human geography as unit 1 sense of place

insider and outsider perspectives?

'to be inside a place is to belong to it and identify with it, the more profoundly inside you are the stronger is the identity within the place' (Relph 1976)- main reason for nimbysim

what influences the feeling belonging or not belonging to a particular place?

- age, gender, sexuality, socio-economic status, religion and level of education and race and ethnicity as globalisation and migration have increased many places especially cities have become much more ethnically diverse

Geography of nowhere?

American author- James Kunstler- processes such as urban sprawl have led to community-less cities covering huge areas of countryside with identical shopping malls, car parks and roads. he argues that 'every place is like no place in particular'

meaning of a place

individual or collective perceptions of a place

well-being, what are the qualities you would look for in a good place to live or work?

individuals will have different views but the common ones are sociability, uses and activities, comfort and image, access and linkages

qualitative data

information that is non numerical and used in a relatively unstructured and open ended way. it is descriptive information, which often comes from interviews, focus groups or artistic depictions such as photographs. some types of qualitative data such as interviews can b coded and may then b subject to quantitative analysis

glocalisation and example

adaption of internal products around particularities of a local culture in which they are sold. the process allows integration of local markets into world markets. e.g. Mc Donalds franchise, 36.000 restaurants in over 100 countries, it adapts its brand and product to the local market place e.g. in hindu countries beef is removed from the menu

Localism?

an affection for or emotional ownership of a particular place. can be demonstrated by nimbysim

example of resisting globalisation?

anti costa campaign in Totnes Devon 2012

Medellin Columbia- past

associated with drugs and violence, most dangerous city in the world. unemployment, crime and poverty were wide spread which created social inequality. Drug Lord Pablo Escobar had enormous power in the city until he died in 1993.

how can religion be used to create a sense of identity to a place?

at a local level churches and mosques are places where people from the same religious identity come together to worship. larger sacred places such as Bethlehem and Mecca are also an example of this.

subjective

based on or influenced by personal feelings tastes or opinions

problems with maps

can include hidden bias and influence, eg google maps can filter places directing people towards businesses that have engineered their appearance on the first page of the google search

what has de-industrialization led to?

change in economic structure of places, unemployment, urban decline in cities with traditional manufacturing base

examples f things that have changed places over time

conflict- Damascus Syria terrorism- new York 9/11 industrial accidents- Chernobyl natural disaster- New Orleans climate change - Maldives

regionalism

consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a population that shares similarities

quantitative data

data that can be quantified and verified and amenable to statistical manipulation

perception of place

developed through what people have heard, seen or read about a place. e.g. Dartmoor national park is linked with ideas of nature and wilderness in different artistic and literary works like Arthur Conan Doyles The Hound of the Baskervilles (1902). but this hides human activities such as mining, farming and conflict.

re-imaging

disassociates a place from bad pre-existing images in relation to poor housing, social deprivation, high levels of crime, environmental pollution. it can then attract new investment, retailing, tourists and residents

endogenous factors

internal forces that occur entirely within a particular model , exerts influence on the way a business and economy as a whole may behave. they originate internaly. eg. height, relief, drainage, soil type, geology, availability of resources, also include demographic and economic characteristics of the area as well as aspects of the built environment and infrastrucutre

how has Devonport Plymouth changed over time? past problems

originally- naval dockyard on deep-water harbour Plymouth sand 18th century- one of the fastest growing towns in the country, great posterity. since ww2- 1952, Navy requisitioned Devonport town center as a storage enclave and enclosed it with a 3m high wall, community split in 2. military cutbacks meant naval jobs declined- social and economic problems in 1980s and 1990s.

how are migrants often viewed in the destination country?

out of place. in the UK the media and anti-migration groups has used negative terminology that means the presence of migrants has created resistance from some to protect our place and culture form people who don't 'belong' here.

example of re-branding

people make Glasgow 2013- chosen following a crowd sourcing social media campaign involving more than 1,500 people form 42 countries. the slogan and campaign emphasises that people are the heart and soul of Glasgow. there were some issues as not all the people 'inside' Glasgow backed the re-branding and it is thought that only when you are an insider can you understand it.

