Human Growth and Development Test 1
When does a woman begin to "show" that she is pregnant?
d 12-24 WEEKS
Which of the following theorists would most likely have believed that all human beings are naturally inclined to selfishness?
AUGUSTINE
Which period of prenatal development occurs during weeks 3-8 of pregnancy?
EMBRYONIC
Which of the following theorists emphasized change more than stability?
ERIKSON
An ethologist would be more likely than a sociobiologist to claim that
EVOLUTION HAS PRODUCED GENES
Generally speaking, people who are able to work well with others have an advantage over those who are combative and hostile. How would a sociobiologist explain this phenomenon?
EVOLUTION HAS PROVIDED US WITH TRAITS THAT HELP US COOPERATE
Exposure to a teratogen may not impact a fetus if
EXPOSURE DOES NOT OCCUR DURING A CRITICAL PERIOD
What do classical conditioning theory, operant conditioning theory, and social-learning theory all have in common?
THEY ALL EMPHASIZE NURTURE OVER NATURE
Susan has red hair. Which statement must be true about Susan's parents?
THEY BOTH HAVE A RECESSIVE GENE FOR RED HAIR
When a human development researcher generates a theory, he or she is attempting to achieve which goal?
TO EXPLAIN
Which is a chromosomal anomaly?
TURNER SYNDROME
In Pavlov's experiments with animals, the food was the
UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
What is a teratogen?
AN ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR THAT CAN PRODUCE FETAL ABNORMALITIES
Clyde cannot stand anything out of order. His clothes and his apartment are always neat and clean, and he is never late for an appointment. According to Freud, Clyde is most likely fixated at the
ANAL STAGE
Low birth weight infants often
ARE BORN WITH RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Researchers have shown that by the 32nd or 33rd week, fetal heart rates drop when fetuses hear their mothers recite a familiar rhyme but not during an unfamiliar rhyme. This suggests that fetuses
ARE CAPABLE OF LEARNING
Who believed that maturationally determined development occurred even without being formally taught?
ARNOLD GESELL
Which of the following is the best example of the Piagetian concept of accommodation?
ASHER REFUSING TO EAT BROKEN COOKIES UNTIL HIS MOTHER PUTS THEM TOGETHER
Three-year-old Madison is given a golf ball for the first time. Because she has played with many other types of balls, she throws the golf ball and expects it to bounce and roll as other balls do. Which Piagetian concept is Madison employing?
ASSIMILATION
Which is an example of an off-time event?
AT AGE 30, TIMOTHY LOST HIS WIFE TO CANCER
A human development researcher writes
"Adolescent drivers are involved in more accidents than young and middle-aged adults." Which goal is the researcher achieving? :TO DESCRIBE
Parents with high IQs are likely to provide their children with plenty of books and take them on many interesting excursions. This suggests that
A CHILD'S GENES MAY PREDICT SOMETHING ABOUT HER ENVIRONMENT
What is an ethnography?
A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A SINGLE CONTEXT BASED ON EXTENSIVE OBSERVATION
Serena's obstetrician suspects that her fetus may be suffering from a bacterial infection. Which procedure will the doctor most likely recommend to confirm this diagnosis?
A FETAL BLOOD TEST
Augustine of Hippo would have agreed with Jean-Jacques Rousseau that
ALL HUMANS HAVE AN INBORN TENDENCY TO ACT A CERTAIN WAY
What is the main advantage of the naturalistic observation technique?
ALLOWS REAL WORLD VALIDITY OF THEORIES
Which of the following is an example of a protective factor?
AN AGREEABLE TEMPERAMENT
Elbert is 30 months old and has recently discovered the power of the word "no." Even when his father offers him one of his favorite snacks, Elbert will often respond with "no." According to Erikson, which is the crisis of the stage Elbert is in?
AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT
Bandura would argue that self-efficacy is unlikely to be improved by
AVOIDING A TASK
Which is one way Bandura's social-learning theory differs from Skinner's operant-conditioning theory?
BANDURA'S THEORY EXPLAINS MORE ABOUT DEVELOPMENT THAN SKINNER'S THEORY
When she was pregnant, Martina was especially careful to eat plenty of ________ in order to lower the risk of spina bifida in her baby.
BEANS AND SPINACH
The infancy period of development ends when a child
BEGINS TO COMMUNICATE WITH LANGUAGE
Which of the following theorizes that inborn factors strongly influence the way people conduct themselves?
BEHAVIOR GENETICS THEORY
Which of the following is most likely a result of multifactorial inheritance?
BEING SHORTER
Terri has very curly hair, but her daughter Bethany's hair is not nearly as curly. Which is the best explanation?
BOTH DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE GENES DIFFER IN EXPRESSIVITY
Which event typically occurs during the third trimester of pregnancy?
