Human Growth and Development Test 1

When does a woman begin to "show" that she is pregnant?

d 12-24 WEEKS

Which of the following theorists would most likely have believed that all human beings are naturally inclined to selfishness?

AUGUSTINE

Which period of prenatal development occurs during weeks 3-8 of pregnancy?

EMBRYONIC

Which of the following theorists emphasized change more than stability?

ERIKSON

An ethologist would be more likely than a sociobiologist to claim that

EVOLUTION HAS PRODUCED GENES

Generally speaking, people who are able to work well with others have an advantage over those who are combative and hostile. How would a sociobiologist explain this phenomenon?

EVOLUTION HAS PROVIDED US WITH TRAITS THAT HELP US COOPERATE

Exposure to a teratogen may not impact a fetus if

EXPOSURE DOES NOT OCCUR DURING A CRITICAL PERIOD

What do classical conditioning theory, operant conditioning theory, and social-learning theory all have in common?

THEY ALL EMPHASIZE NURTURE OVER NATURE

Susan has red hair. Which statement must be true about Susan's parents?

THEY BOTH HAVE A RECESSIVE GENE FOR RED HAIR

When a human development researcher generates a theory, he or she is attempting to achieve which goal?

TO EXPLAIN

Which is a chromosomal anomaly?

TURNER SYNDROME

In Pavlov's experiments with animals, the food was the

UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

What is a teratogen?

AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR THAT CAN PRODUCE FETAL ABNORMALITIES

Clyde cannot stand anything out of order. His clothes and his apartment are always neat and clean, and he is never late for an appointment. According to Freud, Clyde is most likely fixated at the

ANAL STAGE

Low birth weight infants often

ARE BORN WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

Researchers have shown that by the 32nd or 33rd week, fetal heart rates drop when fetuses hear their mothers recite a familiar rhyme but not during an unfamiliar rhyme. This suggests that fetuses

ARE CAPABLE OF LEARNING

Who believed that maturationally determined development occurred even without being formally taught?

ARNOLD GESELL

Which of the following is the best example of the Piagetian concept of accommodation?

ASHER REFUSING TO EAT BROKEN COOKIES UNTIL HIS MOTHER PUTS THEM TOGETHER

Three-year-old Madison is given a golf ball for the first time. Because she has played with many other types of balls, she throws the golf ball and expects it to bounce and roll as other balls do. Which Piagetian concept is Madison employing?

ASSIMILATION

Which is an example of an off-time event?

AT AGE 30, TIMOTHY LOST HIS WIFE TO CANCER

A human development researcher writes

"Adolescent drivers are involved in more accidents than young and middle-aged adults." Which goal is the researcher achieving? :TO DESCRIBE

Parents with high IQs are likely to provide their children with plenty of books and take them on many interesting excursions. This suggests that

A CHILD'S GENES MAY PREDICT SOMETHING ABOUT HER ENVIRONMENT

What is an ethnography?

A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A SINGLE CONTEXT BASED ON EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION

Serena's obstetrician suspects that her fetus may be suffering from a bacterial infection. Which procedure will the doctor most likely recommend to confirm this diagnosis?

A FETAL BLOOD TEST

Augustine of Hippo would have agreed with Jean-Jacques Rousseau that

ALL HUMANS HAVE AN INBORN TENDENCY TO ACT A CERTAIN WAY

What is the main advantage of the naturalistic observation technique?

ALLOWS REAL WORLD VALIDITY OF THEORIES

Which of the following is an example of a protective factor?

AN AGREEABLE TEMPERAMENT

Elbert is 30 months old and has recently discovered the power of the word "no." Even when his father offers him one of his favorite snacks, Elbert will often respond with "no." According to Erikson, which is the crisis of the stage Elbert is in?

AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT

Bandura would argue that self-efficacy is unlikely to be improved by

AVOIDING A TASK

Which is one way Bandura's social-learning theory differs from Skinner's operant-conditioning theory?

BANDURA'S THEORY EXPLAINS MORE ABOUT DEVELOPMENT THAN SKINNER'S THEORY

When she was pregnant, Martina was especially careful to eat plenty of ________ in order to lower the risk of spina bifida in her baby.

BEANS AND SPINACH

The infancy period of development ends when a child

BEGINS TO COMMUNICATE WITH LANGUAGE

Which of the following theorizes that inborn factors strongly influence the way people conduct themselves?

BEHAVIOR GENETICS THEORY

Which of the following is most likely a result of multifactorial inheritance?

BEING SHORTER

Terri has very curly hair, but her daughter Bethany's hair is not nearly as curly. Which is the best explanation?

BOTH DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENES DIFFER IN EXPRESSIVITY

Which event typically occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy?