counter mapping

people produce their own maps informed by their own local knowledge and understanding of places. so the map can provide factual information and conveys a sense of place

problem of using photos as data

photo editing and photo shop can make a place appear to be different from reality. for example on a tourist website a picture of a place will show it to be quiet and idyllic when in reality it is surrounded by many tourists

media place

place you know from media, internet, film, radio or newspapers. the reality of a place can be very different to that shown n the media. e.g. rural areas are shown to be idyll but these show nostalgic views of the country side and it hides a lot of problems.

how does Tv and film represent place?

places are a vital backdrop to most dramas and people associate places with particular films or TV shows eg. Poldark and Cornwall, hits on the cornish tourist website Visit cornwall increased by 65% global sclae Lord of the rings and New zealand $33 million a year to tourism the representation can be positive and negative

a global sense of place, Doreen Massey's view?

places are not static and have multiple identities and do not have boundaries. to understand and see the character of a place we need to link it to places beyond

placelessness

places that lack a sense of place are sometimes referred to as placeless. placeless landscapes are those that have no special relationship to the places in which they are relocated- they could be anywhere

sustainable community?

places where people want to live and work now and in the future, they are active, inclusive, safe, well run, environmentally sensitive, well designed, well connected, thriving, good services, fair for everyone (Egan wheel of sustainability)

place making

the deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community's quality of life

gentrification

the improvement of housing in an area that was formerly poor and run down. mainly carried out by middle class residents or newcomers who purchase the properties at a lower price and make repairs and improvements which increases the housing value. poorer residents may find themselves displaced as they cant afford to live there anymore

biomapping

the mapping of emotions shown by people to certain places through the use of a device which records the wearers Galvanic Skin response (GSR). this is a simple indicator of emotional response in conjunction with geographical location

sense of place

the meaning attributed to a place as influenced by our interactions with it. we experience place by living and working there or by visiting a place.

what does the character of a place refer to?

the physical and human features that help to distinguish it from another place. the character may be linked to the natural environment but it is more often a combination of natural and cultural features in the landscape and generally includes the people who occupy the place. these characteristics are known as endogenous factors.

rebranding

the way or ways in which a place is re-developed and marketed so that it gains a new identity. it can then attract new investment, retailing, tourists and residents. it may involve both re-imaging and regeneration. used to discard negative perceptions of a place.

agents of change

these are the people who impact on a lace whether through living, working or trying to improve that place. eg. residents, community groups, corporate entities, central and local government and the media

advantages of using interviews as data

they can generate detailed insights about a persons sense of place or perception of a place. they can show direct reports of experiences, opinions or feelings. the can structured or unstrructured

why do people identify themselves more with their local place?

they have a greater knowledge of this area and people. e.g. cornwall this has lead to more regional development, Mebyon Kernow party has been leading the campaign for the creation of a national assembly for Cornwall. with its own distinct identity, language and heritage it has the same right to self rule as other parts in the UK e.g. Scotland

how does the government manipulate perception of place?

through national and local strategies 1. place making 2. re-branding 3. reimaging

what does it mean to belong to a place?

to be part of a community. seen as a key factor to make a place sustainable and successful. regeneration schemes now focus on the social and built environment . e.g. transition town movement places great emphasis on community involvement and has been successful in developing a clearer sense of belonging in places all over the world. sustainable community- bedded regeneration- stratford, kingston

purpose of garffiti

to give a voice to people who aren't normally heard in the mainstream. although many see it as a type vandalism it is increasingly becoming more accepted into mainstream culture. can be used as a type of street art in the regeneration of places

how could digital place and GIS sources be used in place studies

to illustrate changing demographic and cultural characteristics and economic change and social inequalities

fear of place?

topophobia Tuan 1980 landscapes of fear threatening places slums

problems in rural areas

unemployment, underemployment, lack of affordable housing, lack of public transport disadvantage lo income households in rural areas but not all cities are the same

what about politics and place?

very important in terms of political protest at a national level e.g.- 2011 Cairo Egypt Tahir square was the focus point of an Egyptian revolution against the former president Hosni Mubarak and became the symbol for ongoing democracy demonstrations 2011-Occupy movement outside St Pauls cathedral (problems with capitalism)

what factors should you consider when comparing

where it is built up (compass points) street pattern land use industrial development or deindustrialisation green belt roads agricultural type of industry change (primary, secondary, Tertiary)

how was Amsterdam re-branded?

