humanities chapter 9

"The invisible hand"

"Adam Smith's" idea that would theoretically guide the economy. In his "Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations", (1776). he contended that prices and profits from production would automatically be regulated to the benefit of all, not just the factory owners. Things didn't work out this way, workers were ruthlessly exploited

Enlightenment

"The Age of Reason" ´Period of intellectual revolution ´Emphasis on secular concerns that began in the Renaissance. The Eighteenth century. Includes freedom from tyranny and superstition and a belief in the essential goodness of human nature and the equality of all people.

French novelist Balzac

( 1799 - 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of realism in European literature.

Jonathan Swift

(1667-1745) One of the greatest satirist of the period. Satire is a type of literature in which writers ridicule their subjects.Swift was considered a cynical misanthrope-----a person who hates the human race. He created "Gulliver's Travels". Throughout the book, swift uses Gulliver's adventures to satirize the political, social, and academic institutions of his time and country with their display of human folly, greed, and stupidity.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) the "Russian Czar". He created the majestic city of St.Petersburg out of a virtual swamp and built his new city to provide "a window on Europe". He traveled throughout Western Europe for design and manufacturing based on western ideas and techniques. He sent young noblemen to England to study navigation and shipbuilding in Kroger to conduct a commanding naval fleet. Peter made St. Petersburg a modern city on a par with London and other European capitals.

Jean-Antoine Watteau

(1684-1721) gained admission to the Royal Academy in Paris with his painting, "Pilgrimage to Cythera" (1717), indicative of the victory of the colorists (Rubenistes) over the linearists (Poussinistes).

Benjamin Franklin

(1706-1826) the most versatile of the American Founding Fathers. He was one of the five men to help draft the Declaration of Independence. He was a statesman, printer and writer, merchant, and newspaper editor. He also experimented with electricity; inventing both the lightning rod and bifocals. Franklin founded the first lending library in America and established the first fire company. His greatest accomplishment was his service as minister to France, which enabled him to secure much needed French financial support during the revolutionary war. His most important contribution was keeping France friendly to the new American nation.

Carolus Linnaeus

(1707-1778) middle of the century established the biological classification system still in use to identify species

Jean- Jacques Rousseau

(1712-1778) emphasized the subjectivity of individual experience. He believed in the basic goodness of humanity, in people's positive natural instincts. He believed that society corrupted people and made them competitive and greedy. He also emphasized that human beings are driven by passion. His autobiographical "Confessions" written in (1782) serves as a powerful example of reflective self-analysis. In his "Discourse on Inequality" of 1754, he provides a critique of Thomas Hobbes, who argued that human beings are spurred by self-interest and that to exist in a state of nature is to exist in a state of war. He also stated that human beings are driven by passion, their thinking is an instrument of their feelings and desires.

Denis Diderot

(1713-1784) French thinker created a 28 volume encyclopedia, designed to encompass all human knowledge, from science and technology to philosophical thought. Diderot Encyclopedia (1750-1765) contains thousands of illustrations depicting the mechanical principles of production and commerce. All eighteenth-century scientific work was the progress of mathematics. Halley's study of comets and Lavoisier's studies in chemistry depended on it. The calculus developed simultaneously by Newton and Leibnitz was a prerequisite for all studies of motion.

Joshua Reynolds

(1723-1792) became deaf as a young man; he led the English portrait school in the second half of the eighteenth century. His style is seen in a depiction of "Lady Elizabeth Delme and her Children" (1777-1780) Reynolds was the first president of the Royal Academy of London. He wrote about his theories and rules of art in his fifteen Discourses. He said the highest level of subject was history paintings, a majority of his work are portraiture was lucrative. Reynolds often painted aristocratic ladies in parks--elegant and gracious, refined and dignified. The style was referred to as the "Grand Manner" the canvases are enormous and the figures likely to be almost life size. Reynolds's technique was to paint rapidly with full free brushstrokes without making earlier sketches.He wrote a patron, saying that a portrait requires in general three sittings about an hour and a half each time, but if the the sitter chooses it, the face can be begun and finished in one day.... And the rest is done without troubling the sitter. The "fourth Discourse" he say"s a portrait painter should give a general idea and....... Leave out all the minute breaks and peculiarities in the face.....rather than observing the exact similitude of every feature......Reynolds painted people the way they wanted to look, not the way they actually look.

