Human Genetics Exam 4

Passenger mutation

A somatic mutation that arises during development of a tumor but does not contribute to tumor formation/does not cause cancer

Oncogenes

Activation causes cancer Cancer entails a gain-of-function Activation is usually associated with a point mutation, translocation, or inversion

What are the ways in which cancer can begin at a cellular level?

Activation of stem cells that produce cancer cells Dedifferentiation Faulty tissue repair

The enzyme ______ is used to attach DNA strands

DNA ligase

Environmental factors can contribute to cancer by mutating or altering the expression of genes that control which processes?

DNA repair Cell cycle Apoptosis

T/F: Chromosomes in cancer cells exist in normal numbers

False

T/F: Duplication of a chromosome in a cancer cell reduces the copies of an oncogene

False

T/F: Most cases of cancer are caused by normal chromosomes

False

T/F: Most cases of cancer arise from inheriting a cancer susceptibility allele from a parent

False

T/F: All tumors are cancerous.

False (A tumor is cancerous only if it infiltrates nearby tissue.)

T/F: Changes in chromosome number, deletions, and duplications can cause cancer, but point mutations cannot cause cancer.

False. These can call cause cancer

T/F: Cancer begins when a cell divides less frequently than it should.

False; cancer begins when it divides MORE often than it should

T/F: Most cancers are the result of a single genetic change

False; most are result of a series of genetic changes in several genes

T/F: Oncogenes cause cancer when they are inactivated.

False; oncogenes cause cancer when they are activated inappropriately.

Which of the following is the best method to produce human proteins?

In a body fluid of a transgenic animal

Tumor suppressor genes

Inactivation causes cancer Cancer entails a loss-of-function Often inactivated by a point mutation or deletion

Which term is used to describe the process of diminishing the expression of a specific gene?

Knock down

Which of the following tests can detect variants of multiple genes or gene expression patterns that affect drug metabolism?

Pharmacogenomic

Genes that normally stimulate cell division when it is appropriate are called ________

Proto-oncogenes

A DNA molecule that includes nucleotide sequences from two different organisms is called a _______ DNA molecule

Recombinant

______ adds genes from one type of organism to the genome of another.

Recombinant DNA technology

Identify the characteristics of cancer cells.

They do not adhere to surrounding normal cells. They have a different appearance than that of normal cells.

T/F: A mutation present in all stages of a tumor acts early in the disease process.

True

T/F: Chromosomes in cancer cells may bear translocations

True

T/F: Chromothripsis shatters several chromosomes and may kill the cell—or trigger cancer

True

T/F: Somatic cells may develop mutations in cancer-causing genes

True

T/F: The process of a tumor spreading is called metastasis.

True

T/F: Translocations that join parts of nonhomologous chromosomes can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes

True

T/F: Tumor suppressor genes can cause cancer when they are inactivated

True

True or false: Inheriting a susceptibility gene places a person farther along a particular road to cancer, but cancer can happen in somatic cells in anyone.

True

T/F: The older a tumor is, the more genetic changes it will have.

True (more time to accumulate mutations)

In preimplantation genetic diagnosis, what is the source of the DNA used for genetic testing?

a cell from an embryo

Which is an example of a germline gene therapy?

a transgenic plant or animal

A cancer cell's surface may sport different ______, or higher numbers of the same ones that are found on normal cells.

antigens

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

bacteria infect reproductive organs

In _______, mutations enable certain cells to divide more frequently than normal, forming a new growth that enlarges, eventually crowding healthy tissue.

cancer

Cancer can result from a failure of a ______ _______ _______

cell cycle checkpoint

Recombinant DNA technology is also known as gene

cloning

The most fundamental characteristic of cancer is the underlying disruption of the cell ______.

cycle

A tumor suppressor gene mutation that causes cancer is usually a _____

deletion

Passenger mutations ______.

do not provide a selective growth advantage

Gene therapy strategies vary in invasiveness. One approach involves removing cells from the body, altering them, and then infusing them into the bloodstream through a vein. This is called _____ ______ gene therapy

ex vivo

Activation of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene could occur due to a mutation or a change in the _______ of the wild-type gene

expression

A genetic change must be introduced into a ______ so that it is present in every cell of the transgenic animal.

fertilized ovum

Ectopic pregnancy

fertilized ovum implants on tissue other than endometrial lining of uterus.

