Human Geography: Exam One Review

Transferability

- acceptable costs of a spatial exchange; the cost of moving a commodity relative to the ability of the commodity to bear that cost - acceptable costs of an exchange for spatial interaction- can involved money, time, or effort

Pull Factors

- characteristics of a locale that acts as an attractive force, drawing migrants from other regions - positive conditions which encourage migration-better climate, better economic opportunities

Demographic Transition

- model of the effect of economic development on population growth, originally expressed in terms of four stages but now including a final fifth stages - reflect the changes in births and deaths in four cyclical stages

Types of Diffusion

- relocation: represents movment of cultural traits brought on by migration - contagious: diffusion of cultural traits instantaneously, on contact - hierarchical: diffusion in graduated levels - expansion: diffusion caused by growth of people who exhibits cultural traits - cascade: diffusion which occurs only in bigger to smaller patters

Complementarity

- the actual or potential relationship of two places or regions that each produce different goods or services for which the other has an effective demand. resulting in an exchange between the locales - effective supply and demand-used to develop spatial interaction, means an area supplies a good that another area needs

Activity Space

- the area within which people move freely on their typical rounds of regular activity (not usually exceptions) - reflects one's daily movement, as well as permanent location- varies according to age, mobility, and knowledge of opportunities

Intervening Opportunity

- the concept that closer opportunities will materially reduce the attractiveness of interaction with more distant-even slightly better-alternatives; a closer alternative source of supply between a demand point and the original source of energy - may stop spatial interactions from occurring- something which develops to put an end to trade of goods, ideas, or movement of individuals

Distance Decay (1st Law)

- the declining intensity of any spatial interaction with increasing distance from its point of origin - reflects that short distance diffusion or contact is preferred over long distance diffusion or contact- reflects distance bias

Syncretism

- the development of a new form of culture trait by the fusion of two or more distinct parental trait - the fusion or blend of old and new cultural traits

Spatial Interaction

- the movement (e.g.. of people, goods, information) between different places; an indication of interdependence between different geographic locations or areas - interaction of commodities, people, or ideas based on complementarity, transferability, and intervening opportunity

Cultural Landscape

- the natural landscape - man's imprint on the environment

Possibilism

- the philosophical viewpoint that the physical environment offers human beings a set of opportunities from which (within limits) people may choose according to their cultural needs and technological awareness This emphasis is on a freedom of choice and action not allowed under environmental determinism while still recognizing the influence of the environment on culture - belief that man is responsible for shaping cultural traits, based on family

Chain Migration

- the process by which migration movements from a common home area to a specific destination are sustained by links of friendship or kinship between first movers and later followers - occurs when people migrate to the same location as family members or members of their same ethnic group

Crude Birth Rate

- the ratio of the number of live births during one year to the total population, usually at the midpoint of the same year, expressed as the number of births per year per 1,000 population - represents live births per 1000, 20+ high, 10-20 transitional, -10 low

Push Factors

- unfavorable characteristic of a locale that contributes to the dissatisfaction of its residents and impel their emigration - are negative home conditions which encourage migration-loss of job, climate, danger

Scale (verbal, linear, ration)

1. in cartography, the ratio between the size of area on a map and the actual size of the same area on the Earth's Surface 2. in more general terms, scale refers to the size of the area studied or over which some phenomenon exits, form local to global

Culture

1. society's collective beliefs, symbols, values, forms of behavior, and social organizations, together with its tools, structures, and artifacts crated according to the group's conditions of life; transmitted as a heritage to succeeding generations and undergoing adoptions 2. a collective term for a group displaying uniform cultural characteristics - our total way of life, a learned behavior through imitation, example, or instruction- involves traits which are seen and not seen, tangible and intangible traits

Thomas Malthus

18th century English Economist who was concerned that population growth was greater than food supply

Forced Migration

Immigrants who leave their homeland without choice

Population Pyramid

a bar graph in pyramid form showing the age and sex composition of a population, usually a national one

Culture Realm

a collective of cultural regions sharing related culture systems; a major world area having sufficient distinctiveness to be perceived as set apart from other realms in terms of cultural characteristics and complexes

J-Curve

a curve shaped like the letter J, depicting exponential or geometric population growth (e.g. 1, 2, 4, 8, 16)

