Human Evolution Final Exam

In this image from our last discussion of human origins which of the numbered sections refer to the key result of adaptations that allowed a K-selected human ancestor to compete successfully with r-selected primates? Question options: 7 1, 3 and 5 4 2 and 3

1, 3 and 5

STS 5 (Mrs. Ples)

A. Africanus

Taung Child

A. Africanus

Which of the following hominids has the most primitive (ancestral) traits? Question options: Homo habilis Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus afarensis

In East Africa two distinct lineages of hominid co-existed for at least a million years. These two lineages are represented in the fossil record by specimens assigned to Question options: Australopithecus boisei and Zinjanthropus early Homo and Australopithecus boisei early Homo and Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus robustus and Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus afarensis

Which of the following is not considered a robust australopithecine? Question options: Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus aethiopicus Australopithecus robustus

Australopithecus anamensis

According to your instructor monogamous pair bonding in humans can be viewed as: Question options: A) A phenomenon not subject to explanation by evolutionary principles B) A reproductive strategy to make a K-selected animal be more r-selected in terms of offspring production C) A ridiculously inefficient means to achieve reproductive success D) An evolutionary failure when compared to the mating strategies of other primates E) A reproductive strategy that evolved in an unchanging, competition-free environment

B) A reproductive strategy to make a K-selected animal be more r-selected in terms of offspring production

This individual is a current proponent of the Multiregional Hypothesis: Question options: A) Raymond Dart B) D.C. Johanson C) Milford Wolpoff D) Teilhard de Chardin E) Maitland Edey

B) D.C. Johanson

The on-line article was written by: Question options: A) C. Loring Brace B) Donald C. Johanson C) C. Owen Lovejoy D) An unknown hack science writer E) Louis B. Leakey

B) Donald C. Johanson

According to the author it is very likely that modern humans carry some Neanderthal genes in their DNA. Question options: A) TRUE B) FALSE

B) FALSE

It is agreed by almost all anthropologists that a skeleton from Portugal dated to 24,500 years represents a hybrid of Neanderthal and Modern human. Question options: A) TRUE B) FALSE

B) FALSE

"The Upper Paleolithic lifestyle was based essentially on..." Question options: A) Agriculture B) Hunting and gathering C) Artistic expression D) The development of writing E) Fishing

B) Hunting and gathering

mtDNA occurs in: Question options: A) Triple-strand form B) Mitochondria C) Apes only D) Humans only E) Every organelle in a cell

B) Mitochondria

In South Africa, fossil-bearing geological deposits are composed of: Question options: A) sandstone B) limestone C) volcanic rock D) granite E) clay

B) limestone

In this image taken from our discussion of models of human evolution, what does the item numbered 4 represent? Multiple mates for ovulating females Birth spacing of offspring Multiple mates for polygamous males The passage of evolutionary time

Birth spacing of offspring

The best evidence supporting the Multiregional hypothesis comes from: Question options: Europe Africa The Western U.S. China Mexico

Europe

ER-1470

HOMO HABILIS

____ was contemporaneous with the australopithecines but had a significantly larger brain. Question options: A. afarensis Aegyptopithecus Homo habilis A. africanus Ardipithecus

Homo habilis

Australopithecus garhi has been proposed as a likely ancestor for Homo habilis. Question options: True False

True

The oldest "hyper-robust" australopithecine fossil Question options: a) is dated to 1.8 m.y.a. b) is nicknamed the "black skull." c) none of these

b) is nicknamed the "black skull."

