Human Growth and Development: CHAPTER 8 - INTELLIGENCE

A research review concluded that there may be more than ______ genes that affect intelligence.

1,000

People with an IQ of ______ have a mental age that is identical to their chronological age.

100

By what age should an infant be able to inhibit behavior when commanded by an examiner, as demonstrated in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

12 months of age

About ______ million Americans fit under the definition of intellectual disability.

5

Which of the following statements is true regarding the identification of giftedness?

A person could be considered gifted if he or she has intellectual superiority and academic aptitude.

Which of the following is the best example of stereotype threat?

African American students do as well as White students on standardized tests as long as they think that the test does not count.

Which of the following demographic groups were at a disadvantage due to the cultural bias in early intelligence tests?

African Americans Rural citizens Those of low socioeconomic status Nonstandard English speakers

Who is credited with the development of the first intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

What does the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence evaluate?

An infant's ability to process information

Of the following IQ scores, which is associated with a diagnosis of intellectual disability on a traditional intelligence test?

Below 70

______ is a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say practically whatever comes to mind.

Brainstorming

Which of the following statements about stability and change in intelligence during childhood is accurate?

Children have the capacity for intellectual change.

______ thinking produces one correct answer and characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

Convergent

Which of of the following types of intelligence DO NOT conform to the patterns favored in conventional schooling

Creative intelligence Practical intelligence

______ is the ability to think in novel and unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems.

Creativity

A test that has questions familiar to children from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds is an example of what type of test?

Culture-fair

Which factors did Robert J. Sternberg consider to be part of the definition of intelligence?

Developing strategies to improve shortcomings Ability to adapt, shape, and select environments Weighing options carefully

In addition to an IQ below 70, which of the following factors are necessary for a diagnosis of intellectual disability?

Difficulty adapting to everyday life

______ thinking produces many different answers to the same question and characterizes creativity.

Divergent thinking

Which of the following is an appropriate strategy for increasing creativity in children's thinking?

Do not overcontrol students.

An organic intellectual disability occurring with the presence of an extra chromosome is called

Down syndrome

People in ______ cultures tend to see intelligence as a way for members of a community to engage successfully in social roles.

Eastern

Which of the following would be LEAST likely of a creative thinker?

Externally motivated by positive feedback from others

True or false: According to Gardner, each person has only one of his eight types of intelligence.

False

True or false: Researchers have found that there is a significant difference in the average correlations between the IQs for identical and fraternal twins.

False

True or false: Sternberg's and Gardner's approaches have stimulated teachers to think more narrowly about children's competencies.

False

True or false: What is found about intellectual decline is the same whether data are collected cross-sectionally or longitudinally.

False

The most prominent finding from brain-imaging studies is that a distributed neural network involving which two of the following are related to higher intelligence?

Frontal Parietal

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria identified by Ellen Winner (1996) to characterize gifted children?

Gifted children are more introverted than other children.

Which of the following is a characteristic of gifted children?

Gifted children need minimal help from adults to learn in some areas.

Which of the following are strategies for increasing children's creative thinking?

Guiding children to delay gratification Building self-efficacy through encouragement Encouraging intellectual risk Brainstorming

Individuals who are identified as gifted tend to show which of the following characteristics?

High ability in a specific area High ability prior to formal education Deliberate practice and years of training High ability at a young age

Classification of intellectual disability as mild, moderate, severe, or profound is based on:

IQ score

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of intelligence discussed in Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

Imaginative intelligence

In the Seattle Longitudinal Study, which four intellectual abilities peaked among men and women in middle age?

Inductive reasoning Verbal ability Spatial orientation Verbal memory

Which of the following are the five steps of the creative process?

Insight Evaluation Preparation Incubation Elaboration

Which of the following are true of how intelligence is evaluated?

It must be evaluated independently. It is generally measured by an intelligence test.

_______ age is Binet's measure of an individual's level of intellectual development compared with that of others.

Mental

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding creativity and intelligence?

Most intelligent people are considered to be very creative.

Why are most tests not considered culture-fair?

Most tests tend to reflect what the dominant culture deems important.

Which of the following statements reflects the benefits of multiple intelligence views?

Multiple intelligence views have contributed to innovative classroom learning programs.

Which of the following factors is LEAST responsible for the decline in creativity in U.S. children?

Participation in organized sports

Which of the following is NOT a finding of the Seattle Longitudinal Study?

Perceptual speed increased in middle adulthood.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five scales in the Bayley-III?

Personal-social

With regard to wisdom, the research of Baltes and colleagues shows which of the following?

Personality-related factors such as openness contribute to wisdom. High levels of wisdom are rare. Factors other than age are critical for wisdom to develop at high levels.

Identify the classifications of support required for a person with an intellectual disability to function at the highest level.

Pervasive Extensive Intermittent Limited

Which of the following are characteristics of creative thinkers?

Playful Inwardly motivated Flexible

Cognitive pragmatics includes which of the following?

Reading and writing skills Professional skills Language comprehension

On the wisdom scale, which of the following evaluated the capacity and willingness to examine circumstances and issues from different perspectives?

Reflective scale

Which of the following is NOT a step in the creative process? Insight Rumination Incubation Preparation

Rumination

Which of the following was an extensive study of intellectual abilities during adulthood?

