Human Phys Exam I

There are ____ pairs of spinal nerves. 6 12 21 31 43

31

The mammalian cerebral cortex has _____ layers of cells. 2 3 5 6 10

6

Which of the following statements best describes a DREADD. A drug that mimicks the properties of cGMP and acts like a 2nd messenger to alleviate insulin deficiency A designer drug that can be used to activate G-protein coupled receptors to test their function A pathway activated by a very stressful stimulus resulting in the activation of copious adrenaline secretion A G-protein coupled receptor that is mutated on purpose to bind to a novel ligand that is not usually present in the body

A G-protein coupled receptor that is mutated on purpose to bind to a novel ligand that is not usually present in the body

The cerebral surface of the brain is highly folded. What is the name of one fold? A gyrus A sulcus A convolution A globus A protuberance

A convolution

Which of the following statements describes an endocrine disorder involving the secondaryhypersecretion of hormone X?​ A)​A growing tumor secretes hormone Y that stimulates the gland that secretes hormone X.​ B)​Cells of a growing tumor manufacture hormone X in unregulated fashion.​ C)​Negative feedback from a tumor that hypersecretes hormone Z inhibits the gland thatsecretes hormone X.​ D)​Hormone X is secreted by a growing tumor in the anterior pituitary gland.​ E)​Hormone X is secreted in unregulated fashion by a tumor growing in a tissue that doesnotnormally secrete hormone X.

A growing tumor secretes hormone Y that stimulates the gland that secretes hormone X.​

What is the definition of a prohormone? A)​A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a protein hormone. B)​Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and stimulate thesecretion of a second hormone.​ C)​Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and inhibit thesecretion of a second hormone. D)​Hormones that stimulate the expression of receptors for asecond hormone, promoting the action of the secondhormone. E)​Steroid hormones that are inactivated by having hydroxyl-groups removed from their structure.

A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a protein hormone.

What is the definition of a prohormone? Hormones that stimulate the expression of receptors for a second hormone, promoting the action of the second hormone. Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and stimulate the secretion of a second hormone. Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and inhibit the secretion of a second hormone. Steroid hormones that are inactivated by having hydroxyl-groups removed from their structure. A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a protein hormone.

A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a protein hormone.

Which of the following statements best describes an example of "signal amplification" when a hormone or neurotransmitter activates a receptor? A)When the extracellular concentration of a chemical messenger reaches a very high level, it overwhelms transporter molecules and the messenger floods into the cell. B)Some cellular receptors have such low affinity for chemical ligands that a million or more ligand molecules are required to activate the receptors. C)A single first messenger molecule activates multiple second messenger molecules, each of which activate thousands of enzymes. D)None of these statements describe an example of "signal amplification."

A single first messenger molecule activates multiple second messenger molecules, each of which activate thousands of enzymes.

In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the chemical nicotine found in tobacco products acts as a(n): Acetylcholine receptor antagonist Adrenergic receptor agonist Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine receptor agonist Adrenergic receptor antagonist

Acetylcholine receptor agonist

A 15-year-old male presents to your family practice complaining of delayed onset of puberty. He is 48 inches tall and shows no secondary sex characteristics. He requests testosterone injections. In general, testosterone mediates its effect by which of the following mechanisms? Activates a receptor that increases the permeability of the membrane to cations. Activates an intracellular enzyme when combined with a membrane receptor. Activates genes by binding with an intracellular receptor. Activates the phosphatidylinositol system. Increases cAMP levels by activating a second messenger.

Activates genes by binding with an intracellular receptor.

Which of the following statements regarding the EGF receptor is FALSE? The receptor needs to be phosphorylated to be activated The activation requires 2 receptor subunits ro dimerize its downstream signal cascade involves Ras Activation of the EGF receptor will result in calcium release from intracellular stores its downstream signal cascade involves MAPKK

Activation of the EGF receptor will result in calcium release from intracellular stores

Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism? After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases. As age increases, the amount of calcium in the bones tends to decrease. After drinking a large volume of water, your amount of urine increases A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat profusely. Increasing the size of fast food restaurant portions causes body weight to increase.

After drinking a large volume of water, your amount of urine increases

Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism? A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat profusely. After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases. Increasing the size of fast food restaurant portions causes body weight to increase. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase. As age increases, the amount of calcium in the bones tends to decrease.

After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase.

Which of the following statements does NOTapply to hormones?A)Hormones are chemical signals that travel from one organ to another via the bloodstream. B)In some cases, the same chemical substances can also function as local regulators and/or neurotransmitters. C)All hormones are derived from cholesterol. D)Hormones are secreted into the blood by ductless glands. E)Some hormones are secreted by neural tissue.

All hormones are derived from cholesterol.

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is TRUE? The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life. The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is negative feedback. The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis maintains the values of a number of variables, including pH and temperature, near a set point value. All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following statements regarding steroid hormones is FALSE? Steroid hormones: A)are polar molecules. B)include Insulin and the sex hormones Testosterone and Progesterone. C)directly activate phospholipase C. D)are ligands for the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). E)All of the above.

All of the above.

Which of the following is an effect of thyroid hormones? increased basal metabolic rate increased body temperature increased action of epinephrine All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

What are the purposes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? The CSF: reduces pressure at the base of the brain. cushions the brain to prevent damage caused by a blow to the head. provides a carefully regulated environment to support the electrical activity of neuronal cells. All of these responses are correct.

All of these responses are correct.

Amplification during a second messenger cascade is beneficial because amplification: A)Converts monomeric signaling molecules into polymers. B)Results in the production of more first messenger molecules. C)Allows a cell to respond to multiple hormones. D)Allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells.

Allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells.

Catecholamines belong to which chemical class of hormones?A)Pancreatic hormones B)Steroid hormones C) Peptide and protein hormones D)Amine hormones E)Hydophobic hormones

Amine hormones

The middle layer of the three meninges is the: Dura Pia mater Plasma membrane Arachnoid Plural membrane

Arachnoid

The blood brain barrier, formed by brain capillary endothelial cells, represents the major obstacle for drug entryinto the central nervous system. Which type of glial cell plays a major role in limiting drug access to the brain? A)Astrocytes C)Microglia B)Schwann cells D)Oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

Which of the following statements concerning the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland is FALSE? Hypothalamic releasing hormones are synthesized and secreted by neurons. Blood flows from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus in portal vessels. The hypophysiotropic hormones produced by the hypothalamus typically act in a 3 hormone sequence to generate a response. Hypophysiotropic hormones are released into a capillary bed called the median eminance.

Blood flows from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus in portal vessels.

