Humanities I Egyptian Quizlet

Akhet

"The Inundation" -the annual flooding of the Nile between June and September

Hatshepsut temple

- Deir El-Bahri, Egypt - 18th Dynasty - c. 1473 - 1458 BCE

Ramses II names

-"The Great" -"The Great Ancestor" - was known to the Egyptians as Userma'atre Setepenre which means 'Keeper of harmony and balance, Strong in right, Elect of Ra'. -Ozymandias

Zahi Hawass

-Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Giza Pyramids Excavation - leading proponent of the Nefertiti-as-Smenkhkare theory

Ramses II construction

-The vast tomb complex known as the Ramesseum at Thebes, -the temples at Abu Simbel, -the hall at Karnak (image), the complex at Abydos literally hundreds of other buildings, monuments, temples

Nefertiti

-Wife of Akhenaton of the 18th dynasty -became queen after his death -name means "the beautiful one has come" -was engaged to Amenhotep IV around the age of 11, she was an adherent of the cult of Aten, a sun deity, and may have influenced his decision to abandon the worship of the gods of Egypt in favor of a monotheism centered on Aten

Hatshepsut

-a female pharaoh in 18th dynasty Egypt who rose to prominence as ruler after the death of her husband Thuthmosis II. She initially served as regent for her son Thutmose III. -remembered as the first female pharaoh -only queen to receive the double crown of Egypt and the title of pharaoh

Aten

-depicted as the disk of the sun in ancient Egyptian mythology -originally an aspect of the god Ra. -In his poem "Great Hymn to the Aten", Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator, giver of life, and nurturing spirit of the world. -Basis of Akhenaten's monotheistic religion

Battle of Kadesh

-first peace treaty in 1258 -This battle took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city on the Orontes River for which the battle is named, near the modern Syrian-Lebanese border. The battle is generally dated to 1274 BC in the conventional Egyptian chronology, and is the earliest battle in recorded history for which details of tactics and formations are known. It was probably the largest chariot battle ever fought, involving perhaps 5,000-6,000 chariots. As a result of the multiple inscriptions focused on this battle, it is the best documented battle in all of ancient history.

gardens

-highly prized -and simple home adornments -believed they would continue to the afterlife

Ramses II life

-lived to be 96 years old, had over 200 wives and concubines, 96 sons and sixty daughters, most of whom he outlived -mummy shows that he stood over 6 feet tall in height with a strong juttting jaw, thin nose, and thick lips; most likely died from old age or heart failure;

Importance of the Nile

-predictable annual flooding deposited rich soil -water for consumption -transportation and communication -trade

Nefertiti's disappearance

-she fell out of favor with her husband because she could not produce a male heir - she abandoned the religion of the Aten and was banished - she committed suicide in grief over the loss of her daughter -she continued to rule under the name of Smenkhkare until her step son took the throne

Ramses II

-third pharaoh of the 19th dynasty -was the son of Seti I and Queen Tuya, and was named co-ruler with his father; with his father he built a new palace at Avaris -popularly associated with the pharaoh of the biblical Book of Exodus, but there is no evidence

Hatshepsut rise to power

-to be accepted and to govern successfuly Hatshepsut needed to surround herself with powerful military, civil, and religious officials who would support her cause -legitimized her rule by claiming divine birth, in addition to declaring that Amun had stated that he wanted her to rule -justified her claim to the throne by claiming Tuthmosis I, the strong, successful pharaoh/god, had named her his successor

Tutankhamen

-upon taking the throne abandoned the religion of Aten and returned Egypt to traditional practice

Nefertiti

-was four feet, six inches tall, the height of an average Egyptian woman -may also have been co regent -wielded more power than any woman in Egypt since the time of Hatshepsut

Aten Worship

Akhenaten outlawed the old religion and proclaimed himself the living incarnation of a single, all powerful, deity known as Aten -monotheistic

Amarna Period

Akhenaten's reign is known as the ________ because he moved the capital of Egypt from the traditional site at Thebes to the city he founded, Akhenaten

Ma'at

Ancient Egyptian concept of universal harmony

Dispute between a man and his Ba

Ancient Egyptian philosophical text dating to the Middle Kingdom about a man deeply unhappy with his life. It is part of the so-called Wisdom literature and takes the form of a dialogue between a man and his ba (soul).

