Human Trafficking

The profits of the global human trafficking enterprise are estimated at ___________a year

$7-10 billion

Stages of Human Trafficking: Recruitment process

-Begins with a local recruiter who knows the culture and vulnerability of victims. -Often these local recruiters are acquaintances or friends of the victims and can even be a family member. -It is more common however for local recruiters to be women. -Exaggerated stories of money to be made from employment abroad are used to lure victims. -Also, media outlets, such as newspapers, are used to attract victims. -Must gain the trust of the victim because it lays the foundation for control during subsequent stages and for the beginning of the exploitation and enslavement -Recruitment-by-force. In this situation, recruiters abduct, kidnap, or drug victims. -Refugee camps are prime targets -Displacement due to a natural disaster

Stages of Human Trafficking: Transportation

-Belief that legitimate employment awaits them in another country, victims often aide in their illegal transportation by paying the recruiter or by just simply consenting to be part of an illegal plan to be transported. -Deceiving victims to travel abroad is the most common method to transport them, some victims are abducted or forced to travel against their will -Victims originate in countries suffering from political and economic instability and eventually arrive in destination countries that are not burdened with such problems.

Challenges and Barriers to Investigations

-Difficulty gaining the victim's trust -Lack of resources, mainly shelters -Lack of interpreters -Limited training on the TVPA and state laws -Limited knowledge on how to conduct proper investigations, especially in recognizing indicators to identify trafficking victims -Not enough task forces -Not enough funds -Lack of standard protocols to guide investigations -Limited collaboration among agencies

Stages of Human Trafficking: Exploitation

-Immediately arriving at the destination country that the victim becomes aware that she/he was deceived about the true nature of the employment usually because passports, identification, and travel documents are confiscated. -Will have to labor as a prostitute, exotic dancer or entertainer, garment worker, factory worker, agricultural worker, domestic servant, miner, or any other work -Although the victim is told that freedom may be a distant reality if the debt is paid, this seldom occurs because the debt continues to increase over time making it virtually impossible to escape

Characteristics of Victims

-Low level of education or no education -Unemployment -Limited employment opportunities in countries of origin -Dire economic circumstances -Social and economic inequality in countries of origin -Armed conflict, military occupation, and/or regional conflict in countries of origin Although these are common characteristics, anyone can be a victim of human trafficking.

Stages of Human Trafficking: Resolution

-Ordeal is reached, for some victims is death. -Others who are killed due to physical torture; and yet others who contract sexually transmitted diseases and die. -May find it difficult to return to their hometowns due to shame or ostracism -Continue a life of personal enslavement. As a result of the torture endured, many victims have health and psychological problems.

Stages of Human Trafficking: Physical abuse and torture

-Physical assaults, beatings, rape and other forms of violence make them compliant to the wishers of the trafficker and customers but also to prevent escape. -Psychological torture comes about through confined living quarters where 15-20 victims must share a small apartment.

Characteristics of Victims: The most frequently mentioned countries of origin for victims were (in descending order)

-Russian Federation -Nigeria -Albania -Romania -Republic of Moldova -Bulgaria -China -Thailand -Czech Republic -Lithuania -Poland -Belarus -Latvia

Available data, from the sources already mentioned, indicate that there are regional patterns with respect to where traffickers live and/or choose to launch their operations. For instance, most traffickers live and/or operate from the following list of:

-Russian Federation -Nigeria -Ukraine -Albania -Thailand -Turkey -China -Poland -Bulgaria -Germany -Italy -Lithuania -Mexico -Romania

These are organized criminal groups known to engage in human trafficking, although trafficking is certainly not the only crime committed by these groups.

-Russian Mafia -Chinese Triads -Japanese Yakuza

Forms of Human Trafficking: Other forms

-Servile marriages -Farm labor -Domestic work and childcare (domestic servitude) -Begging/street peddling -Restaurant work -Construction work -Carnival work -Hotel housekeeping -Criminal activities -Any form of day labor

Stages of Human Trafficking: Economic situation

-This situation is the result of economic instability in their country and a limited number of available legitimate jobs -Poverty has been identified to be a principle component that makes victims vulnerable to human trafficking schemes. -This component predisposes individuals to search for economic opportunities without fully being aware of potential hazards or to disregard potential dangers.