Which of the following statements concerning the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland is FALSE? Hypothalamic releasing hormones are synthesized and secreted by neurons. Hypophysiotropic hormones are released into a capillary bed called the median eminance. Blood flows from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus in portal vessels. The hypophysiotropic hormones produced by the hypothalamus typically act in a 3 hormone sequence to generate a response.

Blood flows from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus in portal vessels.

At rest, what is the relative contribution of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to the regulation of homeostasis? Only the sympathetic system is active. Both systems are active but the parasympathetic predominates. Only the parasympathetic system is active. Both systems are active but the sympathetic predominates. Neither system is active.

Both systems are active but the parasympathetic predominates.

​To confirm your diagnosis of Josh, the mixed martial arts fighter, you order a blood panel examining hormone levels. What would you expect given the patient's symptoms and injury? A) ↓CRH ↑ACTH ↑Cortisol B) ↓CRH ↓ACTH ↑Cortisol C) ↑CRH ↓ACTH ↓Cortisol D) ↑CRH ↑ACTH ↓Cortisol E) ↑CRH ↑ACTH ↑Cortisol

C

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the hormone cortisol? cortisol is secreted in response to stress cortisol is a synthesized from cholesterol cortisol release is directed from the anterior pituitary CRH from the anterior pituitary triggers the release of cortisol by binding to receptors in the adrenal cortex cortisol limits the secretion of CRH via long loop negative feedback

CRH from the anterior pituitary triggers the release of cortisol by binding to receptors in the adrenal cortex

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative EXCEPT one. Identify the EXCEPTION. Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroxine (T4) Dopamine Cortisol

Cortisol

What is the significance of the discovery of different receptor types for the hormone epinephrine? Two types of epinephrine hormone response elements were identified. Different tissues responded differently to the presence of epinephrine. Scientists learned that slightly different forms of epinephrine were secreted by the adrenal glands. All target tissues for epinephrine possess all types of epinephrine receptors.

Different tissues responded differently to the presence of epinephrine.

Which of the following is NOT produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth Hormone Prolactin Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Dopamine

Dopamine

Which of the following is an example of permissiveness?​ A)​Glucagon increases blood glucose levels and Insulindecreases blood glucose levels.​ B)​Glucagon, Epinephrine, and Cortisol all increase blood glucose levels. C)​Estrogen stimulates the synthesis of Progesterone receptors.​ D)​All of the above.​ E)​None of the above.

Estrogen stimulates the synthesis of Progesterone receptors.​

In its active form, a G protein has a GDP bound to its alpha unit. True False

False

Is the following statement True or False? "A myelinated axon is shielded from direct contact with the extracellular fluid all along its length." True False

False

Is the following statement True or False? "Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of efferent neurons." True False

False

"Second messengers are small molecules formed in or released into the cytoplasm in response to an extracellular signal that helps to relay and minimize the signal to the interior of the cell. Examples include cAMP and Ca2+." A) True B) False

False (they increase the signal)

Which of the following parts of the body has the largest representation in the primary motor cortex? A)Shoulder. B)Ankle. C)Fingers. D)Elbow. E)Knee.

Fingers.

To help pay for medical school, you get a part-time job in the anatomy lab. In a preparation of as student lab, you must correctly label the following structures to their major divisions of the CNS they belong to. You made one mistake though, confusing the medical students a lot. Which is the mistake? Midbrain -> brainstem Pons -> Brainstem Cerebral Cortex -> forebrain Caudate nucleus -> forebrain Hypothalamus -> midbrain

Hypothalamus -> midbrain

If a cell did not have PIP2 in its membrane, we would expect that: Gq signaling would be continous cAMP levels would decrease IP3 could not be produced The Gq protein could not dissociate PKC would be overstimulated

IP3 could not be produced

If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a homeostatic reflex arc be expected to do? A)Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood. B)Increase the amount of sodium in the blood. C)Leave the amount of sodium in the blood unchanged. D)Change the set point for sodium. E)Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium.

Increase the amount of sodium in the blood.

A 30-year-old woman is breastfeeding her infant. During suckling, which hormonal response is expected in the woman? Increased secretion of vasopressin (ADH) from the supraoptic nuclei. Increased secretion of vasopressin (ADH) from the paraventricular nuclei. Increased secretion of oxytocin from the paraventricular nuclei. Decreased secretion of oxytocin from the supraoptic nuclei Increased plasma levels of both oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH).

Increased secretion of oxytocin from the paraventricular nuclei.

Which of the following approaches should be taken to stimulate steroid hormone synthesis and secretion in adrenal cortical cells lacking Protein Kinase A (PKA) expression? Increasing the activity of Cholesterol esterase in the adrenal cortical cells. Increasing the activity of Adenylyl cyclase in the adrenal cortical cells. Increasing the secretion of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Increasing the expression of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Receptors by the adrenal cortical cells. Inhibiting the activity of Adenylyl cyclase in the adrenal cortical cells.

Increasing the activity of Cholesterol esterase in the adrenal cortical cells.

​Which of the following approaches should be taken to stimulate steroid hormone synthesis andsecretion in adrenal cortical cells lacking normal levels of Protein Kinase A (PKA) expression?​ A)​Increasing the activity of Cholesterol esterase in the adrenal cortical cells.​ B)​Increasing the activity of Adenylyl cyclase in the adrenal cortical cells. C)​Increasing the secretion of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anteriorpituitary gland.​ D)​Increasing the expression of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)Receptors by the adrenalcortical cells.​ E)​Inhibiting the activity of Adenylyl cyclase in the adrenal cortical cells.

Increasing the activity of Cholesterol esterase in the adrenal cortical cells.​

Individuals possessing a mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) make this protein constitutively active, and overproduce the signaling molecule, Nitric Oxide (NO) resulting in low blood pressure. On a cellular level, which one of the following would be helpful in reducing the harmful effects of this NOS gene mutation? Increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophospate (cGMP) in smooth muscle cells. Increasing the activity of the enzyme phosphodiesterase in smooth muscle cells. Increasing the Acetylcholine signal sent to endothelial cells. Inhibiting activation of the Acetylcholine receptors in endothelial cells. Decreasing the activity of the enzyme phosphodiesterase in endothelial cells.

Increasing the activity of the enzyme phosphodiesterase in smooth muscle cells.