Immanuel Kant

(1724-1804) best known for his "categorical imperative". This refers to his belief that every person should behave as if their actions would apply to all people in all places at all times his or her action were to become a universal law, Also like Kierkegaard, Kant held that no person should ever treat another as an object, as a means to an end, instead each person should treat others the way one would hope to be treated by them.

Gulliver's Travels

(1726) The king of Brobdingnag (the land of the giants) addresses the title character, Gulliver, who serves as swift's representative of humanity. The king describes human beings as "the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the face of the earth". Gulliver Travels is only one side of swifts travels, full of fantastic and marvelous events. The book recounts the adventures of the ships physician, Lemuel Gulliver, over four voyages. *The first voyage takes him to Lilliput, where the people are only six inches tall. *The second takes him to the land of giants, Brobdingnag. *The third to Laputa, a place where thought and intellect are privileged. *The fourth to a place where horses rule with reason, intelligence, and wisdom.

Thomas Gainsborough

(1727-1788) Started out as a landscape painter and preferred to paint landscape. He became the most fashionable portraitist in British society. Most of the eighteenth century portraiture is elegant and courtly, artists flattering their sitters by giving them all social graces then deemed desirable. Evidence by Gainsborough"s double portrait "The Morning Walk" (1785). Gainsborough emphasizes sumptuous, sensual textures. Much may be described as appearing to be fluffy.

Franz Haydn

(1732-1809) Served as a court musician near Vienna for Prince Esterhazy for nearly thirty years. Haydn composed (104) symphonies in many different variations that he is known as the "Father of the Form" He established the guidelines for the classical style and form for the sonata and the string quartet as well as for the symphony. His career not only defines a transition from court to public music it also marks the time when musicians and composers finally attained the status and importance that painters, sculptors, and architects had enjoyed. His best known symphonies is "Farewell" symphony (#45), composed in (1772). Haydn wrote this symphony as a form of protest against "Prince Esterhazy's" policy of not allowing musicians to bring their families to his palace.

Thomas Jefferson

(1743-1826) the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. He served as the governor of VA, U.S Minister of France, Secretary of State, and VP before becoming the president. Jefferson was also a writer, musician, and architect. He also founded the University of VA which he planned designed and supervised. He was a private man of great elegance dignity and aristocratic bearing.

Wolfgang Goethe

(1749-1832) a German writer, lived half his life during the Enlightenment and half during the Romantic era. He witnessed the shift in consciousness of reason, objectively, and science to the Romantic concern for emotion, subjectively, and imaginative truth. Goethe was the leader of the Sturm und Drang (storm and stress) movement. His influential novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" (1774) exemplifies the movements characteristics. The novel caused a wave of suicides throughout Europe. Goethe's most famous work, Faust (1808) is a play based on the life of the medieval German scholar "Johann Faust", who is said to have sold his soul to the devil in exchange for knowledge. Faust is a defining work of European Romanticism.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

(1756-1791) The Greatest of the classical composers who was born and raised in Salzburg Austria, Mozart's first teacher was his father, Leopold, himself an accomplished musician and composer. Mozart's musica l genius was evident early in his piano and violin playing and in his composing, which he began at age five. Mozart composed over 600 works, including forty-one symphonies, twenty-seven piano concertos, and nine concertos for various other instruments, including one for the clarinet. He composed a large number of chamber works, a significant volume of choral music, including his great "Requiem" or mass for the dead, which remained unfinished at his death. Mozart composed some of the most popular operas ever written including: *The Marriage of Figaro(1786) *Don Giovanni(1787) *The Magic Flute(1791)