Flinders Petrie

British egyptologist who discovered Akhenaten's tomb in 1907

Amarna Letters

Correspondence found in city if Amarna between the kings of Egypt and those of foreign nations

New Kingdom 1800 - 1100 BC

Create Empire--Most powerful State Famous Pharaohs: Hatshepsut (Regent, Queen, Pharaoh) Thutmose II (Husband of Hatshepsut) & III (Son of Hatshepsut) Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)--Monotheism--Amarna Period Nefertiti --Egyptian queen and the Great Royal Wife (chief consort) of Akhenaten Tutankhamen--Son of Akhenaten--restored worship of Amun and the old gods. Horemheb, sought to erase the entire Amarna Period from history. Ramses II

Fall of Egypt

Dominated by Libyans - Nubians --who adopt most of Egyptian culture, then Persians Macedonians & Alexander the Great (Ptolemaic dynasty = after Alexander) Cleopatra VII (Last of the of the Ptolemaic dynasty), then Province of Rome

Hatshepsut's reign

Egypt experienced a time of great prosperity, expansion of trade, peace, and profilic building program

Senenmut

Egyptian architect of Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut., Hatshepsut's steward, advisor and possible lover. Tutor of Hatshepsut's daugther, Nefrua. during her reign Hatshepsut was responsible for an expanded and vigorous building program throughout Egypt with the significant support of her chief architect

land

Egyptians believed that the ________ was intimately tied to their personal salvation and they had a deep fear of dying beyond the borders of Egypt. those who served their country in the army, or those who traveled for a living, made their provision for their bodies to return to Egypt should they be killed.

Middle Kingdom 2200 - 1800 BC

Expansion of Kingdom Into Nubia Building Projects: Irrigation - Canal connecting Nile to Red Sea God Osiris Supreme Pharaoh (Shepard of People) Book of the Dead becomes guide to the Afterlife Dispute Between a Man and his Soul (ba) written.

22

Hatshepsut ruled for __ years

Nefernefruaten

In the sixth year of Akhenaten's reign Nefertiti changed her name to ____ which means "beautiful in beauty is Aten"; her beauty was legendary

rejoining

It was understood that human beings were an important aspect of the creation of the gods and that each human soul was as eternal as that of the deities they revered. Death was not an end to life but a ______ of the individual soul with the eternal realm from which it had come

Old Kingdom 2700 - 2200 BC

King Menes first unites upper and lower Egypt. Foundation of Old Kingdom. Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops) Built the Great Pyramid at Giza Pharaoh Khafre Built the Great Sphinx Built 2nd Great Pyramid at Giza Pharaoh Menkaure Built 3rd Great Pyramid at Giza Pharaoh Sneferu The Bent Pyramid is an ancient Egyptian pyramid located at the royal necropolis of Dahshur, approximately 40 kilometres south of Cairo Vizier

exclusive

Monotheism is_________, meaning that it must declare other belief systems to be wrong in order to be right. This means that religious intolerance was very likely born with monotheism. Prior to this, even when one polytheistic culture would completely conquer another, the old gods would often be incorporated into the belief system of the conquerors.

Foreign Policy

One of the many unfortunate results of Akhenaten's reign and religious reform was a neglect of ____________, which led to a loss of respect from foreign nations

Ptolemy

Roman geographer-astronomer and author of Guide to Geography which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude; *his family ruled egypt until the roman conquest of 30 B.C. - they represent the last dynasty of egypt*

Moses and Monotheism

Sigmund Freud, in his 1939 work _____________________, argues that Moses was an Egyptian who had been an adherent of the Cult of Aten and was driven from Egypt following Akhenaten's death and the return to the old religious paradigm

peace treaty; international peace treaty

Some fifteen years after the the great chariot battle, hostilities were ended by an official _________ _____________ in the 21st year of Ramesses II's reign (1258 BC in conventional chronology), with Hattusili III, the new king of the Hittites. As established, it was inscribed on a silver tablet, of which a clay copy survived in the Hittite capital of Hattusa, in modern Turkey, and is on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum. An enlarged replica of the agreement hangs on a wall at the headquarters of the United Nations, as the earliest ______________ _______________ ___________________ known to historians. An Egyptian version survives on a papyrus.

Seneca the younger

Swimming and rowing were extremely popular sports, wrote the roman _________ as he observed common Egyptians at sport in the Nile river. He had been sent to Egypt for his health. Historians believe his symptoms were due to a form of asthma or possibly tuberculosis.

black lands

The Rich Fertile soil (kemet) that stretches approximately 6 miles out from each side of the river bank.

White Nile

The White Nile lies to the west, originating at Lake Victoria, which lies deep in the middle of the African continent along the borders of Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda.