A toxin produced by the bacterium Bordetella pertussiscauses the disease Pertussis, commonly called whooping cough. Pertussis toxin prevents trimeric G proteins from interacting with G protein-coupled receptors in cells of the respiratory tract. On a cellular level, which of the following would be helpful in reducing the harmful effects of pertussis toxin? A)Inhibiting the activity of adenylyl cyclase in the cell. B)Increasing the amount of cAMP in the cell. C)Adding ligand for the G-protein coupled receptor in this pathway. D)Decreasing the activity ofProtein kinase A (PKA) in the cell. E)Activating Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase in the cell.

Increasing the amount of cAMP in the cell.

A mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MAPKK) produces a constitutively activated form of MAPKK, leading to tumor formation. On a cellular level, which of the following would be helpful in reducing the harmful effect of the MAPKK gene mutation? Increasing the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in the cell. Inhibiting the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in the cell. Adding ligand for the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Inhibiting activity of the monomeric G-protein, RAS. Inhibiting the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase (MAPKKK).

Inhibiting the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in the cell.

A mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MAPKK) produces a constitutively activated form of MAPKK. That is, the mutation produces a MAPKK enzyme that is alwaysactive, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor formation. On a cellular level, which one of the following would be helpful in reducing the harmful effect of the MAPKK gene mutation?A)Increasing the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in the cell. B)Inhibiting the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in the cell. C)Adding ligand for the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). D)Inhibiting activity of the monomeric G-protein, RAS. E)Inhibiting the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase (MAPKKK).

Inhibiting the activity of Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in the cell.

Thyroid Hormones T3 and T4 are: Hydrophilic Lipophilic

Lipophilic

Which of the molecules below are not part of the GQ-protein linked receptor/Phospholipase C signaling pathway? diacylglycerol (DAG) MAPKK inositol triphosphate (IP3) Phosphatidyl inositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) Ca2+

MAPKK

If you were to take the temperature of everyone in class, assuming no one is sick, you would find that not everyone has a temperature of 98.6°F. Which statement below best explains your findings? If the subject is not at 98.6°F then he or she is in a disease state The measuring instrument is not working properly; everyone has a set point of 98.6°F. An error signal has occurred and a positive feedback response has put the persons in question out of the normal range of function. Most regulated variables, such as temperature, fluctuate continuously and oscillate about the set point due to negative feedback control. Their temperature is no doubt higher than 98.6°F because a positive feedback loop has increased the subjects' metabolism.

Most regulated variables, such as temperature, fluctuate continuously and oscillate about the set point due to negative feedback control.

Which of the following structures is found primarily in white matter?A.Dendrites D.Myelinated axons B.Synapses E.Nuclei C.Neurotransmitters

Myelinated axons

Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of pituitary hormone secretion by the hypothalamus is CORRECT? All anterior and posterior pituitary hormones are regulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus. All anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by a releasing hormone and a release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. All posterior pituitary hormones are regulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. All anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones. None of the above.

None of the above.

Which of the following statements regarding the regulation of pituitary hormone secretion by the hypothalamus is CORRECT? All anterior and posterior pituitary hormones are regulated by tropic hormones from the hypothalamus. All anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by a releasing hormone and a release inhibiting hormone from the hypothalamus. All posterior pituitary hormones are regulated by a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. All anterior pituitary hormones are tropic hormones. None of these answers are correct.

None of these answers are correct.

Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble signal molecules that cross the plasma membrane. If these molecules can enter all cells, why do only specific cells respond to their presence? Nontarget cells lack the intracellular receptors that, when activated by the signal molecule, can interact with genes in the cell's nucleus. Nontarget cells possess enzymes that immediately degrade the molecules as they enter the cell. Nontarget cells lack the inactive enzymes that the signal molecules activate. In nontarget cells these signal molecules cross the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and are captured by vesicles.

Nontarget cells lack the intracellular receptors that, when activated by the signal molecule, can interact with genes in the cell's nucleus.

What type of cell enhances the velocity of electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the central nervous system Ependymal cell Astrocyte Schwann Cell Microglia Oligodendrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

What type of cell enhances the velocity of electrical transmission of an action potential along an axon in the central nervous system? Oligodendrocyte Schwann cell Ependymal cell Microglia Astrocyte

Oligodendrocyte

Each of the following statements concerning peptide hormones is true EXCEPT one. Identify the EXCEPTION. Peptide hormones are first synthesized as preprohormones. Peptide hormones are translated on ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Peptide hormones are translated as precursor molecules that are larger than the biologically active hormone. Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins. Modification of the prohormone occurs in the Golgi complex and the mature hormone is secreted from the cell by the process of exocytosis.

Peptide hormones in the bloodstream are always bound to carrier proteins.

Which of the following is a feature of the sympathetic, but not the parasympathetic nervous system? Ganglia located in the effector organs. Long preganglionic neurons. Preganglionic neurons that originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord regions. Postganglionic neurons synapse on effector organs. Most active when the body is at rest.

Preganglionic neurons that originate in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord regions.

Which protein is primarily activated by cAMP in the Gs pathway? Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Protein Kinase A (PKA) Protein Kinase C (PKC) Beta subunit of G-protein Phospholipase C

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

​Josh is a mixed martial arts fighter. In a recent match he was crescent kicked in the head andbriefly lost consciousness. Now, a month later, he has come to your clinic complaining of nausea, vomiting, weakness, and fatigue. Your clinical exam establishes that he is experiencinghypoglycemia, though blood pressure and coloration of the skin are normal. What is yourpreliminary diagnosis given his symptoms and injury? A)​Primary hypocortisolism B)​Secondary hypocortisolism C)​Tertiary hypercortisolism D)​Primary hypercortisolism E)​Secondary hypercortisolism

Secondary hypocortisolism

If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to keep the body temperature constant, which of these best describes her condition? She is in an equilibrium state. She is not using energy to maintain a constant temperature. She is in a steady state She is using a positive feedback mechanism.

She is in a steady state

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is CORRECT? A)Steroid hormones generally are peptides. B) Steroid hormones always bind to cell surface receptors. C) Act directly an adenylyl cyclase to regulate cAMP production. D) Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. E) Activate the Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase pathway that results in the regulation of various transcription factors.

Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol.

A 59-year old man is brought to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain for the past hour. He says he is taking a drug for his blood pressure, but cannot remember the name. He recalls being told that the drug opens his blood vessels. Which of the following explains the mechanism of action of this medication? Inhibits the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells. Activates the enzyme phosphodiesterase in smooth muscle cells. Stimulation of guanylyl cyclase activity in smooth muscle cells. Inhibits Acetylcholine receptors in endothelial cells.

Stimulation of guanylyl cyclase activity in smooth muscle cells.

