Human Sexuality exam 1 Chap(1,4,5,6)
early research Alfred Kinsey
Alfred C. Kinsey (1894 - 1956) "Shocking" discovery Pioneer of the interview method of sex research foul research people said, sex with other people are not common
Scientific areas important to the study of sexuality (book)
Anthropologists, biologist, medical researchers, sociologist, and psychologist.
Feminist theory
Aristotle said female was a deformed male. This theory was born to protect against Aristotle Theory- that challenges acceptance of the male as the norm traditional gender roles and male oppression of females
Historical Perspectives of sexual revolution
Gay activism Sex research
Early Research
Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939)- said want sex with parent and girls want a penis Henry Havelock Ellis (1859 - 1939) Voice of enlightenment among the Victorians
Value System (book) legalism
ethical behavior is derived from an external source, such as religion. Hebrew and christian bibles
(Scientific area book) Sociologist
examine relationships between sexual behavior and religion, race, and social class.
Ethics in research
exposing participants to harm, confidentiality, informed consent the use of deception
(Scientific area book) Anthropoligist
focus on cross-cultural similarities & differences in sexual behavior
gender nonconformity
means not behaving in a way that is consistent with the gender role stereotype associated with ones anatomic sex in a given culture.
monozygotic twins
most likely to share homosexual orientation. Twins can be either monozygotic ("identical"), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos, or dizygotic ("fraternal"), meaning that they develop from two different eggs. In fraternal twins, each twin is fertilized by its own sperm cell.
Sociological perspective
sociologist consider the behavior of humans by socioeconomic status level of education, sex, race, ethnicity. Provide insight into ways in which cultural institutions & belief affect sexual behavior & peoples sense of morality
Sexual orientation & the law
sodomy laws prohibit unnatural sexual acts even between concentual adults. supreme court decision (hardwick vs bowers) punishable up to 20 years 2003 the law was reversed Kennedy said we can mes with their private lives 2015- gays rights to marry couldn't be denied
Correlation
stat measure of relationship between 2 variables Correlation coefficient- stat that expresses the strength & direction (+ or-) of the relationship between 2 variables
phalloplasty
surgical creation of an artificial penis
(Scientific area book) Medical science
teaches us about STIs and the biological bases of reproduction and sexual dysfunction
Queer Theory
that challenges heterosexuality and hetero-sexism. Heterosexuality- the assumption that heterosexuality being attracted to member of the other sex is normal
heteronormativity
the assumption that heterosexuality- being attracted to members of the other anatomic sex is normal
The evolutionary perspective
the development of a species to its present state which is believed to involve adaptions to its environment . Charles Darwin-animals. Natural selection- survival of the fittest. mutation- a random change in the molecular structure of DNA
sex assignment
the labeling of a newborn as male or female (gender assignment)
Value system (book) Relativism
there is no objective way of justifying one set of moral values over another ( tolerate but could be immoral in some cultures)
Dominican republic syndrome
think girl at birth and then puberty develop balls, penis comes out (thought big clit) voice got deeper. a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia
Oedipus complex electra complex ( same thing for women)
to describe a child's feelings of desire for his or her opposite-sex parent and jealousy and anger toward his or her same-sex parent.
Values
values influence sexual attitudes and behavior
Early research Sigmund Freud (before Henry)
was developing his influential theory of personality believed that the sex drive was our principal motivating force
A Different Way The Naturalistic-Observation Method
watch naturally
gender roles
complex cluster of behaviors expectations for male and females.
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (intersexualism)
(kenzie) A form of intersexulism in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgen's such that his genitals are not normally masculinized
kohlberg gender stages
1. Gender Identity. This develops at about 2 years of age. It is when the child recognizes they are male or female and other people are as well. 2.Gender Stability. The next stage happens at about 4 years of age. Gender Stability denotes the child now understands that their gender is fixed and will be male/female when they're older 3.Gender Constancy. This happens between 5 and 7 years and is the stage when the child understands that cosmetic changes will not alter sex. For example, a girl wearing jeans is still female.