The State Department places countries into different tiers based on their efforts. For instance,

-Tier 1 Countries are those that fully comply with the TVPA minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. -Tier 2 Countries are those that do not fully comply within the minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance. -Tier 2 Watch List Countries are those that require special scrutiny because of (1) a high or significantly increasing number of victims, (2) failure to provide evidence of efforts to combat trafficking or, (3) an assessment as Tier 2 based on commitments to take action over the next year. -Tier 3 Countries are those that neither satisfy the minimum standards nor demonstrate a significant effort to come into compliance.

Characteristics of Consumers

-United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are ranked as top destination countries where humans are bought and forced into the commercial sex industry or into some form of forced labor -The profile of consumers is also diverse. -Occupations can range from businessmen, doctors, lawyers, and politicians. -Can even be of the same nationality and race as their victims.

Labor trafficking may arise in situations where exploitation can easily occur, such as:

-domestic servitude -restaurant work -janitorial work -sweatshop factory work -migrant agricultural work.

The network capitalizes on the skills of different players

-entrepreneur's knowledge of the area -to recruit victims -to falsify travel documents, -to bribe immigration officials

Forms of Human Trafficking: Labor Trafficking

-working in domestic situations as nannies or maids -sweatshop factories -janitorial jobs -construction sites -farm work -restaurants -panhandling

Forms of Human Trafficking: Sex Trafficking

-working in massage parlors -brothels -strip clubs -escort services

Stages of Human Trafficking

1. Economic situation 2. Recruitment process 3. Transportation 4. Exploitation 5. Physical abuse and torture 6. Resolution

Identifying Offenders

1. Migration 2. Recruitment 3. Magnitude 4. Victims mens rea ( Criminal intent) 5. Retribution 6. Intelligence

The VTVPA is a three-level approach to combat trafficking:

1. Prevention 2. Protection 3. Prosecution.

Categorizes human trafficking into two primary components:

1. Sex trafficking 2. Labor trafficking

Organization includes factors such as:

1. Skills required to commit the crime, 2. Possessing the capacity to use violence, which is used to dominate the criminal underworld 3. The resources and political connections to bribe professionals in the criminal justice system

Sex-trafficking and labor trafficking, both contain three vital components:

1. force 2. fraud 3. coercion

The United States, passed the ____________ which abolished slavery after the Civil War.

13th Amendment

Worldwide, it is believed that most victims are adult women and children, primarily girls younger than ________________

17 years of age.

Their average age is ___ and they are trafficked primarily for sexual exploitation. Most of these victims are trafficked from countries such as Belarus, Moldova, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine

20 The primary source countries for the United States are Thailand, China, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, and the Czech Republic

More specifically, it is a crime to provide or obtain a person, whether through deception or threat of harm, for the forced labor of services regardless of whether such services are to be fulfilled in the sex industry, an agricultural field, a home, a sweatshop, etc. The trafficker and/or the customer could face up to ______________ in prison if convicted.

20 years

Worldwide estimates indicate that ____________ people are victims of human trafficking

21 million

if the victim is a child (under the age of 18), or the victim dies, is kidnapped or endures severe sexual abuse, the trafficker and/or customer could face life imprisonment. The law also makes it a crime for any U.S. citizen to travel to another country for the purposes of engaging in illicit sexual conduct (sex tourism). For this latter offense, a person could face up to _______ in prison.

30 years

It is estimated that nearly ________ slaves were traded to plantation owners mainly in the Americas.

300,000 By the eighteenth century, the trade of human beings for weapons and molasses, the latter of which was one of the most valuable products of the Americas, was an economic enterprise with only minimal opposition

As many as _____________ in the U.S. are at risk for commercial sexual exploitation, including trafficking.

300,000 children Also, runaway and homeless children in the U.S. are highly susceptible

In the United States alone, government estimates indicate that between _____________ individuals are trafficked into the country each year.

600,000-800,000

______ is primarily an origin region for victims of human trafficking.

Africa In Asia, countries such as China and Thailand are considered main suppliers of trafficking victims

____________________, was heavily dependent on slave labor for a variety of work ranging from law enforcement to domestic tasks within the home.

Ancient Greece

_____________ a go-between or middleman. Brokers typically buy victims from a recruiter then sell them to an employer. There may be more than one broker.

Broker (agent)

Most victims of human trafficking endure physical torture and beatings to dissuade escape and to dissuade informing police of their enslavement. _________________________________ are cues to look for.

Burns, cuts, brands, scars of wrists, ankles, and legs Additionally, signs of malnourishment and/or poor personal hygiene can also be indicators of human trafficking. Dirty clothing and living conditions should also be observed as they may be good indicators.

