Human Nutrition 2
Scientific method
Developing a Hypothesis, Designing the Study, Double-Blind Studies, Reveiwing Human SubjectsnResearch Designs, Conducting Human reaseasrch, Analyzing Data, Drawing Conclusions, And REporing Findings
Goldberger's
Dietary theory (dietary deficiencies can cause disease) Pellagra
Reviewing Human Subjects Research Designs
Scientists follow U.S. federal guidlines when performing research involving human subjects.
placebo
fake treatment, such as a sham pill, injection, or medical procedure, not simply sugar pills
treatment group
receives treament
menopausal
they can become pregnant
placebo effect occurs
when a person reports a positive or negative reaction to a treatment even though he or she received the placebo
Causation
whether a practice is responsible for an effect
Scientific Method
1. Make observations,2. Hypothesis to explain events. 3. Design studies perform tests, collect data. 4. Analyze data draw conlusions based on the results. 5. Share results with peers. 6. Conduct more research confirm or refute previous findings
Alternative medicine
Chiropractic manipulations, Homeopathy and naturopathy, herbal products
Dietary Supplements
Nutracueticals, protein powders, herbal extracts, enrgy bars, nutrient pills multivitamin/ mineral products
FDA
The National Insitutes of Health
pellagra
a disease caused by deficiency of niacin or tryptophan (or by a defect in the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to niacin)
Naturopathy
a method of treating disease using food and exercise and heat to assist the natural healing process
Homeopathy
a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar to those being treated
dietary suplement
a nonfood form of one or more nutrients
Coordinated Program CP
classroom instruction with 900 hrs of supervised practice under an R.D.
Toxic supplements
comfrey, pennyroyal, sassfras, kava, lobelia, and mahuang
Steps to become a dietician
complete accredited baccalaureate degree
control group
does not receive treatment; human subjects may receive a placebo
cohort study
epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time can be retrospective or prospective
double-blind study
experimental design in which neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of each participants group assignment
Two types of epidemiological studies
experimental, observational
En vitro
experimenting on parts derived from living organisms such as cells
peer review
expert critical analysis of a research article before it is published
Designing the Study
findings of experimental research involving human subjects
control group
group being studied that does not receive a treatment
control group
group being studied that does not receive a treatment, enables svientists to compare results between the two study groups to determine whether the treatment had any effect
treatment group
group being studied that receives a treatment
control group
in an experiment, a group that serves as a standard of comparison with another group to which the control group is identical except for one factor
case-control study
individuals with a health condition such as heart disease or breast cancer are matched to persons with similiar characteristics who do not have the condition medical histories, eating habits, collected
genetic susceptibility
inherited proneness, usually influence whether the chronic disease occurs
experiment
is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis
Nutracueticals
is any substance considered a food or part of food that provides medical or healt benefit-administered orally as dietary supplements or incorporated into pet foods to approve health and well being beyond traditional nutritional benefits
breast cancer
is more common among non-hispanic, white females than among females who are members of other American racial or ethnic groups
Dr. Conrad Elvehjem
isolated a form of the vitamin niacin from liver extracts
inverse or negative correlation
occurs when one variable increases and the other one decreases ex. fruit intake increase, hypertension in population decrease
Framingham Study 1949
one of the most well-known prospective studies findings found risk factors, heart disease, elevated blood cholesterol levels, cigarette smoking, and hypertension
How to identify questionable sources of nutrition information
other generated studies must support original studie
variable
personal characteristic or other factor that changes and can influence an outcome
testimonial
personal endorsement of a product
research bias
point of view, peer review helps ensure that the scientists are as ethical and objective as possible, it is impossible to eliminate all research bias
hypothesis
possible explanation about an observation that guides scientific research
pseudoscience
presentation of information masquerading as factual and obtained by scientific methods
quackery
promotion of useless medical treatments
Didactic Program in Dietetics
provides classroom instruction
Signs of Unreliable Nutrition Info
quick and easy remedies claims that sound too good scare tactics attacks on dietitians or conventional scientists statements about superiority natural dietary supplements
Reliable Nutrition Experts
regesterd dietitians, nutrition instructors, physicians generally do not have education in nutrition
FDA
regulates labels on supplements and claims allowed on them
cause and effect
relationship between two variables fewer people drank lemonade during winter than in the summer
correlation
relationship between variables, two variables change over a period of time
anecdotes
reports of personal experiences
placebo effect
response to a placebo
Epidemiology
study of the occurrence , distribution, and causes of health problems in populations
epidemiology
study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations
experiment
systemic way of testing a hypothesis
en vivo
testing on whole living organisms, such as lab rodents
Retrospective
to look back
prospective
to look forward
Experiments have 2 groups
treatment group, control group