The earliest stone tools are approximately________years old. Question options: 1.8 million 500,000 7-8 million 2.5 million 1 million

2.5 million

The skeleton of Ardipithecus ramidus ("Ardi") is how old? Question options: 1.8 million years 4.4 million years 2.5 million years 3.2 million years

4.4 million years

An older species of Ardipithecus, Ardipithecus kadabba, is how old? Question options: 6 million years 6-7 million years 4.2 million years 5.8 million years

5.8 million years

"Lucy" is assigned to this genus/species: Question options: A) Australopithecus afarensis B) Australopithecus robustus C) Australopithecus boisei D) Australopithecus africanus E) Homo habilis

A) Australopithecus afarensis

The first person to describe and classify an australopithecine fossil was A) Raymond Dart Question options: B) Mary Leakey C) Richard Leakey D) Louis Leakey E) Donald Johanson

A) Raymond Dart

The idea that modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and then replaced other species of humans throughout the world is known as: Question options: A) The Out of Africa Hypothesis B) The Multiregional Continuity Model C) The Neanderthal Conspiracy D) The Wenner-Gren Hypothesis E) The Regional African Continuity Model

A) The Out of Africa Hypothesis

ER-406

A. Boisei (paranthropus)

OH-5

A. Boisei (paranthropus)

Which of the following does the author of the article, and your instructor, think can reasonably be inferred from the skeleton of Ardipithecus? Question options: Reduced male-male agression pair-bonding hidden ovulation (crypsis) All of the above None of the above

All of the above

(From your text book) The fraudulent Piltdown specimens that delayed the Taung Child's recognition as a hominid were discovered in Question options: A) Ethiopia B) Olduvai Gorge C) England D) The La Brea Tar pits E) South Africa

C) England

Hominid footprints preserved in volcanic ash deposits of 3.5 - 3.75 million years old were found at this site: Question options: A) Hadar B) Sterkfontein C) Laetoli D) Lake Turkana E) Olduvai Gorge

C) Laetoli

Behaviorally modern humans-as evidenced by the archaeological record-appear: Question options: A) 10, 000 years ago B) 20-30,000 years ago C) 35,000 years ago D) 40-50,000 years ago E) About 100,000 years ago

D) 40-50,000 years ago

Which was the first hominid species to leave Africa? Question options: A) A. boisei B) A. africanus C) A. robustus D) H. erectus E) H. habilis

D) H. erectus

The robust australopithecines had a diet likely composed mostly of Question options: A) insects B) small mammals C) fruits D) seeds and other tough plant materials E) large mammals

D) seeds and other tough plant materials

In this image taken from our discussion of models of human origins what does the section labelled 2 refer to? Equal numbers of males and females in hominoid groups Monogamous pair-bonding between males and females Degree of individuality among males and females Small group size of most hominoid apes

Degree of individuality among males and females

A sagittal crest is Question options: A) only present in some nonhuman primates. B) a characteristic of some "robust" australopithecines. C) a raised ridge of bone running along the midline of the cranium for the attachment of muscles. D) not present in any hominid fossils. E) Both B and C are true

E) Both B and C are true

"Lucy" (AL-288) was found at Question options: A) Sterkfontein cave in South Africa B) Laetoli, in Tanzania C) Olduvai Gorge, in Tanzania D) Swartkrans cave in South Africa E) Hadar, in Ethiopia

E) Hadar, in Ethiopia

In which of these periods did the hominoid apes flourish and exhibit great diversity? Question options: A) Pliocene B) Paleocene C) Eocene D) Oligocene E) Miocene

E) Miocene

"All living humans derive from the species Homo erectus that left Africa nearly two million-years-ago" This statement reflects the position of: Question options: A) All anthropologists B) The Out of Africa Hypothesis C) The Creation Science Institute D) The Regional African Continuity Model E) The Multiregional Continuity Model

E) The Multiregional Continuity Model

Most of the East African hominid fossil sites are located in what major geological feature? Question options: A) Nile River Valley B) Mount Kenya C) East African Rift Valley D) Mediterranean Sea E) Sahara desert

East African Rift Valley

It's obvious from the skeleton of Ardipithecus that the common ancestor of humans and apes was very much like a chimpanzee. Question options: True False

False

This person was the first to discover a bone from Ardi's skeleton:_________ Question options: Raymon Dart Owen Lovejoy Tim White Gen Suwa

Gen Suwa

Recently discovered (2001) remains from the Tugen Hills in Kenya, dated to about 6 million years ago, have been placed in the genus and species________ Question options: Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Australopithecus afarensis. Paranthropus robustus. Ardipithecus ramidus. Orrorin tugenensis.

