating a relationship or shared meaning between two or more pieces of information that do not belong to the same category recursive thought which is to reason simultaneously about what two or more people are thinking if we're perspective thinking cognitive self-regulation the process of continuously monitoring process towards a goal checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful effects Whole language approach argued that from the beginning children should be exposed to text in the complete form stories poems letters posters and list phonics approach believing that children should first be coached on Phonics the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds only after Mastering should they get complex reading materials

When preschoolers are given tasks that are simplified and relevant to their everyday lives, they __________.

do not display the illogical characteristics that Piaget saw

SOME COMMON PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT CH10

fears and anxieties the fear of personal harm like being robbed, stabbed and, media events have worn disasters other common words include academic failure physical injury separation from parents parents health possibly of dying. children develop phobias and some children other anxiety develop School refusal which is severe apprehension about attending school often accompanied by physical copy complement such as dizziness nausea stomach aches and vomiting severe childhood anxieties may arise from harsh living conditions sexual abuse is Sirius in a widespread problem most cases are reported in middle childhood but for some victims abuse begins early in life and continues for many years reported cases of child sexual abuse are linked to poverty marital instability and resulting of wheat Family Ties Fears and anxieties, the fear of personal harm like being robbed, stabbed and media events war disasters other common words include academic failure, physical injury separation from parents health possibly of dying. children develop phobias and some children other anxiety develop School refusal which is severe apprehension about attending school often accompanied by physical copy complement such as dizziness nausea stomach aches and vomiting severe childhood anxieties may arise from harsh living conditions Sexual abuse is a widespread problem most cases are reported in middle childhood but for some victims abuse begins early in life and continues for many years reported cases of child sexual abuse are linked to poverty marital instability and esulting weakening of Family Ties when fostering resilience in middle childhood there are four r's Reading Writing respect and resolution program which provides Elementary School students with weekly lessons in emotional and social understanding skills children who participate in 4 R's become less depressed less aggressive more attentive and more socially competent

Emotional Development Ch8

gains in representation, language, and self-concept support this. between 2 and 6, children make strides in emotional abilities that collectively refer to as emotional competence. First, they gain emotional understanding becoming better able to talk about feelings and response appropriately to others emotional signals. Second, they become better at emotional self-regulation like coping with intense negative emotion. Finally, they experience self-conscious emotions and empathy which contribute to their morality.

Research reveals that inductive discipline __________.

helps children notice others' feelings by pointing out the effects of children's misbehavior on others

RELATIONSHIPS AT MIDLIFE CH16

marriage and divorce: middle-aged households are well off economically compared to other age groups Americans between 45 and 54 have the highest average annual income evidence on same-sex middle-aged couples is scarce but some research suggests that compared to other couples lesbian partners news more effective communication skills. feminization of poverty means a trend in which women who support themselves or their families have become the majority of the adult population living in poverty regardless of age and ethnic group . changing parent-child relationships: parents positive relationships bless their grown children are the result of a gradual process of letting go with the end of child parent coherence comes a substantial decline in Parental Authority. kinkeeper Means Gathering the family for celebrations and making sure everyone stays in touch. Grandparenthood: the meaning of grandparents are valued older adults, immortality through descendants, reinvolvement with personal past, an Indulgence

Social Learning Theory

modeling is a powerful source of development. the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

The __________ is among the last regions to attain adult levels of synaptic connections.

prefrontal cortex

When brain damage occurs to the __________, recovery is limited.

prefrontal lobe

ADAPTING TO THE PHYSICAL CHALLENGES OF MIDLIFE CH15

stress and management: problem centered coping in which you appraise the situation as challengeable identify the difficulty and decide what to do about it and emotion centered coping which is internal private and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about a situation constructive approaches to anger reduction are vital Health intervention. Hardiness is a set of three personal qualities: control, commitment, and challenge that's together are called this hardness influence the extent to which people appraise stressful situations as manageable interesting and even enjoyable these optimistic appraisals and turn predict Health promoting behaviors to seek social support reduce psychological arousal to stress if you were physical and emotional symptoms. Gender and aging a double standard: negative stereotypes of Aging likely to be applied to women using a double standard people often rate women as less attractive and as having more negative personality characteristics than middle-aged man.

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory Ch7

the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture scaffolding- adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child current level of performance.

VOCATIONAL LIFE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT CH15

vocational settings are vital contacts for maintaining previously acquired skills and learning new ones yet work environments vary in the degree to which they are cognitively stimulating and promote autonomy mentally stimulating word requires middle-aged and older adults to Grapple with novel situations. Cognitive flexibility is responsive to work experiences well into middle adulthood and perhaps beyond