In what they call _______________, Felson and Cohen believe that it is essential for not only the police but also the community to help identify potential offenders in an effort to increase the risk of apprehension

Capable guardians It is then that the risk will outweigh the gain of selling and trading humans and the motivation to engage in this crime will diminish.

________________ Europe is predominately an origin sub-region. Victims trafficked out of this sub-region are trafficked to Western Europe.

Central and South Eastern

Slaveholders today see their victims as _______________ people.

Cheap, expendable, or disposable

_______________ is also one of the primary reasons why individual entrepreneurs have entered the business since knowledge and specialization in all aspects of the human trafficking operation is not a job requirement.

Collaboration Collaboration is critically important to maximizing profits.

Proactive Response:

Collaboration is a way to proactively respond to the situation of human trafficking rather than taking a reactive response to the problem. Admittedly, reactive responses are inevitable and perhaps more common but building relations are important and proactive thinking is crucial to handling these types of cases.

Sex trafficking - involves the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purpose of a _______________ in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person forced to perform such an act is under the age of eighteen years old

Commercial sex act

________________ organizes and oversees an entire trafficking transaction, or more typically, a set of transactions. This role is usually played by a relatively professional criminal organization or group.

Contractor

A network can be composed of established ____________ who have agreed to collaborate.

Criminal syndicates For instance, the Chinese Triads, most operating in Moscow, rely on the services of Russian groups to falsify documents for the easy transportation of victims across borders.

In some West African countries such as Nigeria and Togo, ______ plays an unfortunate role in human trafficking, particularly the trafficking of children.

Culture -It is not uncommon in these countries for parents to voluntarily consent to send their children to live in homes of relatives, family members, or third persons, in order to provide them with an opportunity to attend school and/or learn a trade. -This cultural practice is called child fostering

Essentially, the traffickers create a situation of______________ where the victim must perform some type of service to earn their freedom.

Debt bondage

Recruitment generally involves some form of_____________ such as lying about finding and/or providing legitimate employment for persons

Deception or fraud Recruitment can also involve the abduction of persons.

__________ serve as pull factors. Thus, the sale and enslavement of humans is driven by the economic principles of supply and demand.

Disposable incomes

______________ arranges for and obtains "legitimate" documentation for travel to another country. Document specialists may steal or otherwise illegally obtain legitimate documentation, or they may create false documentation. This position may be filled by an immigration officer or lawyer.

Document thief/forger

____________ are push factors consistently found in countries of origin which makes recruitment for victims of human trafficking quite effortless.

Economic and political instability

___________________ is created when there are economic differences among countries.

Economic marginalization Increased trade of drugs, weapons, and humans is economic marginalization which is an effect of the deregulation of trading opportunities.

_____________ purchases and then sells the victim to the customer and provides a place of employment. Employers provide the victim with a place to live and work; tell them about the conditions of their work, living arrangements, and lifestyle; and inform them of demands. Employers are most commonly bar, club, or brother owners or managers; a small number of employers are street pimps and have no business establishment.

Employer (procurer)

______________ arranges for the trip and its alleged purpose. An employment agent arranges for a "legitimate" job and job description; a travel agent arranges for a "legitimate" trip. Employment and travel agents may serve as fronts for the trafficking activity. Sometimes agents also arrange for the victim's visas, passports, and other identification papers. This position is usually filled by someone who has a legitimate employment or travel agency but also uses it for illegitimate purposes.

Employment/travel agent

_______________ provides protection for the place of business, and to a lesser extent, the victim. Enforcers protect the business from other criminal gangs, from extortionists, and from police. They also make sure victims follow demands and that they do not escape. They also make sure the customer pays for services

Enforcer (guard, "roof")

Human trafficking is essentially _____________________ where victims are forced to labor against their will and various control techniques, such as severe physical punishment

Enslavement or involuntary servitude Are in place not only to prevent escape but also to inhibit victims from testifying against their traffickers.

_______________, particularly women and children, become targets of exploitation and are easily deceived into underground markets such as the sale of humans

Extreme poverty It also means that some individuals will seek employment opportunities abroad and the potential for exploitation is imminent.

The _____ is a key agency to contact because they can provide resources often lacking at the local level. They can assist with surveillance, computer evidence recovery, document analysis, translation services, assistance with cases leading to arrests overseas, and victim safety.