Population Geography

a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population

Overpopulation

a judgement that the resources of an area are insufficient to sustain adequately its present population number

Realm

a kingdom

Demographic Equation

a mathematical expression that summarizes the contribution of different demographic processes to the population change of a given area during a specific time period P2=P1+D1-2+IM1-2-0M1-2, where P2 is population at time 2' P1 is population at beginning date; B1-2 is the number of births between times 1 and 2' D1-2 is the number of deaths during that period; IM1-2 is the number of in-migrants and OM 1-2 the number of out-migrants between times 1 and 2

Population Density

a measurement of the numbers of persons per unit area of land within predetermined limits, usually political or census boundaries

Culture Hearth

a nuclear area within which an advanced and distinctive set of culture traits, ideas and technologies develops and from which there is diffusion of those characteristics and the cultural landscape features they imply

Hierarchical diffusion

a pattern of diffusion in which cultural innovations spread by "jumping" between places of more importance (such as larger cities) before they spread to places of less importance (such as larger cities) before they spread to places of less importance reverse hierarchical diffusion form less importance to more important places occurs less often

Contagious Diffusion

a pattern of diffusion in which cultural innovations spread to closer places before they spread to further places (it reflects distance decay). Contagious expansion diffusion typically results from direct contact between actual and potential adopters of the innovation, in a manner analogous to the spread of contagious diseases.

Cohort

a population group unified by a specific common characteristics, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit for data analysis a population group represented by a common characteristic such as gender or age

Population Projection

a prediction of a population's future size, age, and sex composition based on the application of stated assumptions to current data

Assimilation

a process by which minorities population reduces or loses completely its identifying cultural characteristics and blends into the host society. One component is spatial assimilation

Globalization

a reference to the increasing interconnection of all parts of the world as the full range of social, cultural , political, and economic processes becomes international in scale and effect. One result of space-time compression

Thematic Map

a specific-purpose map that shoes the distribution of one or a few themes or variables, such as unemployment rates by county

Map Projection

a systematic method of transferring the globe grid system from the Earth's curved surface to the flat surface of a map. Projection automatically incurs error, but an attempt is usually made to preserve one or more (though never all) of the characteristics of the spherical surface: equal area, correct distance, true direction, proper shape the concept of taking a spherical object such as the earth, and locating it on a flat piece of paper. Every map projection has some degree of distortion

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

a term suggesting a population in equilibrium, fully stable in numbers with births (plus immigration) equaling deaths (plus emigration) a country which has no change in birth and death rates, or in and out migration yearly. A population pyramid for a ZPG country would have evenly distributed cohorts

Culture Region

a thematic or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail. It may be based on single culture traits, on culture complexes or on political, social, or economic integration

Relative Distance

a transformation of absolute distance into such relative measures as tie or monetary costs. Such measures yield different explanation s of human spatial behavior than do linear distance alone. Distances between places are constant by absolute terms, but relative distances may vary with improvements in transportation or communication technology or with different perceptions of space

Equator

an imaginary east-west line (parallel of latitude) that encircles the global halfway between the North and South Pole

Prime Meridian

an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwitch, England (now a suburb of London), serving by international agreement as the 0 degree by international

Territoriality

an individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory

Personal Space

an invisible, usually irregular area around a person into which he or she dos not willingly admit others. The sense (the extent) of personal space is a situational and cultural variable

Longitude

angular distance of a location east or west of a designed prime meridian, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Grid lines marking longitude are called meridians. Distances are measured from 0' at the prime meridian to 180' both east and west, with 180' E and W being the same line. For much of its extent, the 180' meridian also serves as the international Date Line measures distance east and west of the Prime Meridian, intersects at the poles, are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds

Latitude

angular distance of a location north or south of the equator, measured in degrees minutes, ands seconds. Grid lines marking latitude are called parallels. The equator is 0'; North Pole is 90'N; the South Pole is 90'S Measures distances north and south of the equator - Key latitude lines are: the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the North and South Poles

Region

any Earth area with distinctive and unifying physical or cultural characteristics that set it off and make it substantially different from surrounding areas. Their boundaries are devices of areal generalization, intellectual concepts rather than just visible landscape entities

