Human Development Theories

Separation-Indviduation

6-24 months —> on Separation - when a child differentiates or disengages from mother Individuation - when child develops inner representation of mother; ability to test reality, sense of time & awareness of existence of other individuals as separate & different from him/her

Psychosocial Moratorium

Erikson - period of experimenting with choices & life style. Arises around 11 years when approach to adolescence. Leads to transition in the relatively fixed values learned as a child & to the more flexible ethics that characterize adolescence & adulthood.

3-6 years

First Permanent teeth, stronger voice, receptive, alert brain, manual and motor power Phallic Stage (3-6) Oedipal Initiative v Guilt Preoperational Stage (18 mo-7) Preconventional Morality (0-7)

4th stage of Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development

Formal operational (11 - adolescence) -Can visualize events & concepts beyond present & form theories -Cognitive random behavior replaced by systematic approach to problems -Gains objectivity & awareness of relative relationships, ability to reason by hypothesis, & to relate past, present, & futures

Stage 5 of Freud's psychosexual stages

Genital - puberty through adulthood related to vanity; appearance & attention

6-12 years

Increased muscular ability and coordination, girls rate is faster than boys Latency Stage (6-12) Industry v Inferiority Concrete- Operational Stage (7-11) Conventional Level (7-13)

Erik Erikson's states of Psychosocial Development

Known as a psychosocial model - linking the physiological/somatic development of the child with the corresponding social & cultural expectations (societal process). Ego is a central part in child developing mastery of these tasks. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth - 1 year; infancy) Autonomy vs. shame & doubt (2-3 years) Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years - adolescence) - forms lasting ego identity Intimacy vs. Isolation (early to late 20's - young adulthood) Generativity vs. Stagnation (late 20's to 50's - adulthood) Integrity vs. Despair (after 50 - late adulthood)

Stage 4 of Freud's psychosexual stages

Latency - 5 years to 10/puberty sexual feelings submerged; more focused on school & other interests/activities; expression of sexual & aggressive drives in socially acceptable forms **Necessary precursor to development of superego Early Latency (6-7) - developmental stage where kids extremely concerned with absolutes. Often harsh superego & consolidation of ego defenses. Increased ability to operate according to demands & dictates of reality. As child matures, is increasingly able to manage & master impulses. Is black & white in thinking & often has harsh superego. Increasingly, child moving from pleasure oriented self centered stage to one with increased ego development.

18-35 years

Leveling off of growth Maturity- to love and to work Intimacy v Isolation Post Conventional

Object-Relations

Mahler - process by which infant struggles, over first few years, to differentiate between self & non-self (others)

0-3 years

Marked Growth, teething, crawling.. Oral (0-2) Anal (2-3) Trust v Mistrust (0-1) Autonomy v Shame and Doubt (1-3) Sensorimotor Stage (1-18mo) Object permanence (18 months) Preconventional Level (0-7)

65 + years

Marked decrease in motor coordination, taste buds decline, organs dysfunction Ego Integrity v Despair Post Conventonal

Stage 1 of Freud's psychosexual stages

Oral - birth to 1 year mouth & weaning/feeding issues; relationships & trust

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Orphan Annie is a Pretty Little Girl Oral (birth - 1 year) Anal (1-3 years) Phallic (3-5 years) Latency (5- puberty) Genital (puberty - adulthood)

Stage 3 of Freud's psychosexual stages

Phallic - 3 to 5 years genitals & masturbation issues; sexual identity & expression; males - oedipus complex; females - electra conflict

5th stage of Mahler's theory (substage of 3rd stage)

Practicing (9-14 months) Child is more active - walking, playing; Infant engages in alternating between moving away & returning to mother

Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

Pre-conventional (obeying rules as means to avoiding punishment) Conventional (Account for individual points of view & judge actions on how they serve individual need; reciprocity possible but only if serve own needs; do good because socially expected) Post-conventional (consider society as a whole when making decisions; universal ethical principles - follow principles of justice even if conflict with laws/rules)

2nd stage of Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development

Pre-operational (2-7 years) -Emergence of symbolic thought derives from sensory-motor thinking, but conceptual ability not yet developed