where we learn
74% teens learn through tv & friends. 85% of parents support sex ed in public junior highs
rates of sexual orientation
96.6 straight, 1.6 gay or lesbian, 0.7 bisexual, 1.1 something else
prenatal sexual differences
Ariststole believed that the anatomic differences between males and females was a result of the heat of semen (hot made males cold made females) Others believed right balls made females and left made males. When a sperm fertilizes an ovum(women) 23 chromosomes from both parents meet the 23rd pair makes up the sex chromosome. A female carries an X, but a male can carry an X or a Y. XX=female XY=male chromosome- rod-like structure found in the nuclei of cells that carries the genetic code in the form of genes. embryo- 3 weeks blood (heart), 5 to 6 can see gender. is when they have an embryo- stage of prenatal development that begins with implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus and concludes with development of the major organ systems at about 2 months after conception 7 develop and ovaries begin to form at 11 to 12 weeks
Prehistoric Sexuality
Artifacts from Stone Age Labor was divided based on gender Women were revered for their ability to bear children As humans settled, roles changed Humans figured out that men played a role in making babies which lead to phallic worship (worship of the penis as a symbol of generative power) All known societies have an incest taboo
Early Christians
Beliefs shaped by Saint Paul- St. Augustine also had a great impact- he associated sexual lust with the original sin of Adam and eve. only through not having sex u could obtain grace. Many things were viewed as abominations- gay, masturbation, oral, anal
Ancient Romans gave us lots of terms
Bestiality-Sexuality relations between a person and an animal Sadism-Practice of achieving sexual gratification through hurting or humiliating others Fellatio- a sexual activity involving oral contact with the penis (giving head) Cunnilingus- (puss eating) fornication-sex between people who are not married to one-another
Gender Typing Biological Perspectives Evolutionary perspective Prenatal brain organization
Biological Perspectives-research suggest that the development of gender differences in personality along with development of anatomic gender differences may related to prenatal levels of sex hormones. Evolutionary perspective- genes that bestow attributes that increase an organisms chance of surviving and produce offspring Prenatal brain organization-organization of the brain is largely genetically determined and prenatal exposure to sex hormones is a way in which the genetic code expresses itself.
Gender differences
Discussion-boys take lead girls take backseat. sexuality- men show more interest in sex than women do. women would rather have relationship. aggressiveness-males more than females wiliness to seek healthcare- women greater receive healthcare. even though men life expectancy is 7 years shorter.
Methods of oservation
Case study- carefully drawn in depth biography of an individual or a small group of individuals that may be obtained through interviews, ?'s and historical records. Survey,Volunteer bias, confidentiality, reliability, validity, frequency, naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, penile strain gauge, vaginal plethysmograph Vasocongestion- flow of blood myotonia-muscle tension incidence-measure of the occurrence or the degree of occurrence of an event social desirability -in which a person provides a socially acceptable response ethnographic observation-method that deals with specific cultures especially preliterate societies (anthropologist usually study)
Gender Typing Psychological Perspectives Cognitive-developmental theory Gender typing occurs through cognitive development Schema Gender stability Gender constancy
Cognitive-developmental theory- children form concepts or schemes about gender and then conform their behavior to their gender concepts. Gender typing occurs through cognitive development Schema-concept; way of interpreting experience or processing info. Gender stability- concept that people retain their gender for a lifetime Gender constancy-concept that peoples genders dont change even if they alter their dress or behavior.
The Sexual Revolution
During the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s Forces that brought about the revolution (4 forces) The war in Vietnam, the fear of nuclear bomb, introduced the pill, and TV. "doing your own thing"
India
Early Hindus codified sexual practices (through statues) Sex was considered a religious duty Sexual fulfillment seen as a way to be reincarnated to a higher level
Scientific method
Empirical approach- based on observation & experimentation. 1) make an observation that describes a problem, 2) create a hypothesis, 3) test the hypothesis, and 4) draw conclusions and refine the hypothesis Goals- variables to compare to and demographics
Value system (book) Situational ethics
Ethical decision making should be guided by the situation & by genuine love for others
(Scientific area book) Psychologist
Examine how our sexual behavior & attitudes are shaped by perception, learning, thought, motivation, emotion & personality.
Gay Activism
Fighting discrimination and protecting civil rights Lobbying for increased funding for HIV/AIDS research and treatment Education regarding safer sex practices Protecting civil rights of people with HIV/AIDS Providing support for people with HIV/AIDS Marriage equality: SCOTUS declared bans on same gender marriage unconstitutional June 26, 2015
Gender dysphoria (GD), or gender identity disorder (GID),
Gender dysphoria (GD), or gender identity disorder (GID), is the distress a person experiences as a result of the sex and gender they were assigned at birth.
Why do Research?
Goals of the Science of Human Sexuality Describe : clear, unbiased, precise Explain: relation of observations to other factors Predict: use observations to estimate future behavior or developments Some Issues Volunteer bias What does "sex," "had sex," and "sexual relations" mean to most people?