BREASTS SECRETE COLOSTRUM

An advantage of cross-cultural research is that it

CAN PROVIDE INFO ABOUT THE UNIVERSALITY OF AGE RELATED CHANGES

Maternal emotions such as anxiety or depression may lead to birth defects by

CHANGING THE MOM'S HORMONES AND CHEMISTRY

Sherri notices that the fish in her aquarium often swim to the water's surface when she approaches the tank. Their behavior has probably formed through

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Mr. Radel is an elementary school teacher. In his classroom, children can experiment to some degree on their own. However, he also recognizes that not all the children are on the same intellectual and developmental level. To which theory does Mr. Radel most likely subscribed?

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

Five-year-old Clarissa had a difficult time putting together a 50-piece jigsaw puzzle, but by the time she was ten she could perform this task with ease. This indicates a change in which domain of Clarissa's development?

COGNITIVE DOMAIN

Proponents of Vygotsky's cognitive development theory would most likely support which of the following school-related activities?

COLLABORATIVE LEARNING PROJECTS

Differences in families, cultures, and even genders impact human development, suggesting that development is

CONTEXTUAL

Which is a major limitation of correlational research?

CORRELATION DOESN'T EQUAL CAUSATION

An advantage of developmental scientists who adopt an eclectic approach is that they can

CREATE STUDIES THAT BETTER MATCH THE BEHAVIOR PEOPLE EXHIBIT IN REAL LIFE SITUATIONS

A researcher conducted an experiment in which she compared people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s simultaneously. What kind of study design is this?

CROSS SECTIONAL

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,

DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES THE RESOLUTION OF CRISES

Which is a chromosomal error?

DOWN SYNDROME

According to the lifespan perspective, development occurs

DURING ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE

During which part of the birth process is anoxia most likely to occur?

DURING STAGE 2 OF LABOR

Teratogens are most likely to adversely affect the development of organ systems

DURING THE EMBRYONIC PHASE

Dr. Hoffman examines the behavior of her client, Andy, from both a behavioral and a psychoanalytic perspective. Dr. Hoffman appears to emphasize which of the following in her practice?

ECLECTISM

Male fetuses seem to be more sensitive than female fetuses to factors such as maternal drug use and malnutrition. Which is the reason for this difference?

FEMALE FETUSES HAVE LARGER PLACENTAS THAN MALE FETUSES

Which of the following makes possible techniques such as fetal blood transfusions and fetal surgery?

FETOSCOPY

Midori has learned to be deathly afraid of white dogs. She is so petrified by them that she began to scream in fear when she saw a white, fluffy bunny rabbit hop across the backyard. In this case, Midori is exhibiting

GENERALIZATION

Which prenatal development occurs first?

GRASPING REFLEX

Compared to female fetuses, male fetuses

GROW MORE RAPIDLY

Which statement about fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is accurate?

HAVE PHYSICAL ABNORMALITIES AND BELOW AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE

Alison is 6 weeks pregnant and has contracted rubella. What will be the likely effect?

HEARING AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

Which of the following disorders is caused by genes on the X chromosome?

HEMOPHILIA

Strategy for problem solving is

HEURISTIC VALUE

Which of Erikson's psychosocial crises involves the transition from childhood to adulthood?

IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION

Young geese will typically follow the first moving object they are exposed to shortly after they hatch. An ethologist would attribute this phenomenon to

IMPRINTING

Studies indicate that teenage drivers cause many more accidents than drivers in their 30s and 40s. With this knowledge in hand, researchers suggest raising the driving age to 20 and requiring more extensive behind-the-wheel instruction. Which goal are the researchers attempting to achieve?

INFLUENCE

A newborn's Apgar score is 9, indicating that the child

IS STRONG AND IN NO DANGER

Unlike most teratogens, genital herpes

IS USUALLY PASSED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT DURING BIRTH

Which is a particular strength of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

IT HELPS EXPLAIN HOW KIDS OF DIFFERENT AGES THINK AND ACT IN THE WORLD

Which is a major flaw of cross-cultural research?

ITS DIFFICULT TO CONSTRUCT TESTS THAT ARE EQUALLY VALID IN DIFFERENT CULTURES

Information-processing theorists would argue that teenagers can solve more complex problems than toddlers because

THEIR SHORT TERM MEMORIES ARE MORE EFFICIENT THAN YOUNGER KIDS

Babies seem to start life prepared to seek out and react to particular kinds of experiences. This would seem to contradict the views held by which of the following?

JOHN LOCKE

Virtually all children acquire spoken language first with single words, then later with two-word sentences, followed by more complex sentences. This seems to indicate that

KIDS ARE BORN WITH TENDENCIES TO RESPOND

In what way is laboratory observation different from naturalistic observation?