A 59-year old man is brought to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain for the past hour. When asked about his current medications,he says he is taking a drug for his blood pressure, but cannot remember the name of this drug. He recalls that his physician told him the drug helps to open his blood vessels.Which of the following statements best explains the cellular mechanism of action of his medication? A)Inhibits the production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells. B)Activates the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells. C)Activates the enzyme cGMP phosphodiesterase in smooth muscle cells. D)InhibitsAcetylcholine receptors in endothelial cells. E)Stimulation of guanylyl cyclase activity in smooth muscle cells.

Stimulation of guanylyl cyclase activity in smooth muscle cells.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic response? Body temperature increases, and sweating brings the body temperature down. The oxygen level in the blood falls, and breathing harder increases the oxygen level in the blood. Sweating leads to loss of body fluids, and urination increases the loss of body fluids. Glucose level in the blood falls, and eating increases the glucose level in the blood.

Sweating leads to loss of body fluids, and urination increases the loss of body fluids.

Which of the following neuronal cells of the PNS does not synthesize and secrete the neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine (ACh)? Sympathetic postganglionic neurons Sympathetic preganglionic neurons Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons Somatic motor neurons

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

In Graves' disease: TSH levels are increased TSH levels are decreased TSH levels are not affected

TSH levels are decreased

Which of the following is NOT typically a step insignal transduction pathways that use cAMP? A)A ligand binds to a transmembrane receptor. B)The α-subunit of a trimeric G-protein dissociates from the β-and γ-subunits. C)The activated, GTP-bound G-protein α-subunit phosphorylates Protein kinase A. D)Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP. E)Activated Protein kinase A phosphorylates target proteins in the cell.

The activated, GTP-bound G-protein α-subunit phosphorylates Protein kinase A.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the blood-brain barrier? Endothelial cells of the capillaries supplying the brain form tight junctions that restrict the passage of hydrophilic molecules into the extracellular fluid of the brain. Hydrophobic drugs pass through the blood-brain barrier more easily than hydrophilic drugs. Hydrophilic substances can be moved from the blood into the brain extracellular fluid via carrier proteins expressed by capillary endothelial cells. The blood brain barrier lets glucose freely diffuse across it

The blood brain barrier lets glucose freely diffuse across it

Consider the thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) andthyroxine (T4). What do the numbers "3" and "4" refer to? A)​The relative half-life of the hormones (3 or 4 hours). B) The number of tyrosine molecules linked together to form thehormones. C)​The number of Iodines found in each hormone. D)​The number of enzymes required for synthesis of eachhormone. E)​None of the above.

The number of Iodines found in each hormone.

Which of the following statements regarding Phospholipase C (PLC) is true? PLC is an important enzyme in the Gi pathway PLC is activated by IP3 The cleavage of PLC leads to DAG and IP3 The substrate of PLC is PIP2

The substrate of PLC is PIP2

Which of the following statements about cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is FALSE? The subarachnoid space is filled with CSF. The ependymal cells help circulating the CSF by beating cilia CSF cushions the brain and spinal cord. The total volume of CSF is replaced twice weekly. The CSF has a different ionic composition than the extracellular fluid in the brain

The total volume of CSF is replaced twice weekly.

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the blood-brain barrier? Hydrophobic drugs pass through the blood-brain barrier more easily than hydrophilic drugs. Endothelial cells of the capillaries supplying the brain form tight junctions that restrict the passage of hydrophilic molecules into the extracellular fluid of the brain. Hydrophilic substances can be moved from the blood into the brain extracellular fluid via carrier proteins expressed by capillary endothelial cells. The walls of the capillaries supplying the brain are made up of several layers of cells, that act as a barrier to the release of drugs into the brain.

The walls of the capillaries supplying the brain are made up of several layers of cells, that act as a barrier to the release of drugs into the brain.

Is the following statement True or False? "Hormone that is bound up by transporter proteins in the blood is not part of the free fraction and is unavailable for cell signaling." True False

True

Is the following statement True or False? "Spinal nerves are composed of the axons of both afferent and efferent neurons." True False

True

Is the following statement regarding ion channel-linked receptors True or False? "Ion channel-linked receptors can rapidly alter the voltage across a plasma membrane in response to neurotransmitter binding." True False

True

Is the following statement regarding short-loop feedback, True or False? "In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus." True False

True

Which of the following is NOT produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland? Vasopressin Prolactin Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Vasopressin

You have consumed a six-pack of beer in the course of an evening. The combination of fluid intake and alcohol act to inhibit the secretion of: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Vasopressin (ADH) Insulin Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Parathyroid hormone Oxytocin Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Vasopressin (ADH)

Which of these situations might lead to the adrenal glands releasing epinephrine but not cortisol? Witnessing a car accident Preparing months in advance for demanding final exams Skipping meals for three days Training for a marathon

Witnessing a car accident

Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the structure and function of theposterior pituitary? The posterior pituitary is:​ A)​an endocrine gland that secretes Vasopressin and Prolactin.​ B)​a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that is stimulated to secrete Oxytocin and Vasopressin by hypophysiotropic hormones. C)​a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that secrete Vasopressin and Oxytocin into the blood. D)​an endocrine gland that releases Oxytocin and Somatostatin when action potentials arrive along axons from the hypothalamus. E)​a collection of axonal projections that secrete hypophysiotropic hormones to control the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones.

a collection of axonal projections from the hypothalamus that secrete Vasopressin and Oxytocin into the blood.

Organs of the body are defined as _______. a collection of tissues that function independently of one another. a collection of cells that function independently of one another. a combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions. a collection of cells that perform similar functions. two or more tissues combined to form a structure that allows each tissue to function independently.

a combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions.

Consider the causes of diabetes mellitus we examined in the "Blood glucose metabolism" POGIL activity. Which of the following is a cause of diabetes mellitus? a decrease in the number of insulin receptors an increase in the number of insulin receptors hypersecretion (an excess) of insulin by pancreatic beta cells hyposecretion of (insufficient) insulin by adipose cells both a decrease in the number of insulin receptors and hyposecretion of (insufficient) insulin by adipose cells

a decrease in the number of insulin receptors

Pancreatic α-cells are the first target cells reached by Insulin following secretion by pancreatic β-cells in response to high blood glucose levels. Binding of Insulin to receptors on the α-cells reduces the α-cell secretion of Glucagon. What kind of signaling molecule is Insulin in the example above? A)a paracrine signal. B)an endocrine signal. C)an autocrine signal. D)a neuronal signal. E)an intracellular signal.

a paracrine signal.