Hormonal Variations
Hormonal Variations Hermaphroditism 1 in 65,000 births; usually genetic females (XX) Ambiguous external genitalia 2/3 are raised as boys but at puberty develop breasts and begin to menstruate
Gender as Social Construct
In our culture we are committed to the idea of persons being either male or female Gender is a social construction of femininity and masculinity
Sex chromosomal abnormalities
Klinefelter syndrome- (males) a sex chromosomal disorder caused by an extra X sex chromosome. man has XXY or XXXY rather than XY. (enlarged breast, poor muscular, fail to produce sperm, infertile, may be midly not right) 1 in 500 live births Turner syndrome- (females) a genetically condition associated with the presence of only one complex X chromosome & with characteristics including usually infertile ovaries, absence of menstruation and short stature. may have problems in relationships and math but not impaired function. X0 1 in 2,000-3,000 live births
Perspectives on orientation cross cultural
Male-male sexual interactions exist in societies throughout the world
Early Islam
Marriage and sexual fulfillment within marriage were prized Premarital intercourse considered shameful and could be punished with death Celibacy is considered negative women were veiled and only husbands could see them
Value system (book) Utilitarianism
Moral conduct brings about the greatest good for the greatest # (be honest)
Recent Trends
More teens sexually active Teens are becoming sexually active at younger ages Female sexuality is accepted Sex is discussed openly
Outcomes of gender reassignment surgury
Most positive. Sex Reassignment The David Reimer Story-man born physically male but reassigned as a girl and raised female following medical advice and intervention after his penis was accidentally destroyed during a botched circumcision in infancy.
Value System (book) Asceticism
One denies sexual desires to devote oneself to spiritual pursuits.
What is human Sexualilty
Our experiences and our expressions of ourselves as sexual beings, which are affected by our culture
Descent of testes/Ovaries
Ovaries- by abt 10 weeks after conception they have descended so upper edge of pelvis and remain there for the rest of the prenatal period. About 4 months they descend farther into the pelvis. and 4 months the testes normally descend to the inguinal canal - a fetal canal that connects the scrotum and the testes, allowing their descent. Then the passageway closes. Cryptorcdism-condition defined by under scended testes.
Perspectives on orientation historical
Pederasty- (sex inviliving a man) Ancient greece, heterosexual marriage and having children but males could have sex with whoever. Ancient Hebrews- Some Hebrew groups, prior to the 7th century B.C. practiced same-sex religious rituals Later banned during a movement to unify the Hebrew "nation" Female homosexuality was dealt with less harshly because there was no spillage of the "sacred seed" Early Christians Early Christians, following Roman tradition, were initially tolerant of same-sex behaviors, including pederasty Later, St. Thomas Aquinas (13th century) ta
Population & samples
Population- a complete group of organisms or events Sample- Part of population Generalize- to go from the particular to the general random sample- sample in every member of a population has an equal chance of participating stratified random sample- in which known subgroups in a population are presented in proportion to their # in the population
Pseudo-hermaphroditism
Pseudo-hermaphroditism Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AGS) - DHT Deficiency type AGS is when a person who is genetically male (who has one X and one Y chromosome) is resistant to male hormones (called androgens). As a result, the person has some or all of the physical traits of a woman, but the genetic makeup of a man.
Pseudohermaphroditism
Pseudohermaphroditism Having either testes or ovaries (matching the genetic sex) but with either ambiguous genitalia or genitalia of the other sex Many have early problems with gender identity but most have a heterosexual orientation as adults Adrenogenital syndrome - 1 in 20,000 births
Gender Typing Psychological Perspectives Psychodynamic theory Social-learning theory
Psychological Perspectives- masculine and feminine is around and usually kids start to learn it around ages 2 & 3. Psychodynamic theory- Freud explained gender typing in terms of identification. identification- process of incorporating within ourselfs the feelings of others. Oedipus complex- a conflict of the phallic stage in which a boy wishes to have sexually and the father is his rival.... (weird) Social-learning theory-guiding people into socially acceptable behavior patterns by means of info, rewards, punishments (also called socialization)
Psychological androgyny
Psychological androgyny is a term used to describe someone whose personality traits fall somewhere in between the traits that are typically associated with males and those that are typically associated with females.
