HW1-7

Hymenoptera consume carbs and protein. Which of the following is/are true? Select all that apply.

- All larval Hymenoptera require protein in order to survive development - Wasps require carbohydrates (often in the form of nectar) as a flight fuel - Bees and wasps tend to have different protein sources; bee larvae consume pollen and wasp larvae consume prey

Identify ways that you can prevent contracting or spreading vector-borne diseases. Select all that apply.

- Avoid areas with disease outbreaks - Be aware of peak mosquito exposure times and places - Wear long sleeves and pants - Bed nets - Insecticides and spatial repellents

If you are interested in improving pollination of lavender, which pollinator would you most want to promote (i.e. take actions that would increase their population abundance)? Cabbage butterfly From your answer to Question 4, Monarch butterfly is the most generalist (visits the most number of different plant species) and Hairstreak butterfly is the most specialized (visits the fewest number of different plant species).

- Cabbage butterfly - Monarch butterfly - Hairstreak butterfly

What ecological roles do Coleoptera serve? Select all answers that apply.

- Decomposers/nutrient recycling - Disease Vectors - Herbivores - Pollinators - Predators - Scavengers

Which of the following are examples of coevolution? (select all that apply)

- The structure of the hammer orchid perfectly matches that of the wasp that pollinates it - The honey badger has developed molecular receptors that neutralize the venom of the snakes on which it feeds - The opening that leads into a fig fruit is just big enough for a female fig wasp to enter it

The Zika virus was first described in the Zika forest in Uganda, which is how it received its name. Since its discovery in 1947, it has surfaced in other regions of the world including the Americas. Aside from mosquito bites in regions where the virus is present, how is Zika virus transmitted?

- Through sexual contact - From a mom to her baby during pregnancy or during birth - Through a blood transfusion - All of the above But once someone has been infected by the Zika virus, they will likely not be infected again.

What kind of mouthparts do Hymenoptera have? There may be more than one correct answer.

- chewing - sucking

Defining characters: What is a defining characteristic of Lepidoptera? If there is more than one answer, select all correct answers.

- feathery scales on wings - proboscis that rolls up (in adults only)

Cicada killers change how much prey they provision an egg based on its sex. Male eggs are provisioned with fewer cicadas than female eggs because the new females have to make eggs which are energetically costly.

- fewer - females - eggs

The pollinator crisis is the decline in pollinators across the world. It is of major concern because if pollinators are no longer able to provide pollination services, this threatens the global food supply. Which of the following contribute to the Pollinator Crisis?

- habitat loss - invasive species - climate change - disease - pesticide misuse

You see a tarantula hawk wasp attack, sting and drag away a tarantula. What do you know about this wasp just from watching that interaction?

- it is female - it is about to lay an egg

Look at this photo of a picnic lunch. Which items will you no longer have to eat in a world without bees?

- lemonade (lemons) - cherries (cherry pie) - tomato - avocado (guacamole) - cantaloupe

New traits and any changes in existing traits can occur in individual members of a population only as a result of the random processes of sexual recombination and/or mutation. Mutations are mistakes in the genes. When mutations occur in the genetic material of the eggs & sperm, the resultant offspring may exhibit a trait which is unlike either parent.

- mistakes - unlike

Look at this photo of a breakfast. Which items will you NO LONGER have to eat in a world without bees? Select all that apply?

- raspberries (from the jam) - melon - coffee - milk from cows that feed on alfalfa - almonds

What environmental factors may affect the entomological evidence? Select all that apply.

- temperature - habitat/location - precipitation/moisture

Look at this photo of a home cooked dinner. Which items will you no longer have to eat in a world without bees?

- tomato - bell pepper - squash - zucchini - beef (potentially if the cows eat alfalfa)

Based on your work above, look to see what characters would help describe each of the following groups of beetle species. Match the character with the appropriate answer (A-E). Some answers may be used more than once or not at all. Large jaws present Spots present on abdomen Long antennae present

1. A group containing the most recent common ancestor of Coleoptera 274 and all of its descendants 2. A group containing the most recent common ancestor of Coleoptera 085 and all of its descendants 3. Coleoptera 003 and 274 only

Based on your work from Q1 and the tree below, match the numbers (#1-4) with the appropriate beetle species name and match the appropriate trait change (a-c) with the appropriate trait (e.g. yellow stripes, etc). Some answers may be used more than once or not at all.

1. Coleoptera 003: 1 2. Coleoptera 085: 3 3. Coleoptera 129: 4 4. Coleoptera 274: 2 5. Short antennae: B 6. Black spots _B 7. Large jaws _A 8. Yellow stripes _c

Throughout this class we will use trees to pictorially represent how groups of organisms are related. This will require you to be able to interpret these trees. Please look carefully at the tree below and answer the following questions about this tree. In the tree above, what do A-E represent? What does the green circle represent? What does the green star represent? The nodes (or splits) on the tree are organized chronologically, such that nodes closer to the ? are ___________________ and nodes closer to ?? are ________________ in time.