BREASTS SECRETE COLOSTRUM
An advantage of cross-cultural research is that it
CAN PROVIDE INFO ABOUT THE UNIVERSALITY OF AGE RELATED CHANGES
Maternal emotions such as anxiety or depression may lead to birth defects by
CHANGING THE MOM'S HORMONES AND CHEMISTRY
Sherri notices that the fish in her aquarium often swim to the water's surface when she approaches the tank. Their behavior has probably formed through
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
Mr. Radel is an elementary school teacher. In his classroom, children can experiment to some degree on their own. However, he also recognizes that not all the children are on the same intellectual and developmental level. To which theory does Mr. Radel most likely subscribed?
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY
Five-year-old Clarissa had a difficult time putting together a 50-piece jigsaw puzzle, but by the time she was ten she could perform this task with ease. This indicates a change in which domain of Clarissa's development?
COGNITIVE DOMAIN
Proponents of Vygotsky's cognitive development theory would most likely support which of the following school-related activities?
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING PROJECTS
Differences in families, cultures, and even genders impact human development, suggesting that development is
CONTEXTUAL
Which is a major limitation of correlational research?
CORRELATION DOESN'T EQUAL CAUSATION
An advantage of developmental scientists who adopt an eclectic approach is that they can
CREATE STUDIES THAT BETTER MATCH THE BEHAVIOR PEOPLE EXHIBIT IN REAL LIFE SITUATIONS
A researcher conducted an experiment in which she compared people in their 20s, 30s, and 40s simultaneously. What kind of study design is this?
CROSS SECTIONAL
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory,
DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES THE RESOLUTION OF CRISES
Which is a chromosomal error?
DOWN SYNDROME
According to the lifespan perspective, development occurs
DURING ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE
During which part of the birth process is anoxia most likely to occur?
DURING STAGE 2 OF LABOR
Teratogens are most likely to adversely affect the development of organ systems
DURING THE EMBRYONIC PHASE
Dr. Hoffman examines the behavior of her client, Andy, from both a behavioral and a psychoanalytic perspective. Dr. Hoffman appears to emphasize which of the following in her practice?
ECLECTISM
Male fetuses seem to be more sensitive than female fetuses to factors such as maternal drug use and malnutrition. Which is the reason for this difference?
FEMALE FETUSES HAVE LARGER PLACENTAS THAN MALE FETUSES
Which of the following makes possible techniques such as fetal blood transfusions and fetal surgery?
FETOSCOPY
Midori has learned to be deathly afraid of white dogs. She is so petrified by them that she began to scream in fear when she saw a white, fluffy bunny rabbit hop across the backyard. In this case, Midori is exhibiting
GENERALIZATION
Which prenatal development occurs first?
GRASPING REFLEX
Compared to female fetuses, male fetuses
GROW MORE RAPIDLY
Which statement about fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is accurate?
HAVE PHYSICAL ABNORMALITIES AND BELOW AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE
Alison is 6 weeks pregnant and has contracted rubella. What will be the likely effect?
HEARING AND VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
Which of the following disorders is caused by genes on the X chromosome?
HEMOPHILIA
Strategy for problem solving is
HEURISTIC VALUE
Which of Erikson's psychosocial crises involves the transition from childhood to adulthood?
IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION
Young geese will typically follow the first moving object they are exposed to shortly after they hatch. An ethologist would attribute this phenomenon to
IMPRINTING
Studies indicate that teenage drivers cause many more accidents than drivers in their 30s and 40s. With this knowledge in hand, researchers suggest raising the driving age to 20 and requiring more extensive behind-the-wheel instruction. Which goal are the researchers attempting to achieve?
INFLUENCE
A newborn's Apgar score is 9, indicating that the child
IS STRONG AND IN NO DANGER
Unlike most teratogens, genital herpes
IS USUALLY PASSED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT DURING BIRTH
Which is a particular strength of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
IT HELPS EXPLAIN HOW KIDS OF DIFFERENT AGES THINK AND ACT IN THE WORLD
Which is a major flaw of cross-cultural research?
ITS DIFFICULT TO CONSTRUCT TESTS THAT ARE EQUALLY VALID IN DIFFERENT CULTURES
Information-processing theorists would argue that teenagers can solve more complex problems than toddlers because
THEIR SHORT TERM MEMORIES ARE MORE EFFICIENT THAN YOUNGER KIDS
Babies seem to start life prepared to seek out and react to particular kinds of experiences. This would seem to contradict the views held by which of the following?
JOHN LOCKE
Virtually all children acquire spoken language first with single words, then later with two-word sentences, followed by more complex sentences. This seems to indicate that
KIDS ARE BORN WITH TENDENCIES TO RESPOND
In what way is laboratory observation different from naturalistic observation?
LABORATORY OBSERVATION ALLOWS THE RESEARCHER TO PARTIALLY CONTROL THE ENVIRONMENT
The early childhood period of human development begins at ______ and ends at
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT; SCHOOL ENTRANCE
Learning disabilities are associated with
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
Survey participants are asked if they would be willing to vote for an atheist for president. Not wishing to appear prejudiced, Gloria answers "yes" even though she would actually never be willing to do so. Gloria's answer was influenced by
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY
Most sex-linked disorders are more prevalent among
MALES THAN FEMALES
Pregnant women are advised to limit their consumption of fish to avoid exposure to which teratogen?