Orrorin tugenensis.

The oldest POSSIBLE hominid found to date has been given the genus name Question options: Australopithecus. Sahelanthropus. Zinjanthropus. Ardipithecus. Orrorin.

Sahelanthropus.

Evidence from the Nariokotome boy suggests that modern human growth patterns were already present in Homo erectus. Question options: True False

True

Some Neandertal skulls have cranial capacities that are larger than those of the average modern human. Question options: True False

True

Some archaic Homo sapiens specimens resemble Homo erectus in having: Question options: employed finely made blade technology. a well-defined chin. cranial capacity in excess of 1,400 cc. a long, low cranial shape with large supraorbital tori.

a long, low cranial shape with large supraorbital tori.

What feature(s) convinced Raymond Dart that the Taung child was not an ape? Question options: The position of the foramen magnum, which indicated an erect posture. The fact that the canine teeth were quite small. The shape and orientation of the forehead. all of these none of these

all of these

Until the discovery of Ardi, Lucy and her kind--Australopothecus afarensis--were considered to be halfway between an ape and a human. The new fossils of Ardipithecus:_______________ Question options: allow us to reject this hypothesis completely confirm this hypothesis. make clear that this hypothesis is at least possible. have no impact at all on this hypothesis

allow us to reject this hypothesis completely

The Y-5 molar pattern: Question options: a) Are molars that have the 4 cusps positioned in 2 parallel rows or lobes. b) Have 5 cusps with grooves running between them. c) Is characteristic of all primates. d) All are correct e) Both B & C.

b) Have 5 cusps with grooves running between them.

Hominids have been variably defined as having Question options: a) a large brain. b) tool making abilities. c) adaptations for bipedalism. d) all of these e) A and C only

d) all of these

The site known as Olduvai Gorge Question options: was discovered in 1992. is where Louis and Mary Leakey conducted their search for hominid fossils and found specimens like OH-5. has NOT produced any hominid fossils. has NOT produced any evidence of hominid tools.

is where Louis and Mary Leakey conducted their search for hominid fossils and found specimens like OH-5.

To everyone's surprise, the reconstructed skeleton of Ardi looks just like: _________? Question options: a chimpanzee a gorilla a midget none of these

none of these

Because of the fragile condition of the fossilized bones of Ardi they would crumble on touch, leading Tim White to call them:_____? Question options: garbage road kill interesting Lousy

road kill

Anatomical changes in hominids that are indicative of habitual bipedal locomotion include Question options: feet with opposable big toes for grasping. shortening and broadening of the pelvis. increased length of arms relative to legs. increased length of the spine. all of these

shortening and broadening of the pelvis.

The earliest hominid tools thus far discovered are made of Question options: bone stone iron ivory wood

stone

Sahelanthropus was discovered in Question options: South Africa. East Africa. the Rift Valley. Central Africa. none of these

the Rift Valley.

In addition to the post-cranial skeleton of Ardipithecus that reflects bipedalism which other trait does the author find to be of great importnace in undertsanding the origins of hominids? Question options: the reduced canine teeth the fairly large hands the post-orbital bar the forward facing eyes.

the reduced canine teeth

Some australopithecines are referred to as "robust" because: Question options: their cranial capacity had increased dramatically. they were much taller than their ancestors. they were probably much hairier than their ancestors. they possessed very large molar teeth and chewing muscles.

they possessed very large molar teeth and chewing muscles.

According to this article summary, the adoption of bipedalism by Ardipithecus: Question options: is utterly of no interest to human evolutionists was likely due to increased reproductive success. was much more energy efficient than quadrupedalism prevented Ardi from spending any time climbing in trees

was likely due to increased reproductive success.

The species Australopithecus africanus and it's associated "osteodontokeratic" (bone, teeth and horns) tools/culture complex Question options: was proposed by Raymond Dart. is a tool assemblage composed only of stone tools. refers to the proposed use of horn, bone and teeth as tools by modern Homo sapiens is proven to be a false interpretation because of the extraordinary Piltdown fossils.

was proposed by Raymond Dart.