13-18 years

Puberty Genital Stage (12-18) Identity v Identity diffusion Formal-Operational Stage (11-18) Post Conventional Level (13+)

6th stage of Mahler's theory (substage of 3rd stage)

Reapproachment (14-24 months) Shadowing & darting - child moves away from mother but returns for emotional refueling; Infant's efforts at autonomous function; once again becomes close to mom; child realizes that physical mobility demonstrates psychic separateness from mother; may become tentative, wanting mother to be in sight so that, through eye contact & action, can explore her world

1st stage of Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development

Sensory-motor (birth - 2 years) -Infancy characterized by egocentrism - child has no understanding of world other than own current view -Infant lacks symbolic function - cannot evoke representations of person/object when not present -Interacts with surroundings & able to focus on objects rather than self. Learns to anticipate events (door opening sign of mother appearing). -Learn that objects continue to exist when out of sight, learn beginning sense of causality ***(Object permanence - develops by end of this stage)*** -Learns to suck; Repetitive movements; opens & closes fists; moves thumb to mouth -Imitates own sound if made by someone else; repeats movements that have effect -Moves objects that are in the way -Drops objects to see effects; reaches a toy by pulling an extension of it -Can evoke memories not linked to perception

Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development

Sensory-motor (birth - 2 years) Pre-operational (2-7 years) Concerte Operational (7-11 years) Formal operational (11 - adolescence) Used small samples - including own children Attempts to explain GENESIS of behaviors ****Super Pretty California Flags

3rd stage of Mahler's theory

Separation-individuation (4-36 months) Broken into substages, as indicated below. As a whole - child breaks out of "autistic shell" into world with human connections

2nd stage of Mahler's theory

Symbotic (1-5 months) Understands mother's existence as separate being, but also able to experience feeling of unity w/ mother

Stage 2 of Freud's psychosexual stages

Anal - 1 to 3 years anus and toilet training issues; autonomy & expression of anger

Overall theme of Erikson's psychosocial development follows which sequence of self/other relationship formation

Attachment - Autonomy - Intimacy

1st stage of Mahler's theory

Autistic (1st month) Focused on self; incapable of investing in others

Mahler's Separation-Individuation Stages

Between ages 0-36 months Autistic (1st month) Symbiotic (1-5 months) Separation-individuation process (6-24 months —> on)— includes.... --differentiation (6-9 months) --practicing (9-14 months) --reappraochment (14-24 months) --development of object constancy (after 24 months) In my 1st month, I'm only focused on myself. Then, between 1 & 5 months, I understand that my mom is a different person but I still feel unified with her. Then, between 6 & 9 months, I begin to realize I can move around more & might be fearful to leave mom. Then, between 9 & 14 months, I'm practicing walking & playing. I practice going back between mom & playing. Between 14 & 24 months, I continue to go off on my own to play but I return to her for love & reassurance. I often like to see her while I'm playing to know she's still there. Then, finally, after 24 months, I really learn that, even when mom is gone, I still remember her & I know she's a separate person from me, but still my mom.

Stranger Anxiety

Can develop around 8 months - can clearly recognize strangers at this time & may react negatively if feels unprotected

35-65 years

Change in weight distribution, metabolism and sensory abilities slow, menapause women Generativity v Stagnation Post Conventional

3rd stage of Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development

Concrete operational (7 − 11 years) -Gains capacity to order & relate experiences to an organized whole. -Can now explore several possible solutions to a problem without necessarily adopting 1, because able to return to original outlook -morality of cooperation & reciprocity develops

7th stage of Mahler's theory (substage of 3rd stage)

Development of object constancy/individuation - after 24 months -Child increases capacity to recall mother despite her absence -Mother now seen as separate; results in OBJECT CONSTANCY (similar to Piaget's object permanence, describes phase when child understands that mother has separate identity & separate individual. Leads to formation of internalization, which is internal representation that child has formed of mother) -Child perceives others as both separate & relational

4th stage of Mahler's theory (substage of 3rd stage)

Differentiation (6-9 months) Increased locomotion; child recognizes that he's separate from mother - may result in separation anxiety