Ludwing Van Beethoven

(1770-1827) was born during the age of Enlightenment and came to maturity during a period of political and social revolution. He died as Romantic era was in full flower. Beethoven's life and work reveal a tension between the Classical style of the past and the newly emerging Romantic tendencies in the arts. Beethoven was known for his ability on the piano. He was also known as an innovative composer. He started to become deaf around (1800) and almost commited suicide as a result. He wrote an agonized letter to his brother describing his suicidal thoughts and his victory over them. He wrote the letter in the German town Heiligenstadt, Known as the "Heiligenstadt Testament" This traumatic experience strengthened Beethoven and the music he wrote after words. He produced an abundance of music, including: *nine symphonies *five piano concertos *sixteen string quartets *thirty-two piano sonatas Beethoven's most famous work remains his Symphony #5 in C Minor, opus 67, composed in (1808). One of the most tightly unified compositions ever written, its opening four-note motif (dah dah dah Dah) is the best known of all symphonic motifs.

Jane Austen

(1775-1817) A great woman writer, a British novelist, appears near the top. One of the most important writers of her time and she continues to be popular two centuries later. Austen wrote some of her novels at the end of the eighteenth century, but none of them was published until the second decade of the next century. Her novels are essentially social comedies, or comedies of manners with a strong moral outlook. "Pride and Prejudice" (her most popular novel). "Sense and Sensibility," and "Emma" advocated for the proper social norms that decent people must observe. Austen's books are described as classical. Her writing sparkles with irony and wit, graceful and elegant- much like the music of Mozart. Her books center around marriage and money, social standing, and moral standing. They describe heroines who understand the value of money and social position but not at the expense of finding true companionship and romantic love.

French Revolutions

(1789-1793) The French bourgeoisie wanted a "National Assembly" like the American Continental Congress. They wanted a document along the line of the American Declaration of Independence. They also wanted a constitution that would ensure the rights of life and liberty and the right to own property. These rights were at the heart of the French "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen" a document modeled to some extent, on the American Declaration of Independence.

Gustave Flaubert

(1821 - 1880) was a French novelist. Highly influential, he has been considered the leading exponent of literary realism in his country. He is known especially for his debut novel Madame Bovary, his Correspondence, and his scrupulous devotion to his style and aesthetics.

Crimean war

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

sonata

(Sonata-allegro) The first and fourth movements usually employed "sonata form" The second was often in theme and variations or rondo form (also in sonata form). Sonata forms consist of three sections *Exposition- The exposition introduces the movement's themes *Development- The development section modifies them *Recapitulation- The recapitulation brings the themes back This overall structure suggests a pattern of departure and return.

Rococo painting

1 of the 2 main styles of the eighteenth century. Largely portrayed light love stories and the pursuit of pleasure. Also, female nudes weren't strong or powerful, but delicate and soft. The deep intellectual meaning has little place in Rococo painting. The Rococo, which may be seen as a reaction to the Baroque large-scale, heavy proportions, deep colors, and religious or historical subject matter, instead favored small-scale, delicacy, pastel colors, and entertaining subject matter.

Neoclassicism painting

1 of the 2 main styles of the eighteenth century. Seen as a reaction against the Rococo, instead favoring a return to the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome, restraint, serious subject matter, and a preference Painting: Jacques-Louis David ´Subjects from classical era, almost like players on a stage for lines over color. The clearest demonstration of the Neoclassical style in painting is provided by the French artist Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825) a follower of the French Baroque painter "Nicholas Possin"

American civil war

1861-1865: War between North (union states) and South (confederate states) over slavery and succeeding.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Friedrich Engels

A German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and one of the fathers of the Marxist theory.

nocturnes

A Musical composition for the night, usually melancholy and for solo piano.

waltz

A ballroom dance in triple meter.

mazurka

A lively Polish dance in triple meter—a bit faster than a waltz.

Divisionism

A painting technique where each color is divided into its component parts.

prelude

A short instrumental composition that usually but not always precedes a larger work.

Karl Marx and the communist manifesto

A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views. Explains the emergence of capitalism while predicting its future.

Emily Dickinson

American poet born in the year 1830. Her poems were usually written with short lines lacking titles and often used slant rhyme. Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two recurring topics in letters to her friends.