Remote Sensing

any of several techniques of obtaining images of an area or object without having the sensor in direct physical contact with it, as by aerial photography or satellite sensors

Perceptual Regions

areas combined together as perceived by their inhabitants, such as Dixie, or the Midwest

Functional or Nodal Regions

areas combined together based on interaction or function, such as school, districts, zip codes, area codes

Underpopulation

areas on the earth which lack necessary population to fully use resources

Absolute Location

based on cardinal points, given in specific mathematic measurement, such as latitude or longitude

Environmental Determination

belief that the environment is responsible for shaping cultural traits

Mental Map

by analogy to a cartographic map, the set of mental representations people hold in their mind that expresses their beliefs and Knowledge about the layout of the environment at different scales, whether neighborhoods, cities, regions, countries, or the entire world. The representation are subjective and influenced by personal feeling, and may be quite incomplete and distorted+ as compared to the actual layout.

Sociofacts

components of the Sociological subsystem of culture

Artifacts

components of the Technological subsystem of culture

Mentifacts

components of the ideological subsystem of culture

Crude vs. Physiological Population Density

crude density represents an absolute relationship of people per sq. mile, or defined unit of measure physiological Population Density represents people per arable or livable miles

Acculturation

cultural modification or change that results when one culture group or individual adopts traits of a dominant or host society; cultural development or change through "borrowing"

Cultural Change vs. Culture Lag

culture change occurs through innovation (10%) and diffusion (90%). culture lag reflects the concept of refusing to adopt to new cultural ideas

Cultural Complex

culture traits which are related by function or interaction

Stimulus Diffusion

diffusion of a concept or idea only-such as going green, or the occupy wallstreet movement

Absolute Direction

direction with respect to global location references, such as cardinal directions or macroscopic features

Relative Direction

direction with respect to personal or cultural ideas rather than objective systems such as cardinal directions or landmarks

Critical Distance

distance at which the willingness to travel is diminished -can stop spatial interaction- can be caused by weather disturbance, traffic, life issues

Regions of Geography

even those every place is unique, similar characteristics allow locations to be placed into regions

Themes of Geography

every place has location, distance, and direction- in an absolute and relative manner. Every place has unique and distant characteristics. Every place can be connected to similar areas by region. Scale is important

Multilinear Evolution

explains how distant areas, our cultural hearths, displayed similar characteristics without having contact. Characteristics developed in response to needs of societies

Eugenic Population Policy

favors one ethnic group, racial group, or gender

Refugees

forced or reluctant migrant, usually at the international scale, fleeting difficult or dangerous environmental, military, economic, or political conditions

World Population Distribution

found in mid latitude areas, mid altitude areas, near water (within 300 miles) and fertile soil

Mobility

general term for all types of human movement through space and time, including temporary travel and migration

Perceptual Region

geographic region created informally to reflect the subjective beliefs and feelings of individuals or cultural groups ( in the latter case, they are also known as vernacular regions)

Functional Region

geographic region emerging from patterns of interaction over space and time that connect places

Population Pyramind

graphic representation of population information- a pyramid wit a wide base and narrow top, indicates high growth

Stage Two of The Demographic Transition

high-growth-reflects high birth rates and declining death rates

Cultural Divergence

how cultures become more differnet

Cultural Convergence

how cultures become more similar

Place Utility

identify a new location, or destination, based on how well it serves your needs

Subsystems of Culture

ideological, sociological, and technical cultural traits can fit into one of these three subsystems

Geographic Information System (GIS)

integrated compute software and hardware for storing, processing, analyzing, and displaying data specifically referenced in locations on the surface of the Earth

Lithosphere

landmasses on the planet- including those found on the ocean floors

Stage Four of the Demographic Transition

low growth, reflects low birth rates and low death rates

Stage One Of The Demographic Transition

low growth-reflects high birth rates and declining death rates

Stage Three of the Demographic Transition

moderate growth- reflects declining birth rates, and low death rates

Scale

must be present on all maps, large scale used for small areas, small scale used for large areas, must be represented verbally, with a line, or a fraction or ratio