In acute promyelocytic leukemia, a _____ functions as a transcription factor, which, when overexpressed, causes cancer.

fusion protein

Collected oocytes and sperm are deposited in the uterine tube in ______ ______ _______

gamete intrafallopian transfer

Which method for treating a genetic disease adds a wild type allele without removing the mutant disease-causing allele?

gene therapy

Cancer susceptibility is passed onto future generations when a(n) ____ mutation occurs

germline

An inherited cancer susceptibility allele is a(n) _____, meaning that it is present in every cell of the individual, including the gametes.

germline mutation

Sperm and oocytes are mixed in a laboratory dish, along with chemicals that encourage fertilization, in ___ ______ __________

in vitro fertilization

In ______, the vector must enter the appropriate cells and the human DNA be transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein.

in vivo gene therapy

Mutations that commonly lead to cancer can be due to ______.

inherited cancer susceptibility genes exposure to environmental factors such as toxins

First product produced through recombinant DNA technology

insulin

The first drug manufactured using recombinant DNA technology was ______.

insulin

Sperm are injected directly into an oocyte in ______ _____ _______

intracytoplasmic sperm injection

Donated sperm are placed into a woman's cervix or uterus in ________ _______

intrauterine insemination

The process of silencing the expression of a specific gene is known as ______.

knock out

A cancer screening test is typically done for individuals that ______.

may be at elevated risk but do not show cancer symptoms

Current treatments for cancer involve drugs targeted to prevent the effects of one or several well-studied ______ characteristic of the tumor cells.

mutations

For transgenic organisms to be patented, they must be _______

new, useful, and not obvious to an expert in the field

A cDNA molecule is considered not to be a product of nature because its exact sequence is ______.

not in the genome of an organism

A mutation that occurs in a cancer cell, but does not cause or propel the cancer's growth or spread, is called a(n) ______ mutation

passenger

A tomato plant manufactures a protein naturally found in bananas but not in tomato, thereby making the tomato more nutritious. This is an example of a _____ organism.

patentable transgenic

A _______ test detects a variant of a single gene that affects drug metabolism

pharmacogenetic

Small circular DNA molecules that are found in some bacteria, yeasts, and plant cells are called ______

plasmids

An increase in the proportion of a tissue that consists of stem or _____ cells causes cancer.

progenitor

Researchers attach the appropriate human antibody genes to ______ for milk proteins in transgenic animals.

promoters

Genes that normally trigger cell division are called ______

proto-oncogenes

Driver mutation

provides the selective growth advantage to a cell that defines the cancerous state

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences are called ______ enzymes

restriction

DNA is cut into fragments by _________

restriction enzymes

A ________ test for genes related to cancer susceptibility is done on groups of people who are at elevated risk for the cancer but do not have symptoms.

screening

A mutation that occurs in cells that do not develop into gametes is called a(n) ______ mutation

somatic

Nonheritable gene therapy is performed on _____ cells.

somatic

Sporadic cancer is due to _____ mutations

somatic

Cancer cells often have longer telomeres due to reactivation of the enzyme ______

telomerase

Endometriosis

tissue builds up in uterus and outside of uterus

An organism that contains DNA from other species is called a _________ organism

transgenic

A fusion protein can be produced due to the __________ of a proto-oncogene to a site next to another gene

translocation

In cancer, certain cells become able to divide more often, leading to an abnormal growth called a(n) _____

tumor

RB1 and p53 are examples of ________

tumor suppressors

A cloning ______ is a DNA molecule into which another piece of DNA can be inserted

vector

An IVF ovum is introduced into a woman's uterine tube in a procedure called _____ _______ _______

zygote intrafallopian transfer