Ficus Sycomoros

The ancient Egyptian Tree of Life was the ______________ _________________(scientific name), a fruit bearing fig and almost certainly the same as determined by the Hebrews for their Garden of Eden account, given the handy proximity of fig leafs in that version of events. The tree and it's fruit was particularly sacred within the Cult of Hathor and is often seen in tombs in the context of providing nourishment for the dead, thus it had association with eternal life

Khartoum

The capital of Sudan; where the White and Blue Nile meet

Amun

The main god of the New Kingdom whose worship was more widespread in the Nile Valley than any other god

Lower Egypt

The northern part of ancient Egypt; the Nile Delta

Memphis; Heliopolis

There were temples to the Aten in ______ and _____

Horemheb's

_________ inscriptions listed him as the succesor to Amenhoptep III and made no mention of the rulers of the Amarna period

Herodotus

a greek historian from 400BC who said that "Egypt is the gift of the Nile"

Ozymandias

a sonnet written by English Romantic poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Tells that power fades, no greatness of man is ever more than dust. Inspired by a fallen statue of Ramses II

sycamore tree

after death, one would still enjoy one's own ________, one's own daily walk by the water, in an eternal land of peace granted to those of egypt by the gods they gratefully revered. a tomb inscription from 1400 BCE reads " may i walk everyday on the banks of the water, may my soul rest on the branches of the trees which i planted, may i refresh myself under the shadow of my sycamore.

senet

all Egyptians enjoyed playing games such as the game of _____ ( a board game popular since the pre-dynastic period 5500-3150 BCE)

thicker

among the lower classes homes were built of mud bricks baked in the sun, the more affluent a citizen the ________ the home

great god Atum; Ptah, the creator god

atop a small hill known as the Ben-Ben stood the ________ who spoke creation into being through the creation of _____, __________god

water clock; calender

by 1600 BCE the _________ was in use in egypt, as was the ________

vizier

chief minister who supervised the business of government in ancient Egypt

ingratitude

considered a gateway sin in Egypt

Egyptian women

could own land, homes, run businesses, and preside over temples and could even be pharaohs (example Queen Hatshepsut 1479-1458 BCE) or earlier Queen Sobeknofru 1767-1759 BCE.

Howard Carter

discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922

cult of hathor

epitomizes the prime importance of gratitude in egyptian culture

Akhenaten

famous heretic king of the 18th dynasty who abolished the traditional religious rights (worship of Amun) of Egypt and instituted the first known monotheistic state religion -Ruled 1353-1336 BCE -formerly Amenhotep IV -new name means "successful for or of great use to the Aten" -deformed due to Marfan's syndrome

Nefertari

first and favorite wife of Ramses II - her famous tomb is covered with Wall paintings that support the idea that his reign was the pinnacle of Egyptian art and culture

Egyptian culture

glass working, metallurgy in both bronze and gold, and furniture were other advancements of _________ and their art and architecture are famous worldwide for precision and beauty. Personal hygiene and appearance were valued highly and they bathed regularly and scented themselves with perfume and incense, invented the practice of shaving, wig, and hairbrush.

Blue Nile

lies to the east, originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia.

throne

monotheism took power from the priests and gave it to the

iconoclasts

people who opposed the use of icons in worship; throw down icons

khat, ka, ba(image), shuyet, akh, sahu, sechem, ab, ren

regarded it as being comprised of nine parts:the _____ was the physical body, the ____ was one's double form, the _____ a human-headed bird aspect which could speed between earth and the heavens, ___ was the shadow self, ___ the immortal transformed self, ___ and _______ aspects of the akh, __ was the heart, the source of good and evil, ______ was one secret name

Hatshepsut depiction

she is depicted in mens clothing, and even a beard, establishing her as a true Egyptian pharaoh with the authority of a pharaoh and not as a mere queen.

13; 18-21

the average age of a bride was ____ and that of the groom was ____-____. a contract would be drawn up portioning a man's assets to his wife and children and this allotment could not be rescinded except on the ground of adultery.

red lands

the barren desert that protected Egypt on two sides. These deserts separated ancient Egypt from neighboring countries and invading armies. They also provided the ancient Egyptians with a source for precious metals and semi-precious stones.

Isis

the goddess _______ had given equal rights to men and women and therefore men had no right to dictate how a woman should attire herself; children wore little or no clothing until puberty

participating in eternal life

the hieroglyph for a corpse was translated as ______.

khat

the mummy was created to preserve the individual's physical body, _____, without the soul could not achieve immortality.

five gifts of Hathor

the poor laborers were encouraged to regard the fingers of their left hand (the hand they reached with daily to harvest field crops) and to consider the five things they were most grateful for in their lives

the Miracle

the predictable annual flooding of the Nile that allowed bountiful agriculture, and therefore Egyptian civilization

Egyptian inventions

the ramp and lever geometry, advance's in mathematics and astronomy improvements in irrigation and agriculture, ship building and aerodynamics, the wheel, medicine; toothpaste, toothbrushes, toothpick, breath mints, bowling, improved brewing of beer.

Upper Egypt

the southern part of ancient Egypt, towards Sudan

"going to one's ka"

the term _____ was used in each age to represent dying.

mansion of eternity; aka

the tomb was the _______ and the dead was a _____, a transformed spirit.

swimming

was an important part of egyptian culture and children were taught this at a young age