1. ' I Amsterdam' slogan- short, powerful, memorable city's most photographed item (8,000/day) 2. has experienced an increase in tourism , one of the top 5 European cities based n its brand strength and cultural assets

how was Amsterdam's reputation as a major international cultural centre threatened in the late 20th century?

1. greater competition from other cities in and outside of the Netherlands 2. social and economic decline in some areas 3. city's reputation for being liberal towards soft drugs and prostitution which was seen as inappropriate for attracting new investors and enterprises 4. failed bid to host the Olympic games

two representations of Belfast?

1. has been re-branded as quarters emphasizing their unique history and culture. Titanic quarter is one of the largest brownfield sites in Europe, including the Titanic studios and over 100 companies. makes city open and welcoming to tourists 2. complex political history of Belfast,, high degree of religious segregation and image of 'bombs, bullets and balaclavas' which dominated newspapers in late 20th century. peace walls and political parades are an important part of the history of Belfast but some say it shows they are struggling to move beyond arguments which shaped its past

disadvantages of interviews

1. interviewer bias- using leading questions 2. people like to present themselves in a favorable light so may not be honest

3 scales of identity

1. localism- 2. regionalism 3. nationalism

factors which affect the character of a place

1. physical geography - relief drainage 2. demographic factors- population size and structure 3. location- urban, rural, proximity to other settlements 4. built environment- land use, building density 5. political factors- role and strength of local council 6. mobility of the population for work and leisure pursuits 7. cultural factors- religion, language 8. socio-economic factors- employment opportunities, amenities

what development projects have taken place in Devonport and how have they impacted the place?

2001-11- New deal for communities initiative, 10 years funding to improved deprived areas of the UK. addressed crime, community and housing, education, health and employment. community groups like the Pembrook Street Estate management board were heavily involved. result- physical environment of Devenport has changed, wall removed, interwar housing and flats demolished, historical landmarks incorporated into redevelopment. also options for private or share ownership of social housing to attract wide range of people. still pockets of deprivation but qualitative and quantitative data shows the initiative has improved the area with benefits to the local residents.

transition town movement?

2007- repose to threats of climate change and peak oil. it has tackled other issues associated with globalisation such as dilution of place identity and loss of community and economy. now over 1,200 transition initiatives worldwide. going groups, community owned bakery, community owned breweries, street projects, community owned energy,

example of where development projects have caused conflict

2012 Olympic games, redevelopment of East London people resisted change

example of changing communities on a large scale- present how it has chnaged

Bournville as place has been created mostly by the Cadbury family. They have done this on the basis of their beliefs and values. Although the company Cadbury has changed the place of Bournville has not. It is not only inhabited by the workers of Cadbury but the physical appearance and characteristics are the same. There is still the same sense of community and belonging which gives this place a sense of place and people who live in it a localism identity. It was awarded the 'nicest place in Britain' in 2003 by the Joseph Rowntree association. It was stated that the sense of community there is very evident as everyone talks to each other, people grow vegetables and flowers, and houses are attractive to look at surrounded by trees and bluebells. The city of Birmingham however has gown and changed beyond this garden town. Bounrnville still holds the values and ethos of the Cadbury family with large areas of open space, tight planning permission and little crime which makes the waiting list for its affordable homes very long.

example of changing communities on a large scale- past/before

Bournville village in Birmingham, built as a garden village in the late 19th century following the moving of the family, Cadbury, to a rural estate called Bournbrook Estate. They moved so that they could build new buildings for their expanding business for chocolate. The area around the outskirts of Birmingham provided good space for this and they built tree-lined streets and houses that had front and back gardens. This was to provide spacious and sanitary conditions for the workers. In 1879 the Cadbury brothers built sixteen cottages for key workers on Bournville Lane next to their new factory - this is now the site of the factory dining rooms. George Cadbury decided to house more of his workforce. In 1895 he set up a spacious building estate to lease well-built houses to working people. The Bourneville trust set up schools, hospitals, museums, public baths and reading rooms which benefited the workers. A 10th of the estate was parks and recreational ground which later helped the garden city movement.