Francois Boucher

Among his several titles, were those of Director of Royal Academy and First Painter to Louis XV. "Boucher's Bath of Diana" displayed the dedicated French Rococo and charm that brought him success. Boucher was the favorite painter of "Madame de Pompadour", mistress of Louis XV

Poor Richard's Almanac

Benjamin Franklin's most popular book, along with his Autobiography, which he wrote and published himself.

English Romantic poets

Blake - William Blake was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. Largely unrecognised during his lifetime, Blake is now considered a seminal figure in the history of the poetry and visual arts of the Romantic Age. Wordsworth - William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with their joint publication Lyrical Ballads. Coleridge - Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English poet, literary critic, philosopher and theologian who, with his friend William Wordsworth, was a founder of the Romantic Movement in England and a member of the Lake Poets.

Marie-Louise-Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun

By the age of twenty, she was highly sought after as a portraitist, her portraits commanding the highest prices in France. Vigee-Lebrun was the portraitist of the aristocracy, including Marie Antoinette, Louis XVI's queen. She painted Marie Antoinette and her Children. Because she was so closely linked to royalty, she fled France during the revolution.

Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin was known as the founder of the evolutionary theory. Darwin also supported and observed the theory of Organisms have one common ancestor and have evolved throughout time. Known for his research in evolution by natural selection

Evolution by natural selection

Charles proposed a process by which species change over many generations. He called this process of natural selection. Natural selection acts on existing variation. selective agents may favor some individuals within the population that have favorable characteristics. The individuals will produce more offspring over generations, the less successful genes will be last from the gene pool.

Symphony

Consists of several distinct sections, called movements. A symphony typically consists of four movements, each in a different tempo. The first and last are usually in faster tempos; the second is traditionally in the slowest tempo of the four movements. Each movement of a symphony also possesses its own internal form or structure.

Soren Kierkegaard

Danish philosopher, founder of existentialism, said "truth is subjectivity", religion is a personal matter, and relationships with God require suffering, wrote "Either/Or", The Sickness Unto Death" Championed the concept of existential individual.

evolution

Darwin's explanation of how human life developed through natural selection from lower life-forms.

Francisco Goya

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes was a Spanish romantic painter and printmaker. He is considered the most important Spanish artist of the late 18th and early 19th centuries and throughout his long career was a commentator and chronicler of his era.

Auguste Rodin

François Auguste René Rodin, known as Auguste Rodin, was a French sculptor. Although Rodin is generally considered the progenitor of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past

idee fixe

French for "fixed idea." In music, a recurring musical theme or motif, as in Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique.

Lied

German for "art song," designed for a vocalist and accompanist, usually a pianist.

Bildungsroman

German for a novel of education, in which the main character undergoes a maturation process of learning.

Symbolism

Giving concrete form to abstract ideas such as love.

Philosophes

Group of thinkers who believed perfect societies could be created by rational thinking ´Feared tyranny ´Championed democracy. They denounced intolerance, passion, and irrationality. They advocated for public controlled as opposed to church- controlled education.

Edgar Degas

He is especially identified with the subject of dance; more than half of his works depict dancers. Regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist

James Abbott Whistler

He was averse to sentimentality and moral allusion in painting, and was a leading proponent of the credo "art for art's sake"

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

Immanuel Kant's most important work, which lays out his ethical ideas.. He explains what makes an action truly moral is that it's motivated by a rational acceptance of duty, and not by guilt, self-interest or compassion

Fetes Galantes

In Rococo painting, a depiction of an elegant outdoor party, featuring amorous conversations, elegant fashion, and social gallantry. Largely portrayed light love stories and the pursuit of pleasure ´Female nudes were not strong or powerful, but delicate and soft.

leitmotiv

In Wagnerian opera, brief fragments of melody or rhythm linked with particular characters, actions, or objects.