LABORATORY OBSERVATION ALLOWS THE RESEARCHER TO PARTIALLY CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENT

The early childhood period of human development begins at ______ and ends at

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; SCHOOL ENTRANCE

Learning disabilities are associated with

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

Survey participants are asked if they would be willing to vote for an atheist for president. Not wishing to appear prejudiced, Gloria answers "yes" even though she would actually never be willing to do so. Gloria's answer was influenced by

SOCIAL DESIRABILITY

Most sex-linked disorders are more prevalent among

MALES THAN FEMALES

Pregnant women are advised to limit their consumption of fish to avoid exposure to which teratogen?

MERCURY

Miriam has a lot of fun at her friend's birthday party. When she returns home, she excitedly tells her parents all about her day. According to Bronfenbrenner, this represents the influence of which system?

MESOSYSTEM

Fragile-X syndrome is caused by genes on the X chromosome. Therefore, which conclusion is correct?

MORE COMMON IN MALES

Which of the following occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy?

MORNING SICKNESS

Which of the following describes a qualitative change?

MUTUAL TRUST IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF ADULT FRIENDSHIPS

Julio's mother has been nagging him for days to wash the car. When he finally washes the car, his mother stops nagging him. Julio's mother's nagging can best be described as

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

What are the long-term effects of sedatives or tranquilizers on a baby whose mother uses such drugs during labor?

NO CONSISTENTLY OBSERVED LONG TERM EFFECTS

Like many 80-year-olds, Horace does not know how to use a smartphone, but his 6-year-old great-grandson can easily use the device. This is an example of a(n)

NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED INFLUENCE

A researcher is studying the importance of friendship among middle schoolers. Which domain of development is the researcher studying?

SOCIAL DOMAIN

Grandma gives 4-year-old Jamal a cookie every time he begins to whine. Jamal soon learns to whine anytime he wants a cookie. The change in Jamal's behavior is an example of

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Amniocentesis is commonly used to identify

POTENTIAL FETAL ABNORMALITIES

Danitra is just beginning to put together two- and three-word sentences. In which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is Danitra?

PREOPERATIONAL STAGE

A research project reawakened feelings of inadequacy in Meredith related to her father's alcoholism. The researchers provided her with counseling to help Meredith through this difficulty. Which ethical standard were the researchers upholding?

PROTECTION FROM HARM

Which of the following developmental theories is on the passive side?

PSYCHOSEXUAL

Unlike Piaget's model of cognitive development, Vygotsky's model emphasizes the importance of

SOCIAL INTERACTIONS

Which of the following is the best example of the macrosystem as described in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?

SOCIETY INCREASINGLY FINDS IT ACCEPTABLE TO HIRE GAYS

What is a key difference between autosomal disorders caused by recessive genes and those caused by dominant genes?

RECESSIVE ARE DIAGNOSED IN INFANCY, DOMINANT ARE DIAGNOSED IN ADULTHOOD

Unlike the Apgar scale, the Brazelton scale assesses a newborn baby's

REFLEXES

Which statement correctly identifies an ethical standard that developmental researchers must follow?

RESEARCHERS MUST KEEP THE IDENTITIES OF PARTICIPANTS CONFIDENTIAL

A key weakness of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it

RESTRICTS DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE TO CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

According to Vygotsky, a teacher should adapt the level of support a student receives based on the student's performance level. He called this process

SCAFFOLDING

When a familiar song comes on the radio, which memory component is activated first?

SENSORY MEMORY

Which statement about sequential designs is correct?

SEQUENTIAL DESIGNS ALLOW COHORTS TO BE COMPARED

Melinda is a big believer in classical conditioning theory because her therapist used it to help her get over her fear of riding in elevators. Which criterion is Melinda using to judge the usefulness of classical conditioning theory?

SOLUTIONS TO REAL WORLD PROBLEMS

Which is a significant drawback to longitudinal designs?

SOME PARTICIPANTS DROP OUT OR MOVE AWAY

Which is a reason why experimental designs are superior to correlational approaches?

SPECIFIC VARIABLES CAN BE MANIPULATED IN AN EXPERIMENT

According to Freud, which component of the personality is most analogous to conscience?

SUPEREGO

Which was Freud's most controversial idea about early childhood?

THAT KIDS FEEL SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD THEIR PARENTS

In what way is the experimental method superior to descriptive methods?

THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD CAN DETERMINE CAUSE AND EFFECT

Which of the following is the strongest evidence that heredity impacts our traits and behaviors?

THE IQ SCORES OF TWINS ARE STRONGLY CORRELATED FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO MIDDLE AGE

Which is the best description of the lifespan perspective?

THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE POSITS THAT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL...

Generally speaking, people who were born in the 1950s have had very different life experiences than people who were born in the 1990s.

This can be explained largely because of NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED CHANGES

Noah watches closely as his father makes French toast for breakfast. According to Bandura, what Noah will learn from observing his father will depend on what he pays attention to and

WHAT HE IS ABLE TO REMEMBER

Though the number of one's friends might change over time, people of all ages have peer relationships. This suggests that one aspect of human development

iS CONSTANT IN NSTURE