Value system (book) Hedonism
Pursuit of pleasure is the guide
The cross species perspective
Scientist looked to sexual behavior of other animal species
Ancient Hebrews
Sex in marriage was good! Sex was believed to help strengthen the bond between husband and wife Women were to be good wives and mothers
Value system (book) Rationalism
Sexual decisions should be based on intellect and reason, not blind obedience
Ancient Romans
Sexual excesses common among the upper class Thought male-male relationships were a threat to the family Women still property, but more involved in social lives of their husbands
Sexual Orientation - Defined
Sexual orientation represents one's distinct sense of a natural preference and consistent attraction to sexual and romantic partners of a particular sex in the presence of clear alternatives Heterosexuality, Homosexuality, Bisexuality About attraction and feelings, not always about behaviors
Gender Typing
The process by which children acquire behavior society deems appropriate to their sex
gender differences in cognitive abilities
Verbal ability- girls talk sooner than boys and develop larger vocab this is said to be because as babies girls are talked to more Visual-spatial abilities-images of how objects rotate in space boys are better ( said cause boys play with legos) Math-boys better but we shouldn't say that now they think girls got a good chance
Ancient Greeks
Viewed men and women as bisexual Practiced pederasty (sexual love of boys) Prostitution was a big enterprise (courtesan) Women had a low social status(concubine)
Masters & Johnson early research
William Masters & Virginia Johnson 1954 1966: Human Sexual Response 1970: Human Sexual Inadequacy watched people have sex & recordered Masters and Johnson's research method The Laboratory Observation Method Individuals are observed in a laboratory, where the situation can be better controlled Tools of the Trade Physiological Measures of Sexual Arousal Penile strain gauge Vaginal photoplethysmograph View as PageDownloadToggle Fullscreen Send to BinderReflect in ePortfolioDownloadPrevious Next
sterotype
a fixed conventional and often distorted idea about a group of people
Nature & Nurture in gender identity intersexuals
a person who possesses the gonads of one anatomic sex but external genitalia that are ambiguous or typical of the other anatomic sex Prenatal irregularities in either chromosomes or hormones can lead to development of ambiguous genitalia These individuals are called "intersexuals"
psychological androgyny
a state of characterized by possession of both stereotypical masculine and stereotypical feminine traits
genetic factors in sexual differentiation
animal studies suggest a role for genes in the determination of mating and other behavior patterns in humans. (IDK)
Experimental method
cause and effect relationship by manipulating independent variable and observe the affect on the dependent variable words- treatment, independent, dependent, experimental group,, control group, selection factor
gender roles and sexual behavior
children learn that men usually approach women and initiate sexual interactions. men make first move. women romance and gatekeeper people who adhear to masculine stereotype are more likely to engage in risky unprotected sex
Perspectives on orientation cross species
could be dominance see male on male animal relations (of some type)
sexual orientation
direction of ones sexual & romantic interest- towards members of the same gender, the other, or both.
Psychological perspective Freud
focus on psychological influences- perception, learning, motivation, emotion, personality Freud psychoanalytic theory-mind operates on conscious (present) & unconscious levels(outside direct awareness) Defense mechanism- protect the ego from anxiety by distinguishing or ejecting unacceptable ideas & urges. repression- automatic rejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from consciousness. erogenous zones- idea that other parts of the body respond to sexual stimulation psychosexual development- children undergo 5 stages of development oral, anal, phallic, latency & genital. Oedipus complex- Freud believed it was normal for boys want there mother in the phallic stage. coitus- sexual intercourse social cognitive theory- observational learning and values play key roles in determining behavior
Biological perspective (book)
focuses on the role of hormones, nervous system, sex organs, genetics, & other biological factors. Genes-basic units of heredity which consist of chromosomal segments of DNA Chromosomes- (genes are segments of chromosomes) rod-like structure that resides in the nuclei of every living cell and carry the gen tic code in the form of genes . Chromosomes are composed of DNA DNA-deoxyribonnucleic acid- the chemical substance whose molecules make up genes and chromosomes
continuum of orientation (kinsey survey)
found evidence of a continuum of sexual orientation among people they surveyed and bisexual was midpoint between homo and hetero sexual orientations
Perspectives on orientation biological
genetic factors that are linked to the X chromosome and might influence homosexual orientation in males hormones, brain, genetics,
most common for of intersexualism (CAH) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
in which a female has female internal sexual structures(ovaries) but masculine external genitals. The clit is enlarged and may resemble a small penis caused by high levels of androgen's, produced usually by the fetus's own adrenal glands. other cases mothers receiving synthetic androgen's.
(Scientific area book) Biologist
inform us about the physiological mechanics of sexual arousal and response
Gender identity
ones sense of being male or female. Most aware of anatomic sex at 18 months and 36 months a firm sense of gender identity.
Transgender & autogynephilic
people who feel as though they possess the body of the wrong anatomic sex and desire to live as the sex they think they are. autogynephilic- trans men who are sexually stimulated by fantasies that their own bodies are female
Where do we get values
peoples sexual attitudes, experiences, and behaviors are shaped to a large extent by cultural traditions and beliefs
hermaphrodism (intersexualism)
person with both ovarian & testicular tissue
sexism
prejudgment that because of her or his sex a person will possess negative traits. education can change traditional sexist attitudes.
early research Henry have-lock Ellis Voice of enlightenment
published encyclopedia (studies in the psychology of sex) got info from case studies, anthropological findings and medical knowledge. women wanting sex is natural sex problems had psychological rather than physical causes gays are not flawed
Gender Vs Sex (book)
researchers reserve the word SEX for reference to anatomic or biological categories but prefer the word GENDER when they are referring to social or cultural categories. Sex is biological and gender refers to social and cultural differences