MERCURY
Miriam has a lot of fun at her friend's birthday party. When she returns home, she excitedly tells her parents all about her day. According to Bronfenbrenner, this represents the influence of which system?
MESOSYSTEM
Fragile-X syndrome is caused by genes on the X chromosome. Therefore, which conclusion is correct?
MORE COMMON IN MALES
Which of the following occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy?
MORNING SICKNESS
Which of the following describes a qualitative change?
MUTUAL TRUST IS A CHARACTERISTIC OF ADULT FRIENDSHIPS
Julio's mother has been nagging him for days to wash the car. When he finally washes the car, his mother stops nagging him. Julio's mother's nagging can best be described as
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
What are the long-term effects of sedatives or tranquilizers on a baby whose mother uses such drugs during labor?
NO CONSISTENTLY OBSERVED LONG TERM EFFECTS
Like many 80-year-olds, Horace does not know how to use a smartphone, but his 6-year-old great-grandson can easily use the device. This is an example of a(n)
NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED INFLUENCE
A researcher is studying the importance of friendship among middle schoolers. Which domain of development is the researcher studying?
SOCIAL DOMAIN
Grandma gives 4-year-old Jamal a cookie every time he begins to whine. Jamal soon learns to whine anytime he wants a cookie. The change in Jamal's behavior is an example of
OPERANT CONDITIONING
Amniocentesis is commonly used to identify
POTENTIAL FETAL ABNORMALITIES
Danitra is just beginning to put together two- and three-word sentences. In which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is Danitra?
PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
A research project reawakened feelings of inadequacy in Meredith related to her father's alcoholism. The researchers provided her with counseling to help Meredith through this difficulty. Which ethical standard were the researchers upholding?
PROTECTION FROM HARM
Which of the following developmental theories is on the passive side?
PSYCHOSEXUAL
Unlike Piaget's model of cognitive development, Vygotsky's model emphasizes the importance of
SOCIAL INTERACTIONS
Which of the following is the best example of the macrosystem as described in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory?
SOCIETY INCREASINGLY FINDS IT ACCEPTABLE TO HIRE GAYS
What is a key difference between autosomal disorders caused by recessive genes and those caused by dominant genes?
RECESSIVE ARE DIAGNOSED IN INFANCY, DOMINANT ARE DIAGNOSED IN ADULTHOOD
Unlike the Apgar scale, the Brazelton scale assesses a newborn baby's
REFLEXES
Which statement correctly identifies an ethical standard that developmental researchers must follow?
RESEARCHERS MUST KEEP THE IDENTITIES OF PARTICIPANTS CONFIDENTIAL
A key weakness of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it
RESTRICTS DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGE TO CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
According to Vygotsky, a teacher should adapt the level of support a student receives based on the student's performance level. He called this process
SCAFFOLDING
When a familiar song comes on the radio, which memory component is activated first?
SENSORY MEMORY
Which statement about sequential designs is correct?
SEQUENTIAL DESIGNS ALLOW COHORTS TO BE COMPARED
Melinda is a big believer in classical conditioning theory because her therapist used it to help her get over her fear of riding in elevators. Which criterion is Melinda using to judge the usefulness of classical conditioning theory?
SOLUTIONS TO REAL WORLD PROBLEMS
Which is a significant drawback to longitudinal designs?
SOME PARTICIPANTS DROP OUT OR MOVE AWAY
Which is a reason why experimental designs are superior to correlational approaches?
SPECIFIC VARIABLES CAN BE MANIPULATED IN AN EXPERIMENT
According to Freud, which component of the personality is most analogous to conscience?
SUPEREGO
Which was Freud's most controversial idea about early childhood?
THAT KIDS FEEL SEXUAL ATTRACTION TOWARD THEIR PARENTS
In what way is the experimental method superior to descriptive methods?
THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD CAN DETERMINE CAUSE AND EFFECT
Which of the following is the strongest evidence that heredity impacts our traits and behaviors?
THE IQ SCORES OF TWINS ARE STRONGLY CORRELATED FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO MIDDLE AGE
Which is the best description of the lifespan perspective?
THE LIFESPAN PERSPECTIVE POSITS THAT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS MULTIDIMENSIONAL...
Generally speaking, people who were born in the 1950s have had very different life experiences than people who were born in the 1990s.
This can be explained largely because of NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED CHANGES
Noah watches closely as his father makes French toast for breakfast. According to Bandura, what Noah will learn from observing his father will depend on what he pays attention to and
WHAT HE IS ABLE TO REMEMBER
Though the number of one's friends might change over time, people of all ages have peer relationships. This suggests that one aspect of human development
iS CONSTANT IN NSTURE