Formal Regions

non-overlapping formal areas, such as states, cities, countries

Mercator Projection

oldest and inaccurate map projection

Human Geography

one of the two major divisions ( the other is physical geography) or systematic geography; the spatial analysis of human population, their cultures, their activities and behaviors, and their interrelationships wiht the physicals landscapes they occupy

Ecumene

part of the earth which as permanent population or habitation

Non Ecumene

part of the earth which is not permanently inhabited, or sparsely inhabited

Demographic Measures

rates such as Crude Birth Rates, Death Rates, Fertility Rates, Dependency Rates, Doubling time

Food Security

refers to the situation wherein every person has access to safe and nutritious food of sufficient quantity for an active and healthy lifestyle

Directional Bias

reflects movement choice preference, mostly on an east to west orientation

Single Child Policy of China

representative of a restrictive population policy due to a high physiological population density

Relative Distace

represents how far one travel between two separate locations based on time, difficulty, rather than actual miles

Map Scale

represents the actual size of feature or location on earth, in comparison to what is seen on paper

Cultural Traits

single building blocks of culture

Demographics

study of the population

Biosphere

the air, land, and water we come in contact with

Spatial Distribution

the arrangement of things on the Earth's surface; the descriptive elements of spatial distribution are density, dispersion, and pattern

Cartography

the art and science of maps and mapping

Cultural Ecology

the interaction between man and the environment

Carrying Capacity

the maximum population numbers that are area can support on a continuing basis without experiencing unacceptable deterioration; for humans, the numbers supportable by an area's know and used resources- including agricultural and energy resources

Robinson Map Projection

the most accurate map projection used today

Spatial Diffusion

the movement of a commodity idea, or person from one place to another

Physiological Density

the number of persons per unit area of arable (cultivable) land

Agricultural Density

the number of rural residents per unit of agriculturally productive land; a variant of physiological density that excludes urban population

Migration

the permanent (or relatively permanent) relocation of an individual or group to a new place of residence

Absolute Distance

the physical separation between two places measured on a standard unit of length (e.g.., miles or kilometer)

Natural Landscape

the physicals environment unaffected by human activities. The duration and near totality of human occupation of the Earth's surface assures that little or no "natural landscape" strictly defined remains intact. Opposed to cultural landscape

Absolute Location

the position of a feature or place expressed in spatial coordinates of a grid system designed for locational purposes. In geography, the most common graticule of parallels of latitude north or south of the equator and of meridians of longitude east or west of a prime meridian. These are cities in degrees, which are often subdivided for greater precision into minutes and seconds, or tenths and hundreds of degrees, of latitude and longitude north or south and east and west of hte equatorial and prime meridian base line

Relative Location

the position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities (see situation). This implies spatial relationships and usually suggests the relative advantages or disadvantages of a location with respect or disadvantages of a location with respect to all competing location

Density

the quantity of some feature (people, building, animals, traffic, etc.) per unit area of size

Crude Death Rate

the ratio of the number of deaths during one year to the total population, usually at the midpoint of the same years, expressed as the number of deaths per year per 1,000 population

Sex Ratio

the ratio of the number of one sex to that of the other in population; typically the number of males relative to the number of females

Accessibility

the relative ease with which a destination may be reached from other locations; the relative opportunity for spatial interaction. May be measured in spatial, social, or economic terms.

Counter Migration

the return of migrants to the regions from which they earlier emigrated

Demography

the scientific study of population, with particular emphasis upon quantitative aspects of birth and death rates

Expansion Diffusion

the spread of ideas, behaviors, or other culture traits from one place to another through direct or indirect contact and exchange of information; the diffusion increases the number of people or cultural groups practicing the trait while leaving the trait intact or intensified in its area of origin

Doubling Time

the time period required for a population to double in size

Relocation Diffusion

the transport of ideas, behaviors, or articles from one place to another through the migration of those possessing the feature transported

Environmental Determinism

the view that the physicals environment particularly climate, controls human action, molds humans behavior, and conditions cultural development

Hydrosphere

the water on the planet

Hierarchical Diffusion

transferring of ideas, commodies, or people in a hierarchy, or graduated levels, can go larger to smaller or smaller to larger

Expansive Population Policy

wants to encourage births

Restrictive Population Policy

wants to limit births- example- China

Forced Migration

when people are compelled by someone or some event to relocate their residence