how is poetry used to describe a sense of place

William Wordsworth linked to the lake district poets may refer to specific places in personal and responsive ways but also enable the reader to sense and imagine what it is like to be in that place

example of re-imaging

Liverpool 1980s and 1990s. de-industrialisation caused economic decline and riots occurred in 91981. large scale regeneration began ad the Tate Liverpool art gallery was one of a number of projects aimed at re-imaging the the city's industrial heritage through culture.

experienced place

a place you have been before and formed a perspective on

example of change in a place-small scale

Portland road Notting Hill, 1899- slum 2012- home to some of London's wealthiest residents. Deptford High street- went from being the Oxford street in South London to one of the poorest shopping streets in London

how is place attachment different to different people?

The significance that an individual or group attaches to a particular place may be influenced by feelings of belonging or alienation, a sense of being an outsider or insider. some places or regions hold more significance fr some groups of people than others e.g. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is most holy for Muslims but for non-Muslims it is considered a cultural and historical place. place attachment also develops through positive experiences.

place marketing example

Weston-Super-mare in Somerset, strategies include advertising campaigns, including social media marketing on FB and official website and newsletter logo creation and promoting of Love Weston Winter Wonderland, festive attraction incorporating annual Christmas lights switch on aim to increase perceptions as a destination point for Christmas shopping

example and impact of the agent of change- the decisions of multinational corportions

e.g. 2010 Mondelez international closed the Cadbury factory near Bristol and moved production to Poland. 2016 Tata Steel announced UK job cuts in response to difficult global market conditions impact- job losses for employees. factory converted into housing. Major job losses at Port Talbot, Hartlepool and Corby- all highly dependent on the steel industry

example and impact of the agent of change-v the impacts f international or global institutions (e.g. IMF, world bank, UN,WHO)

e.g. 2015 World Bank was running 15 development projects in Haiti. Millennium development goals impact- post earthquake reconstruction of both homes and communities. varied level of success around the world

example and impact of the agent of change -governemnt policies

e.g. regeneration schemes and financial incentives for industries such as subsidies, tax breaks and enterprise zones impact- these can attract businesses to place and stimulate a poisitive multiplier effect

mappamundi

early world map,(c.1300) depicted the world as a flat disk with the holy land and Jerusalem at the center. during the period of colonial expansion maps exaggerated size and resources.

exogenous factors

external and occur entirely outside a particular model (also influences business and economy). the relationship of one place with other places and the external factors which affect this. the demographic, socio-economic and cultural characteristics of a place are shaped by shifting flows of people, resources, money and investment.

4 different senses of place

eyes 1985 apathetic- some have little interest in their surroundings social- based on social relations with family and friends instrumental- a place provides goods work and home nostalgic- heritage he argued that women connect with a place more with a sense of community and boys with a physical setting. so sense of place maybe gender related

postionality

factors such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, religion,politics and socio-economic status which influence how we perceive a place.

localisation and example?

fighting against globalisation. focus on local goods and services, e.g. Totnes South Devon introduced a local currency to encourage people to shop locally and keep money in the local economy. this means less money will leak out of the local area and get lost in global financial systems. Bristol pound 2012 is another example

Mercator map what is it and problems

first used in 16th century as a navigational map for sailors, 1. it distorts the relative size of land masses e.g. Greenland looks the same size as Africa but in reality Africa is 14 times larger 2. it is based on the convention that the northern hemisphere is at the top of the world 3. this map is Eurocentric. not only does it exaggerate the size of Europe but it puts it in the middle of the map

trafalgar square London- changes

fourth plinth programme. intentionally to hold an equestrian statue of William IV but due to lack of funding it remained vacant. since 1999 it has become the centre piece for some of the worlds best contemporary public art to showcase London as the cultural and artistic capital of the world. the square has also been used for protest when people have rallied against the British state rather than supporting it. e.g. 2004 anti Iraq war

near and far places

geographically near places do not automatically foster identities of familiarity and belonging and in these days of globalized culture, travel and media far-off places are not automatically strange, uncomfortable and different.