Which of the following statements concerning the peptide hormonal signals is/are TRUE? Peptide hormones can: A)directly enter into target cells. B)act on target cells from a distance. C)act through second messengers. D)bind to and activate specific enzymes inside target cells.

act on target cells from a distance. act through second messengers.

Which of the following is NOT a common intracellular second messenger? A)inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) B)diacylglycerol (DAG) C)adenosine triphosphate (ATP) D)cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) E)calcium (Ca2+)

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Which of the molecules below are not part of the GQ-protein linked receptor/Phospholipase C signaling pathway? diacylglycerol (DAG) adenylyl cyclase Phosphatidyl inositol-bisphosphate (PIP2) Ca2+ inositol triphosphate (IP3)

adenylyl cyclase

Cholesterol is a precursor for the synthesis of: A)cortisol. B) aldosterone. C) estradiol. D) two of the above E) all of the above

all of the above

What are the purposes of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? The CSF: reduces pressure at the base of the brain. cushions the brain to prevent damage caused by a blow to the head. provides a carefully regulated environment to support the electrical activity of neuronal cells. all of the above.

all of the above.

Which of the following statements regarding the endocrine system is true? The endocrine system: produces signals that have much longer delays and last for much greater lengths of time than nervous system signals. all of the other statements regarding the endocrine system are true. releases hormones into the bloodstream for circulation throughout the body. is composed of endocrine glands and hormone-producing cells located throughout the body.

all of the other statements regarding the endocrine system are true.

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is TRUE? the extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life. the primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is negative feedback. the organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis. homeostasis maintains the values of a number of variables, including pH and temperature, near a set point value. all of these statements about homeostasis are true.

all of these statements about homeostasis are true.

The stress hormone cortisol is produced by the adrenal cortex. Cortisol has negative feedback effects at the level(s) of the __________ in a system called __________ feedback. anterior pituitary and hypothalamus; long-loop posterior pituitary and hypothalamus; long-loop anterior pituitary and hypothalamus; short-loop hypothalamus; short-loop anterior pituitary; long-loop

anterior pituitary and hypothalamus; long-loop

Which of the following is FALSE about the Map Kinase signaling cascade: It is typically initiated by RAS signaling a succession of phosphorylation events occur It typically mediates responses following receptor binding to a transmembrane protein at the end of the cascade MAPKKK phosphorylates regulartory proteins on alanine residues mutations in this signaling pathway can lead to cancer

at the end of the cascade MAPKKK phosphorylates regulartory proteins on alanine residues

Which of the following is/are a component of the cardiovascular system? adrenal gland esophagus blood vessels bronchi brain

blood vessels

Dual innervation means that: an organ is supplied by both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. an organ is innervated by both a spinal and cranial nerve. both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system supply an organ. an organ is supplied by both the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system supply an organ.

The thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)? thyroid hormones only thymosin only calcitonin only both thyroid hormones and thymosin both thyroid hormones and calcitonin

both thyroid hormones and calcitonin

In order to terminate a cAMP-mediated response, the enzyme ________ can be activated to degrade cAMP. cAMP decarboxylase cAMP protein kinase cAMP hydrolase cAMP hydrogenase cAMP phosphodiesterase

cAMP phosphodiesterase

Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex? organ systems, cells, tissues, organs tissues, cells, organs, organ systems cells, tissues, organs, organ systems cells, tissues, organ systems, organs organ systems, organs, tissues, cells

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Which of the following is NOT a component of the brainstem? midbrain pons medulla oblongata cerebellum reticular formation

cerebellum

What two structures make up the forebrain? cerebrum and diencephalon thalamus and hypothalamus brainstem and cerebellum brainstem and spinal cord cerebrum and cerebellum

cerebrum and diencephalon

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus. pia mater. arachnoid villi. ventricles. frontal sinuses.

choroid plexus.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the: choroid plexus. arachnoid villi. frontal sinuses. pia mater. ventricles.

choroid plexus.

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the: ventricles. arachnoid villi. choroid plexus. pia mater. frontal sinuses.

choroid plexus.

What cells of the adrenal medulla release epinephrine? alpha cells delta cells beta cells adrenergic cells chromaffin cells

chromaffin cells

Organs of the body are defined as _______. collection of cells that perform similar functions. two or more tissues combined to form a structure that allows each tissue to function independently. collection of cells that function independently of one another. combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions. collection of tissues that function independently of one another.

combination of two or more tissues that makes a structure which performs specific functions.

The corpus callosum contains nerve fibers to connect the cerebral cortex to the thalamus is a part of the midbrain Is made primarily of unmyelinated axons conducts CSF between the hemispheres contains nerve fibers to connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres

contains nerve fibers to connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres

The cerebellum is important for which function? process rewards control our balance sending sensory information to the forebrain maintain body temperature sense of smell

control our balance

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal __________. cortex medulla lumen appendage abaxial

cortex

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning myelin? Myelin: A)is an insulating sheath. B)is formed by glial cells. C)influences the conduction velocity of an electrical signal down an axon. D)covers all parts of the neuron, including the axon, cell body, and dendrites. E)is found in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS).

covers all parts of the neuron, including the axon, cell body, and dendrites.

Which of the following statements about myelin is false? Myelin: is a fatty membranous sheath. is formed by glial cells. covers axons and cell bodies of neurons, but not dendrites influences the velocity of conduction of an electrical signal down an axon.

covers axons and cell bodies of neurons, but not dendrites

Which of the following are the parts of neurons? brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column dendrite, axon, and cell body sympathetic and parasympathetic cortex, medulla, and sheath sensory and motor

dendrite, axon, and cell body

Which of the following are the parts of neurons? sensory and motor dendrite, axon, and cell body cortex, medulla, and sheath brain, spinal cord, and vertebral column sympathetic and parasympathetic

dendrite, axon, and cell body

How does nitric oxide (NO) enter smooth muscle cells? NO: crosses the smooth muscle cell plasma membrane through ion channels. crosses the smooth muscle cell plasma membrane through channels called Aquaporins. diffuses directly across the smooth muscle cell plasma membrane. cannot enter smooth muscle cells.

diffuses directly across the smooth muscle cell plasma membrane.