Impressionism

In painting, a late nineteenth-century artistic style that sought to portray a fleeting view of the world. In music, a style that suggested moods and places through lush and shifting harmonies and vague rhythms.

absolute music

Instrumental music that does not attempt to tell a story or describe a scene as in program music

Louis Pasteur

Invented pasteurization & completed some of the first studies showing that human disease could arise from infection, father of microbiology, the discovery of pathogens, Germ Theory of disease

program music

Music that describes a scene, story, or other nonmusical situation, as in Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique.

e'tudes

Musical studies that focus on particular techniques.

Neoclassicism architecture and sculpture

Neoclassicism, a descriptive term, refers to the revival of the arts and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It was the dominant trend in western Europe from (1725-1825) ´ "New Classics"The excavation of "Pompeii and Herculaneum" fueled interest in the Classics.´"Jean-Antoine Houdon" was portrait sculptor, known for his realism in sculpture and a ´Portrait of "George Washington" One of France's greatest portraits sculptors. A prime example of Neoclassical architecture in England is "Chiswick House" a country residence built by Lord Burlington (Richard Boyle) and "William Kent", beginning in (1725). Neoclassical architecture is serious and intentionally unexciting.--- the walls are flat, the ornament is relatively austere, creating a formal dignity--unlike Baroque architecture"s animated, undulating, abundantly decorated walls.

grand opera

Nineteenth-century opera that enlarged the quality of drama and spectacle beyond earlier opera.

Rational humanism

Progress is possible through learning and that progress is a human good that benefits all.

Romantic music

Romantic composers broke from classical artistic forms to emphasize emotion, nature, individuality, intuition, the supernatural, and national histories in their works. *Ex: Ludwig van Beethoven, Frédéric Chopin, Richard Wagner, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Chopin - (1810-1849) Romantic. raised in Warsaw, went to Paris. Wrote primarily for piano Wagner - German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused (1813-1883)

Discourse on Inequality

Rousseau's book that provides a critique of Thomas Hobbes, who argued that human beings are spurred by self-interest, and that to exist in a state of nature us to exist in a state of war

Mary Cassatt

She was born in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, but lived much of her adult life in France, where she first befriended Edgar Degas and later exhibited among the Impressionists

The Kiss

The Kiss is an 1882 marble sculpture by the French sculptor Auguste Rodin. The embracing nude couple depicted in the sculpture appeared originally as part of a group of reliefs decorating Rodin's monumental bronze portal The Gates of Hell, commissioned for a planned museum of art in Paris.

Dialectical materialism

The Marxist economic theory that postulates inevitable conflict between economic forces of labor and ownership.

Scientific Revolution

The eighteenth century saw advances in scientific learning. Scientists explored the natural world such that new sciences had to be defined: "geology"(1795) and "mineralogy"(1796). Underlying all eighteenth-century scientific work was the progress of mathematics.

Japanese Kabuki

The first were lively song and dance performances by women. After awhile performances were limited to men.Kabuki focus on the present and were melodramatic and seductive.

transcendentalists

Thinkers who subscribed to the philosophical theory of Transcendentalism, which held that an ideal reality transcends the material world and can be known only through intuition, and, especially, in nature.

Monticello

Thomas Jefferson fostered Neoclassical ideas in American. Jefferson designed his home the "Monticello" in his hometown of "Charlottesville, Virgina" (1769). It was built in two campaigns (1770-1784) and (1796-1806). Monticello is an adaption of Chiswick House, Monticello is constructed of brick and wood. The deep porticos front and back supported on Doric columns, became popular in the southern United States, providing protection from the sun and adding dignity to the building. The Plan of Monticello's is formal, almost symmetrical with entrances on each of the four sides.

Synthetism

Using heightened color, flattened forms, and heavy outlines to give an emotional effect.

Walt Whitman

Walter Whitman was an American poet, essayist, and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.

Most notable Rococo painters

Watteau, Boucher, and Fragonard

Impressionism painting

a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities

George Friedrich Hegel

a German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism. He achieved wide recognition in his day and—while primarily influential within the continental tradition of philosophy—has become increasingly influential in the analytic tradition as well.