how can textual sources influence peoples perception of a place

good- Bronte country (West Yorkshire and East Lancashire) bad- Liverpool, associated with unemployment, economic deprivation, gangs, drug problems by the British media.

benefits and disadvantages of using paintings as data

good- they can show a deeper understanding of place as they allow the painter to show more of the character of what is there bad- less reliable than photographs as there is more scope for individual interpretation and selection

has Belfast managed to change it international image?

it has attracted more than 6.5m tourists contributing £450m / year to the local economy. this shows it has manged to change it image and visitors are not put off by the events before but re attracted by the cities culture and vibrancy.

evidence of globalisation and its negative effects?

it makes place less important as the forces of global capitalism have eroded local culture and produced identical or homogenised places. e.g through presence of global chains such as Starbucks in high streets all over the world

regeneration

long term process involving redevelopment and the use of social, economic and environmental action to reverse urban decline and create sustainable communties

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nation which creates a sense of national consciousness. patriotism could be considered as an example of a sense of place. strengthened by national anthem or language or flag

difference between meaning and representation

meaning - individual or collective perceptions of place representation- how a place is portrayed or seen in society

media

means of communication including television, film, photography, art news papers, books, songs etc. these reach or influence people widely

objective

not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

corporate body

organisation or group of person that is identified by a particular name. e.g. institutions, businesses, non-profit organisations and government bodies.

Medellin Columbia- regeneration

population of 2.2m. plan to re-brand Medellin, city planners recognize the need to make city equally accessible to all citizens. now social classes can integrate in everyday economic and educational activities. the cities poorest who live in Shanty houses in Aburra Valley can now access the cities economic centre by outdoor escalators and gondolas. other innovations- bus system, Metroplus, bus lanes, tram system, emission free transport is being promoted helped by the EnCical initiative (free bike sharing programme). educational, social programmes and the public arts and social budget have be increased

what do corporate bodies do to manipulate perceptions of place?

promotional materials such as brochures, videos, websites, magazine advertisements, slogans, logos. e..g. airlines and train companies manipulate perceptions to get people to use their services to visit these places.

what type of data is statistics and an example

quantitative, subjective- people selectively choose the data they wish to use for their particular purpose. it tells very little about human experience of a place and what it is like to live there eg UK census

what is the role of community and local groups in managing and improving the perception of their place?

regeneration and re-branding strategies now involve local people as they have an insider experience and will be the people most affected by the schemes. residents associations and heritage associations play an important role as well as social media which engages local people in planning and place- making schemes.

infrastrucutre

relates to the services considered essential to enable or enhance living conditions. these primarily consist of transport communications (roads, railways, canals and / or airports), communications infrastructure(broadband and phone networks) and services such as water supply, sewers and electrical grids. they may also include infrastructure such as the local education system, healthcare provision, local government and law enforcement, as well as emergency services.

representation

representation is how a place is portrayed or seen in society

clone town and problems of them

settlements where the high street is dominated by chain stores places loose their identity, loss of diversity as small independent shops can't afford the rent so big franchises take over.

how can architecture be involved in the redevelopment and re-branding of places

some use the existing style and heritage of buildings in an area others involve more radical change as part of a re-branding process

trafalgar square London- history

statue of admiral lord nelson is at the top of the column that bears his name in a square commemorating nelsons naval victory over combined French and Spanish fleets in 1805. the city planners wanted to commemorate British leadership and victory so this place can be understood as a space of empire. it also sought to inspire pride and patriotism in the country.

Medellin Columbia- how far has it changed?

still problems, poverty rates have fallen but inequality between rich and poor has increased and cultural and geographic barriers continue to limit social integration. crime rates and gang violence remain high. but changes take time and there is big feeling of optimisms in city.

place memory

the ability of place to make the past come to life in the present. e.g. through material artifacts such as old photographs or place souvenirs, preservation of buildings, monuments, museums