The release of T3 and T4 occurs through ________, and they can bind to ________ to be transported in the bloodstream. endocytosis : transthyretin diffusion : albumin endocytosis : albumin exocytosis : thyroxine-binding globulin exocytosis : transthyretin

diffusion : albumin

The half-life of a lipid-soluble hormone in blood is: directly proportional to its rate of secretion. directly proportional to the affinity of the hormone for its plasma protein carrier directly proportional to the number of hormone receptors present in target tissue inversely proportional to the concentration of the hormone's plasma protein carrier inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the hormone

directly proportional to the affinity of the hormone for its plasma protein carrier

The membrane closest to the skull is the _____. arachnoid choroid plexus dura mater pia mater

dura mater

What tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a barrier between the internal and external environment? muscle tissue epithelial tissue nervous tissue connective tissue reticular tissue

epithelial tissue

What tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a barrier between the internal and external environment? nervous tissue muscle tissue reticular tissue epithelial tissue connective tissue

epithelial tissue

Which of the following parts of the body has the largest representation in the primary sensory cortex? ankle elbow finger shoulder

finger

Dr. Wilder Penfield (1891-1976) was the first to map functional areas of the human brain by electrically stimulating cortical regions (see https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8uUvWmXUodE). In a similar cortical stimulation study, you expect to find a disproportionate amount of the motor cortex is devoted to the control of movements of the: fingers toes arms elbow eyebrows

fingers

When steroid hormones bind to their intracellular receptors, gene transcription may start or stop. protein kinases are activated. cyclic nucleotides are formed. G proteins are inhibited. adenylyl cyclase is activated.

gene transcription may start or stop.

Which of the following statements concerning the posterior pituitary is CORRECT? The posterior pituitary: has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus. is controlled by releasing hormones formed in the hypothalamus. produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. is located on top of each kidney. none of these answers are correct.

has a direct connection with neurons of the hypothalamus.

The stimulus for the pancreatic production of the protein hormone insulin is: low blood glucose concentration. low blood amino acid concentration. high blood glucose concentration. low blood glycogen concentration. low blood fatty acid concentration.

high blood glucose concentration.

The endogenous ability of a G-protein to hydrolyze nucleotides serves to: A)hydrolyze GTP to GDP returning the G-protein to an inactive state. B)hydrolyze GDP to GTP returning the G-protein to an inactive state. C)hydrolyze GTP to GDP activating the G-protein. D)synthesize cGMP as a second messenger. E)hydrolyze GDP to GTP activating the G-protein.

hydrolyze GTP to GDP returning the G-protein to an inactive state.

Once a steroid hormone is synthesized, it is ________. A)immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane B)stored in a vesicle until released C)bound to albumin until released from the cell D)stored in a unique protein structure that maintains steroids in the cell E)bound to the mitochondria until released

immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane

Once a steroid hormone is synthesized, it is _________. stored in a vesicle until released. bound to albumin until released from the cell. immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane. stored in a unique protein structure that maintains steroids in the cell. bound to the mitochondria until released.

immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane.

The parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an 84 amino acid protein hormone that helps to maintain calcium levels in extracellular fluid by mobilizing calcium from bone. When PTH mRNA is transcribed from the PTH gene and translated on ribosomes, the ribosomes are found _________ and the translated PTH polypeptide formed is _________ the biologically active form of the PTH hormone. in the nucleus; larger than in the cytoplasm; identical in size (84 amino acids) to attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; larger than attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum; smaller than

in the nucleus; larger than

Signal transduction pathways: are necessary for signals to cross the plasma membrane. include the intracellular events stimulated by an extracellular signaling molecule. include the extracellular events stimulated by an intracellular signaling molecule. are only found in cases where the signal can cross the plasma membrane.

include the intracellular events stimulated by an extracellular signaling molecule.

The drug ephedrine is an adrenergic receptor agonist used as a nasal decongestant. Which of the following is an adverse effect caused by taking ephedrine? contraction of the pupils stimulation of liver, kidney, and bladder activity increased sexual arousal increased heart rate constriction inside the lungs

increased heart rate

Individuals possessing a mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) are unable to produce sufficient levels of the signaling molecule, Nitric Oxide (NO) resulting in high blood pressure. On a cellular level, which one of the following would be helpful in reducing the harmful effects of this NOS gene mutation? increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophospate (cGMP) in smooth muscle cells. inhibiting the activity of the enzyme, Guanylyl cyclase in smooth muscle cells. inhibiting activation of the Acetylcholine receptors in endothelial cells. increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophospate (cGMP) in endothelial cells. increasing the Acetylcholine signal sent to endothelial cells.

increasing the amount of cyclic guanosine monophospate (cGMP) in smooth muscle cells.

What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary? sphenoid stalk nephron corpus callosum infundibulum cerebral cortex

infundibulum

Where is most of our total body water? in the lumen of the kidneys in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract in blood inside cells surrounding the cells

inside cells

Blocking all translation in hormone secreting cells would most immediately impact secretion of: insulin epinephrine cortisol estradiol norepinephrine

insulin

Extracellular fluid is composed of _________. interstitial fluid and plasma plasma and intracellular fluid interstitial fluid only plasma only intracellular fluid only

interstitial fluid and plasma

Extracellular fluid is composed of _________. interstitial fluid only plasma only interstitial fluid and plasma intracellular fluid only

interstitial fluid and plasma

Identify the fluid compartment that contains approximately two-thirds of the total body water. CSF intracellular extracellular interstitial in blood

intracellular

Total body water is composed of ________. intracellular fluid only extracellular fluid only intracellular and interstitial fluid intracellular and extracellular fluid plasma and intracellular fluid

intracellular and extracellular fluid

When a chemical messenger (also called a "ligand") reaches a target cell, it binds to a receptor. In general, a hydrophobic ligand binds to a(n) __________, whereas a hydrophilic ligand binds to a(n) __________. intracellular receptor; transmembrane receptor transmembrane receptor; intracellular receptor intracellular receptor; intracellular receptor transmembrane receptor; transmembrane receptor none of the above answers are correct.

intracellular receptor; transmembrane receptor

When a chemical messenger (also called a "ligand") reaches a target cell, it binds to a receptor. In general, a hydrophobic ligand binds to a(n) __________, whereas a hydrophilic ligand binds to a(n) __________. transmembrane receptor; intracellular receptor none of the other answers are correct. intracellular receptor; intracellular receptor intracellular receptor; transmembrane receptor transmembrane receptor; transmembrane receptor

intracellular receptor; transmembrane receptor

Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic," means that it: is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value. is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value. has no normal range, but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions. has varied from the normal value, and will remain constant at the new value.

is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.

Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic," means the variable: has varied from the normal value, and will remain constant at the new value. never varies from an exact set point value. is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value. is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value. has no normal range, but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions.

is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.

Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic," means the variable: has varied from the normal value, and will remain constant at the new value. never varies from an exact set point value. is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value. is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value. has no normal range, but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions.

is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value.