La Madeleine in Paris

a Roman Catholic church occupying a commanding position in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. The Madeleine Church was designed in its present form as a temple to the glory of Napoleon's army.

The Thinker

a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a nude male figure of over life-size sitting on a rock with his chin resting on one hand as though deep in thought, often used as an image to represent philosophy.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

a document modeled, to some extent, on the American Declaration of Independence.. from the French

Claude Monet

a founder of French Impressionist painting and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement's philosophy of expressing one's perceptions before nature

The third of May

a painting completed in 1814 by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya, now in the Museo del Prado, Madrid. In the work, Goya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleon's armies during the occupation of 1808 in the Peninsular War

Napoleonic Code

a uniform code of law for the entire country, established by Napoleon, it was a brief and clear code of law for the entire country and every citizen should be able to understand it. One of his greatest skills was his talent for administration, which enabled him to succeed in setting up and administrating his legal code.

Florence Nightingale

an English social reformer and statistician, and the founder of modern nursing. Nightingale came to prominence while serving as a manager and trainer of nurses during the Crimean War, in which she organized to care for wounded soldiers.

Pierre Renoir

commonly known as Auguste Renoir, was a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style

Rococo

derived from the French word rocaille, which is a type of decorative rock work or grotto work made from pebbles and shells. The Rococo style was intended for the aristocracy and courtly upper class, who favored an intimate boudoir style with an emphasis on finesse and artificiality.

Issac Newton

identified the forces that hold the universe together with his principles of gravitation. He was a mathematician, and he explained his science with mathematical formulas and equations.

Industrial Revolution

introduced mass manufacturing and large-scale mechanized factory production. Products once handcrafted were now made by mechanized means. The steam engine designed by "James Watt" in (1769), transformed the way in which new factories could be powered by steam.

Madame Bovary

is the debut novel of French writer Gustave Flaubert, published in 1856. The eponymous character lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life.

Napoleon Bonaparte

stage a coup d'etat (overthrow) and installed himself as the head of the French government. He rose to power through talent and civic sacrifice. Napoleon declared himself Emperor for Life in (1804), effectively restoring the monarchy to France. One of his greatest skills was his talent for administration.

French Revolution vs American Revolution

the French situation differed from the American one(see number 5). The bourgeoisie's growing belief in equality, freedom from tyranny, and the right of self-governing involved the overthrow of the existing one and establishment of a new one. The French Revolution marked a pronounced shift from monarchy and absolutism to republicanism and democracy

Jean-Honore Fragonard

the first director of the "Musee de Louvre", painted "The Happy Lovers"

United States Capitol Building

the home of the United States Congress and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

Ethical considerations

the variety of factors important for us to consider in any scenario in which we're making a decision, conducting an evaluation, or making a selection

existential individual

to characterize a person's unique subjective perspective. Valued morality and faith.

American Revolution

´Important to separate church things from state things. Keeping church and state in different realms. The American Revolution inspired the French Revolution. Enlightenment ideas inspired colonist to revolt against England. Enlightenment ideas inspired liberty and sovereignty "The Declaration of Independence" was adopted on (July 4, 1776), by Continental Congress. The Declaration asserted that the colonist had the right to establish a government to secure the "Unalienable rights" of "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." The Declaration also enshrined the idea that governments derived its authority from the people. The Declaration document led to the war with Britain and the colonists defeating British forces altering the balance of world power.

Rococo Architecture

´Opulent, pastel colors, gold-leafed ´Small-scale elements and emphasis Rococo style is seen at the "Residenz" a palace in Wurzburg, in Bavaria Germany. Everything is pastel and glit, the effect light and airy, which is characteristic of the Rococo. Opulent oval room, known as the Kaisersaal. Constructed in (1719-1744) by the German architect Balthasar Neumann. Rococo art favors curves. His rooms may be relatively small and intimate in size and rounded or oval in shape---no one can be alone in a conner. Architecture, sculpture, and painting are combined to create a striking illusion.

Symphonie Fantastique

´Program music ´Absolute music ´Etudes ´Mazurkas ´Nocturnes ´Preludes ´Waltzes