FBI

The _____________________is the dire economic circumstances that most women face, when there are a finite number of jobs available and most jobs are afforded to men

Feminization of poverty Thus, women become suitable targets for deceptive employment ventures or at times become desperate victims willing to take a chance on such employment ventures in order to survive

Countries that profit from ______________________ have the financial ability to support this transnational crime

Free trade or the deregulation of trade It should come as no surprise that the United States ranks very high as a destination country for victims of human trafficking.

In some countries human trafficking is a ______________, meaning that men who are exploited for sexual and/or labor purposes are not considered victims of this crime.

Gendered crime This may be another reason for the limited information of male victims of human trafficking.

____________ are examples that there are certain push and pull factors that drive the sale and enslavement of humans

Global trafficking routes 1. Push - Economic and political instability 2. Pull - Disposable incomes

With respect to gender, human trafficking operations are not exclusively male-operated. There are also ________________ .

Husband and wife operations As mentioned, traffickers are generally associated with the victim in some way.

Traffickers operating in the United States also actively participate in ____________________________________________________

Immigration fraud, money laundering, extortion, gambling, check forgery, child pornography, and drug trafficking However, traffickers are also involved in legitimate business, often as a cover for their illegitimate activities.

Labor trafficking - defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to ______________________

Involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery.

______________ may be a better place than a police interview room, which may be too authoritative and threatening to the victim

Local domestic violence shelters or churches Unless the agency has a policy, do not videotape or audiotape initial conversations with victims because their use may intimidate the victim and lead to non-disclosure of information.

________________ (1979) believe that motivated offenders can be dissuaded from engaging in crime if potential victims are better protected and if the community together with the police become more vigilant of such offenders

Marcus Felson and Lawrence Cohen

Salt and Stein (1997) report that trafficking from Albania to Italy is facilitated by "___________________...that employ about a dozen people, including a driver in charge of getting the boat over and back, one or two crew members acting as enforcers during the voyage, and various others in charge of rounding up customers, collecting money, transporting passengers to secret departure points and acting as look-outs."

Mom-and-pop operations This is a common example of a network and one that is used in other parts of the world.

According to Williams (1998), human trafficking is a ____________________ with larger and more structured groups and structured groups collaborate with other structured groups to facilitate the sale, transportation, and enslavement of humans.

Network of associations and/or associates where entrepreneurs collaborate

Human trafficking is described as a _________________ which involves the exploitation of humans for the sexual gratification of others and/or the exploitation of humans for any form of labor.

New modern-day form of slavery Described as one of the most atrocious crimes against humanity.

The human trafficking network has made it possible for virtually any person, even those with______________, to enter the business

No prior criminal experience With such fluidity and diversification of roles, it is not easy to pinpoint the players or even detect that human trafficking operations exist.

In essence, assessments should be made based on the three channels of communication- _________________________ (e.g. tone or pitch of voice, response latency, and length of response).

Non-verbal, verbal, and paralinguistic

148 countries were signatories to an international treaty to prevent, suppress, and punish those who traffic in persons. This international treaty, known as the ____________, because it was signed by the various nations in Palermo, Italy, makes it a crime to recruit, transfer, harbor, or purchase a person for the purpose of any type of exploitation.

Palermo Protocol

Apart from economic disparity, another factor that is said to affect human trafficking is _____________

Political instability -The collapse of the Soviet Union together with the deregulation of trade led to a decline in border enforcement efforts which only helped to facilitate free trade including the transportation of trafficked victims. -Free trade agreements between nations, such as NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) also helped the movement of people, including those who fall prey to human trafficking.

Sale of humans became a transnational economic enterprise in the fifteenth century when the ______ actively engaged in slave trade which shipped slaves from Africa to Europe.

Portuguese

Typically, victims of human trafficking are sold and enslaved to perform a variety of jobs. The most common of which involves primarily women being forced to work in the sex industry as a _______________

Prostitute, exotic dancer or exotic entertainer.

In the United States, ____________ is the most common form of trafficking followed by agricultural work

Prostitution

____________ person who finds and brings victims into the industry; usually by deception but sometimes by force. Recruiters sell victims to brokers or directly to employers, such as brothel owners or bar owners.

Recruiter

Defines trafficking in persons as the action of _____________________________________________ of persons by means of: threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim; for the purpose of exploitation, to include:

Recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring, or receiving Exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar practices, as well as the removal of organs for economic gain

Human trafficking is essentially a form of __________________. It is a venture that thrives on the exploitation of humans for financial or economic reasons.