Which of the following is true regarding the thyroid gland? It is located in the brain stem It is located next to the kidney it requires stimulation by a pituitary hormone in order to function properly It produces the hormone TSH it produces iodine

it requires stimulation by a pituitary hormone in order to function properly

Which spinal nerves comprise the cauda equina? coccygeal only lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal sacral only sacral and coccygeal cervical and lumbar

lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

Which of the following statements about second messengers is CORRECT? Second messengers: A)are substances that interact with first messengers. B)are substances that bind to first messengers in the cell membrane. C)are hormones secreted by cells in response to stimulation by another hormone. D)mediate the intracellular responses to many different hormones and neurotransmitters. E)are not formed in the brain.

mediate the intracellular responses to many different hormones and neurotransmitters.

The inner layer of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal __________. lumen core cortex medulla appendage

medulla

To help pay for medical school, you get a part-time job in the anatomy lab. In an examination of the respiratory control center found in the brainstem, you must separate the brainstem from the overlying forebrain for your students. In order to separate the brainstem from the forebrain, a cut must be made between the: medulla and pons pons and midbrain midbrain and diencephalon diencephalon and cerebrum pons and cerebellum

midbrain and diencephalon

The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level, is: muscle tissue epithelial tissue nervous tissue connective tissue skeletal tissue

muscle tissue

n response to a bacterial infection, the body's immune response involves raising the body's "thermostat" to generate a fever. In the initial stages of a fever, an individual shivers (involving involuntary contraction of muscles around the vital organs) to produce more body heat. Shivering ends once the body temperature reaches 38.3 degrees Celcius (101 degrees Farenheit). The termination of shivering at a body temperature of 38.3°C is an example of: A) positive feedback B) negative feedback C) a malfunction of the control system D) a negative impact

negative feedback

Cells are classified into which of the following four broad categories? skeletal, cardiac, endocrine, and nervous neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue squamous, cubodial, columnar, and basement membranes atoms, tissues, organs, and organ systems endocrine, nervous, integumentary, and reproductive

neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue

Where are the posterior pituitary hormones manufactured? The posterior pituitary hormones are made by: endocrine cells located in the medulla of the adrenal gland. neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus. endocrine cells located in the anterior pituitary. neurosecretory cells that originate in the thalamus. endocrine cells located in the posterior pituitary.

neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus.

Where are the posterior pituitary hormones manufactured? The posterior pituitary hormones are made by: endocrine cells located in the posterior pituitary. endocrine cells located in the anterior pituitary. endocrine cells located in the medulla of the adrenal gland. neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus. neurosecretory cells that originate in the thalamus.

neurosecretory cells that originate in the hypothalamus.

Which of the following receptor types is found on the dendrites and cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons? muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M-AChR) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (N-AChR) adrenergic receptors epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) insulin receptors (InR)

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (N-AChR)

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called _______. Schwann cells. myelinoids. oligodendrocytes. nodes of Ranvier. axonal interstices.

nodes of Ranvier.

If a G protein were unable to release its bound nucleotide but could hydrolyze it, signal transduction would: be unpredictable. be constantly switching on and off. be continuous beyond this point. be unaffected. not move beyond this point.

not move beyond this point.

The membrane closest to the brain is the _____. dura arachnoid choroid plexus pia mater

pia mater

Which of the following statements concerning the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland is FALSE? The hypophysiotropic hormones produced by the hypothalamus typically act in a 3 hormone sequence to generate a response. The hypothalamus and the pituitary are connected via the infundibulum Hypothalamic releasing hormones are synthesized and secreted by neurons. portal vessels carry negative feedback from the pituitary to the hypothalamus

portal vessels carry negative feedback from the pituitary to the hypothalamus

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? The BBB: protects the peripheral nervous system. none of these responses are correct. prevents hazardous chemicals from reaching while allowing nutrients to access the brain. transmits potentially hazardous chemicals into the brain safely. provides additional layers of cerebrospinal fluid to the nervous system.

prevents hazardous chemicals from reaching while allowing nutrients to access the brain.

What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)? The BBB: protects the peripheral nervous system. transmits potentially hazardous chemicals into the brain safely. provides additional layers of cerebrospinal fluid to the nervous system. prevents hazardous chemicals from reaching while allowing nutrients to access the brain. none of these responses are correct.

prevents hazardous chemicals from reaching while allowing nutrients to access the brain.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the drug, Viagra? Viagra: primarily inhibits nitric oxide production. primarily activates cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase. primarily activates adenylyl cyclase. facilitates the process of covalent modification of a protein. primarily inhibits cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase.

primarily inhibits cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the drug, Viagra? Viagra: primarily inhibits nitric oxide production. primarily inhibits cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase. primarily activates cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase. facilitates the process of covalent modification of a protein. primarily activates adenylyl cyclase.

primarily inhibits cGMP-specific phosphodiesterase.

Which of the following statements is CORRECTabout the chemical, caffeine? Caffeine: A)primarily inhibits phospholipase C. B)primarily activates phosphodiesterase. C)caffeine primarily inhibits adenylyl cyclase. D)caffeine primarily activates adenylyl cyclase. E)primarily inhibits phosphodiesterase.

primarily inhibits phosphodiesterase.

Ependymomas are a rare type of CNS tumor primarily affecting children that arise in ependymal cells and result in loss of ependymal cell function. Which of the following functions would be directly affected in a child with an ependymoma? formation of the blood-brain barrier. bringing nutrients to and removing wastes from around neurons. production and filtration of cerebrospinal fluid. transmission of action potentials in neurons. phagocytosis of pathogenic bacterial cells

production and filtration of cerebrospinal fluid.

How can a target cell recognize a particular hormone and not respond to other hormones? carbohydrate tags on the surface of the target cell match the hormone. the target cells are always located close to the source of the hormone, making it easy to respond to that hormone. protein receptors located on the surface of the target cell or in the cytoplasm match the hormone. target cells respond to whatever hormone is present in the largest concentration. the hormone is only able to enter membrane channels on the correct target cell.

protein receptors located on the surface of the target cell or in the cytoplasm match the hormone.

How can a target cell recognize a particular hormone and not respond to other hormones? target cells respond to whatever hormone is present in the largest concentration. the target cells are always located close to the source of the hormone, making it easy to respond to that hormone. protein receptors located on the surface of the target cell or in the cytoplasm match the hormone. carbohydrate tags on the surface of the target cell match the hormone. the hormone is only able to enter membrane channels on the correct target cell.

protein receptors located on the surface of the target cell or in the cytoplasm match the hormone.