Seattle Longitudinal Study

Of the following, which is one of the most widely used individual tests of intelligence used today?

Stanford-Binet 5

Emotional intelligence is defined by which of the following abilities?

The ability to use feelings to facilitate thought The ability to accurately understand emotion The ability to perceive and express emotion

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Wechsler Intelligence Scales?

The scales begin before children reach the school-age range.

Which of the following is associated with Howard Gardner?

Theory of multiple intelligences

According to research, which is the most common outcome for gifted children as they age into adulthood?

They become experts in a well-established domain.

How were many of the early intelligence tests culturally biased?

They favored urban, middle-class, non-Latino Whites.

True or false: As they age, children's intelligence changes, but it remains connected to earlier points in their development.

True

True or false: Researchers have not been able to identify the specific genes that contribute to intelligence.

True

People in ______ cultures tend to view intelligence in terms of reasoning and thinking skills, whereas in other cultures intelligence is regarded as a way for members of a community to successfully engage in social roles

Western

Which term refers to expert knowledge about practical aspects of life?

Wisdom

Which of the following are some of the composite scores that make up the Weschler Intelligence Scales?

Working Memory Fluid Reasoning Processing Speed Visual Spatial

People with an IQ of 115 have a:

a higher mental age than their chronological age

Signs of domain-specific giftedness usually emerge during the ______ years.

childhood

Which of the following would be most likely to complicate the findings of a cross-sectional study like Horn's?

cohort effects

Young children whose parents ______ have been shown to score higher on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence test.

communicated with them more

When a person thinks in novel and unusual ways and comes up with unique solutions to problems, they are engaging in ______ thinking.

creative

An accumulation of information and verbal skills that increases throughout life is called ______ intelligence.

crystallized

According to Schaie's research, the cross-sectional approach shows a ______ in inductive reasoning with age; while the longitudinal approach shows a ______ of inductive reasoning in middle adulthood.

decline; slight rise

Since 1990, creativity scores among U.S. children and adults have:

declined

Variations in intelligence across countries are linked to which of the following factors?

educational attainment health socioeconomic status income

True or false: Albert Einstein's total brain size was larger than average

false

Research supports the conclusion that gifted people tend to have ______ emotional problems than others.

fewer

The ability to reason abstractly that begins to decline in middle adulthood is called ______ intelligence.

fluid

Students who have above-average intelligence and/or a superior talent for something are called ______ students.

gifted

Highly gifted individuals are typically:

gifted in specific domains

According to Howard Gardner, people:

have multiple intelligences, and IQ tests only measure a few of them.

According to Baltes, which of the following factors is LEAST important to the development of wisdom?

high intelligence

The more parents communicate with their children, the ______ the children's IQ scores are.

higher

Which of the following are possible causes of the rapidly increasing IQ test scores around the world?

increasing levels of education attained by the world's population the greater amount of information to which people are exposed

For a child who shows high verbal abilities, Gardner might suggest an occupation such as:

journalism

Binet felt intelligence consists of complex cognitive processes including which of the following?

judgment, memory, imagery, comprehension

Studies support the idea that gifted children tend to be more ______ than other children.

mature

Cognitive ______ is the "hardware" of the mind.

mechanics

Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test because school officials wanted to determine a ______ who would not benefit from typical school instruction.

method of identifying children

A normal distribution is a bell-shaped curve with a majority of the cases falling within the ______ of the range.

middle

A(n) _________ distribution is a symmetrical curve with a majority of the cases falling in the middle.

normal or Gaussian

Children with Down syndrome are categorized as having a(n) ______ intellectual disability.

organic

Students high in ______ intelligence may not do well in school, but their excellent social skills and good common sense often lead them to career success outside of school.

practical

Intelligence tests that evaluate an infant's ability to encode the attributes of objects, detect similarities and differences between objects, form mental representations, and retrieve mental representations are actually assessing an infant's ability to:

process information.

Which of the following areas are included on the Stanford-Binet 5?

quantitative reasoning visual-spatial reasoning working memory knowledge fluid reasoning

As compared to cross-sectional findings about cognition in middle age, longitudinal studies find

reasoning abilities rise in middle age.

All of the following are similar categories of intelligence EXCEPT:

spatial intelligence.

Identify the six mental abilities assessed in the Seattle Longitudinal Study.

spatial orientation verbal memory verbal comprehension perceptual speed numeric ability inductive reasoning

One potential influence on intelligence test performance is anxiety over whether one's behavior might confirm a negative assumption about one's group. This is referred to as:

stereotype threat

One potential influence on intelligence test performance is anxiety over whether one's behavior might confirm a negative assumption about one's group. This is referred to as:

stereotype threat.

Findings from the Seattle Longitudinal Study of cognitive abilities across the life span indicated that:

there were more peaks than declines in cognitive abilities in middle age.

Robert Sternberg's ______ theory of intelligence claims that intelligence consists of analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.

triarchic

As defined by Baltes and his colleagues, ______ is exceptional insight about human development and life matters and is considered expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life.

wisdom

The ______ scale in a study of college students and older adults consisted of cognitive, reflective, and affective dimensions.

wisdom