Slave labor or involuntary servitude One could argue that human trafficking is a more profitable business when compared to arms trafficking or drug smuggling because humans can be sold over and over again.

______________organizations are increasingly utilizing human trafficking to generate revenue, demoralize adversaries, and fill their ranks.

Terrorist

Countries in Asia such as ________________ have been identified to be major focal points for internal trafficking operations as are some countries in Africa.

Thailand and China

If a person consents to be smuggled into a country which he/she is not a legal or permanent resident and upon reaching the destination of choice is forced to work or labor against his/her will, __________________________.

The initial consensual decision becomes irrelevant Any smuggled migrant becomes a victim of human trafficking when he/she is forced into employment against his/her will.

Estimated to be the ____________ transnational crime next to the sale of weapons and drugs.

Third most profitable Humans can be utilized multiple times for profit compared to the sale of disposable products.

_____________ hinder communication

Threats -When a subject feel threatened by what the interviewer is saying, he/she is likely to stop listening in order to reduce anxiety. -Strong statements of opinion stimulate an individual to respond similarly. Once strong opinions have been voiced, people tend to defend them rather than discuss them. -Biased language increases the sense of threat; neutral language reduces it.

Texas is one of five states (Washington, Florida, Missouri, and Minnesota) that have ____________

Trafficking statutes.

____________ accompanies victims on the trip- by airplane, train, bus, car, or on foot- to their destination. Transporters may take the victim through one or more transit cities or countries. They usually deliver the victim to a broker at a border or inside a destination country, but sometimes the delivery is directly to an employer.

Transporter (escort, "jockey," "coyote")

Cowering for example, plus gaze aversion are_______________________ Victims of trafficking are fearful and distrustful of police due to mistreatment by authorities in their countries of origin. Thus, the presence of police, even though such presence by the officer is non-authoritative, may elicit certain responses from the victim.

Two important indicators Thus, the presence of police, even though such presence by the officer is non-authoritative, may elicit certain responses from the victim.

The __________ Office is the federal agency that is responsible for coordinating federal-level trafficking investigations and prosecuting trafficking cases

U.S. Attorney's the local district attorney's office should be contacted as they may elect to prosecute the case at the state level.

The Texas _____________ states that victims have the:

Victim Bill of Rights -Right to be notified of proceedings and defendant status -Right to be present at selected proceedings -Right to make a statement -Right to restitution -Right to be consulted concerning pleas or dismissals -Right to a speedy trial -Right for victim information to be confidential

The __________________________ is a comprehensive law that addresses the problem of human trafficking.

Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (VTVPA)

By the eighteenth century, the trade of human beings for _____________, the latter of which was one of the most valuable products of the Americas, was an economic enterprise with only minimal opposition

Weapons and molasse

Some of the best practices in__________ of human trafficking are based on several elements:

conducting investigations -Be proactive -Collaboration with other law enforcement agencies -Collaboration with social service providers Safeguarding the rights of victims and ensuring their safety -Awareness of legal issues (to be discussed in another section) -Engaging the community (to be discussed in another section)

"_________________" as labor or services that are performed or provided by another person and obtained through an actor's:

forced labor or services -Threatening to cause bodily injury to another. -Restraining another in a manner described by or -Withholding from another the person's: -Government records -Identifying information; or personal property.

The key difference between smuggling and trafficking is the individual's _____________

freedom of choice -Trafficking is the denial of the victim's liberty or human rights. -Slavery and involuntary servitude are illegal in the United States regardless of whether there was original consent.

There are generally three types of victim service providers- _________________. The two federal government agencies with specific responsibilities for human trafficking are

governmental, non-governmental, or a combination of both -U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) -U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ).

Try to keep note taking to a ___________ but listen carefully. If possible, have a second person take notes.

minimum Allow the victim ample time to tell their story. Do not make any promises because if such promises cannot be kept, the victim may refuse to cooperate in the future.

The TVPA allows victims to conditionally obtain __________________, which then allows them to apply for and receive benefits and services under existing refugee and social welfare programs.

temporary legal status It allows for benefits such as medical care, witness protection, housing assistance, and other social services.

Texas Statute on Human Trafficking commits this offense if the person knowingly _____________ with the intent that the trafficked person engages in (1) forced labor or services; or (2) conduct that constitutes an offense under Chapter 43.

traffics another person -This offense is a felony of the second degree -felony of the first degree if the person who is trafficked is younger than 14 years of age at the time of the offense or the commission of the offense results in the death of the person who is trafficked AND, Compelling Prostitution.