The primary function of thyroid hormone is to maintain potassium homeostasis. raise the basal metabolic rate (BMR) maintain calcium homeostasis regulate temperature in the body lower the basal metabolic rate (BMR).

raise the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Neurons with highly branched dendrites: receive a great deal of input from other neurons. conduct action potentials more rapidly than neurons with less branching. exhibit extensive communication with the surrounding neuroglia. contain multiple nuclei, also called multinucleated.

receive a great deal of input from other neurons.

Which of the following statements concerning the posterior pituitary is CORRECT? The posterior pituitary: produces hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. is controlled by releasing hormones formed in the hypothalamus. is located on top of each kidney. neurons in the posterior pituitary release oxytocin releases exclusively peptide neurohormones

releases exclusively peptide neurohormones

Which of the following is TRUE of the sensory homunculus? The sensory homunculus: represents the specific body muscle groups that are controlled by specific regions of the cortex. represents the specific body parts that send afferent (sensory) signals to a specific region of the cortex. is the only homunculus in the human brain. depicts motor information.

represents the specific body parts that send afferent (sensory)

​The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by:​ A)​axon projections from hypothalamic neuronal cells.​ B)​short blood vessels.​ C)​sinuses.​ D)​long bundles of protein.​ E)​Both A and B.

short blood vessels.​

Which of the following is an important function of 2nd messengers? carrying the signal to more cells carrying a message from the nucleus to the membrane allow signal diffusion through membranes separation of signaling pathways signal amplification

signal amplification

Hormones that produce genomic effects elicit a __________ response compared to hormones that acting through signal transduction pathways. A)faster B)slower C)equal

slower

The adrenal cortex produces only: steroid hormones amine hormones catecholamine hormones peptide hormones glycoprotein hormones

steroid hormones

All the messengers in what class are derived from cholesterol? eicosanoids amines steroids peptides/proteins amino acids

steroids

Once a peptide hormone is synthesized, it is ________. A)immediately capable of diffusing across the membrane B)stored in a vesicle until released C)bound to albumin until released from the cell D)bound to the mitochondria until released E)destroyed by the lysosomes

stored in a vesicle until released

Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic response? body temperature increases, and sweating brings the body temperature down. the oxygen level in the blood falls, and breathing harder increases the oxygen level in the blood. sweating leads to loss of body fluids, and urination increases the loss of body fluids. glucose level in the blood falls, and eating increases the glucose level in the blood.

sweating leads to loss of body fluids, and urination increases the loss of body fluids.

Second messengers, like cGMP, are quickly degraded within cells because: the cell does not have enough space to hold a lot of second messengers. too many second messengers in the cell are toxic. second messengers accumulate at their source within the cell preventing the formation of further second messengers. the cell must maintain sensitivity towards further extracellular signals.

the cell must maintain sensitivity towards further extracellular signals.

Second messengers, like cGMP, are quickly degraded within cells because: the cell does not have enough space to hold a lot of second messengers. too many second messengers in the cell are toxic. the cell must maintain sensitivity towards further extracellular signals. second messengers accumulate at their source within the cell preventing the formation of further second messengers.

the cell must maintain sensitivity towards further extracellular signals.

What is the first event that must occur for a hydrophobic signaling molecule to initiate a cellular response? the chemical signal must diffuse through the plasma membrane. the chemical signal must bind to a receptor. the ligand-receptor complex must translocate to the nucleus. the ligand-receptor complex must be phosphorylated. a kinase enzyme must be phosphorylated.

the chemical signal must diffuse through the plasma membrane.

Damage to the cerebellum will lead to which of the following symptoms? a complete inability to move (lack of execution) an inability to accurately plan a movement the generation of slow, fine movements only the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements the generation of movement of large muscle groups only

the generation of clumsy, poorly directed movements

Which of the following statements about microglia is true? they are immature forms of astrocytes they act like immune system cells in the brain they build very small myelin segments around smaller axons the provide an important signal to stimulate the formation of tight junctions between endothelial cells of brain capillaries they are immature forms of oligodendrocytes

they act like immune system cells in the brain

Which characteristic do second messenger molecules share between them that also distinguish them from the rest of the molecules in a signal transduction pathway? they are all ions they are all cyclic nucleotides they are not proteins they are all small peptides they are all activated through G proteins

they are not proteins

What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms? Positive feedback mechanisms act: to anticipate changes in the environment. to detect changes in the external environment. to bring about a rapid change in the body. to return a variable toward the set point.

to bring about a rapid change in the body.

The cerebral surface of the brain is highly folded. What is the purpose or benefit of this folding? the grooves (sulci) separate different sensory areas the ridges (gyri) contain the cell bodies of neurons to increase the number of cellular layers within the cortex to increase the surface area of the cortex in a small cranial volume to decrease the distance between cortical areas for faster signaling

to increase the surface area of the cortex in a small cranial volume

Catecholamines are derived from what amino acid? glutamate tryptophan tyrosine histidine glycine

tyrosine

Catecholamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, are derived from the amino acid leucine. tyrosine. glycine. isoleucine. glutamate.

tyrosine

Which of the following is a shared feature between nitric oxide signaling and steroid signaling pathways? Both nitric oxide and steroid signaling pathways involve: production of a second messenger. use of an intracellular receptor. activation of a tyrosine kinase. activation of a G-protein. a hormone-receptor complex that acts as a transcription factor.

use of an intracellular receptor.

Cyclic AMP (cAMP) stimulates one's metabolic rate. Many supplement companies offer products claiming to increase the levels of this chemical within the body. If you had a patient on this supplement and they had high levels of cAMP in their body, what symptoms would you expect them to display? decreased heart rate and shallow breathing hypoglycemia and low blood pressure high G protein and sugar levels in their urine weight loss and a high temperature weight gain and lethargy

weight loss and a high temperature

How would you recommend treating Josh? A)​Surgical removal of the pituitary gland B)​Prescription of cortisol injections C)​Surgical removal of a portion of the adrenal cortex D)​Discontinuance of steroidal anti-inflammatories E)​Prescription of insulin injections

​Prescription of cortisol injections

​A chemical is called a neurohormone when it is:​ A)​released by a neuron, but travels in the blood like a hormone.​ B)​released by an endocrine gland, but binds to receptors of aneuron.​ C)​released by neurons and endocrine glands.​ D)​known to be involved in communication, but scientists have not yet decided which system uses it.​ E)​None of the above.

​released by a neuron, but travels in the blood like a hormone.​