1. Species of interest 2. Most recent common ancestor of A & B 3. Most recent common ancestor of A, B, C, D, & E 4.More ancient, more recent

For each of the following statements, identify the type of sexual selection. Some answers may used more than once or not at all. Selection for fighting ability_______________ Sperm competition, which occurs when a female mates with more than one male and the sperm from all males competes to select for any male traits that increase a male's fertilization success, ___________________ Selection for wide eye stalks in stalk-eyed flies ________________ sperm sorting by female after mating _____

1. male-male competition 2. male-male competition 3. female choice 4. female choice

You collected fly specimens at 5pm on September 22. You raised them in the lab at 25°C and at 4pm on September 27 the flies emerged as adults. Calculate the ADHlab provided for these developing flies at your laboratory (i.e. the energy used in development for only their time in the lab). Hint: You will need to calculate how much time the flies spent in the lab first.

2,975

You were called to the scene of a reported body and are asked to estimate the PMI based on the insect activity. You identify the most common insect as secondary screw worm and locate the information in the table below. The average temperature for the past two weeks at the crime scene was 21 °C. Referring to this table, which column will you use to help in your calculations?

21.1 °C

A number of mosquito populations are today resistant to Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), even though those mosquito species were not resistant to DDT when the pesticide was first introduced. Which of the following best explains why DDT resistance evolved in mosquitos? Please choose the best answer.

A few mosquitos were probably resistant to DDT before the pesticide was ever used.

Below consider the following networks (A, B and C). Please put these networks in order from having the highest number of specialist pollinators to having the least number of specialist pollinators? Remember a specialist pollinator is one that specializes on a particular plant. Most -> least number of specialists: A , C , B .

A has the most specialists (3) B has no specialists C has 1 specialist

On the timeline below, please identify which interval (A, B or C) represents each of the following: ADHtotal: C ADHfield: A ADHlab: B

ADHtotal: C ADHfield: A ADHlab: B

After graduation, you noticed milk prices were rising and decided to go into dairy farming. You bought a small herd (20 cows) and quickly doubled your herd by purchasing more cows. When your herd reached 40, you noticed that your lovely farm had started to take on a foul odor—the smell of manure. You had your farmhand do some investigating and he reported that each of your cows was producing about 65 lbs (30 kg) of manure each day! Since your herd had 40 cows, your farm was producing 2600 lbs of manure each day! Because you only have $100 to spend on purchasing insects to help improve decomposition services, you only want to buy the best decomposer. You do a little research to compare the manure decomposition rates of three species of dung flies. Based on your data, you decide to buy species 1 because it breaks down the manure the fastest . By choosing the best decomposer, you can eliminate manure within 6 days of the cows producing it.

Based on your data, you decide to buy species 1 because it breaks down the manure the fastest . By choosing the best decomposer, you can eliminate manure within 6 days of the cows producing it.

Why is the arthropod order from #5 the most important floral visitor?

Because they represent the highest or second highest percentage for visitor for both plant species

Why are a lot of hummingbird-pollinated flowers red? (select all that apply)

Bees can't see red, but hummingbirds can

What can attract mosquitoes to people? Select all that apply.

Body heat, dark colors and the smell of natural body chemicals, such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide, also attract mosquitoes.

Which of the following is the most common mosquito-borne disease in the world?

Dengue

We have talked about how modern-day species evolved from ancestral species that may be extinct today. We are also interested in species traits or characteristics. What are derived traits versus ancestral traits?

Derived: Traits that arise during evolution and differ from the traits of an ancestor. Ancestral: traits in present-day species that are the same as an ancestor

What is the defining characteristic of Coleoptera?

Elytra

Biologists often use the term "fitness" when speaking of natural selection. Below are descriptions of four male rhinoceros beetles. According to your understanding of evolution, identify which beetle would be the most "fit". Which beetle is the most fit?

Goliath

You are interested in identifying species of arthropods that pollinate sunflowers and purple sage. These two flowers differ in color as well as shape; sunflowers have a broad open flower (which is actually a cluster of many tiny flowers) while purple sage has a smaller, tube-shaped flower. You watched these two flowers at the UCR Botanic Garden for two weeks and recorded the type and number of insects which visited the flowers of each plant species. Rather than report individual species, you decided to group the insects by order and report the number of visitations by all species of the same order as a percentage of the total number of visitations. The table below will be relevant for the next few questions. Which arthropod order serves as the most important floral visitor both for sunflower and purple sage?

Hymenoptera

Referring to the table in #5, which insect order has the greatest difference in visitation between sunflower and purple sage?

Lepidoptera

Which of the following is NOT a mosquito-borne disease?

Lyme isease Lyme disease is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. West Nile virus, malaria, and Zika virus can all be passed through the bite of an infected mosquito.

To which body segment are the elytra attached?

Mesothorax

Ecologists often use network diagrams to show how different species interact. For this problem, you are going to create a plant-pollinator network based on the pictures shown below. You will need to (1) identify the Lepidoptera on each plant (the plant species ID will be provided) and (2) then draw connections between the plants and which insects visit them. (1) Identify the Lepidoptera spp by looking at the photos of Lepidoptera 1-5. Potential species include: Blue Morpho butterfly Cabbage butterfly Copper butterfly Giant silk moth Hairstreak butterfly Monarch butterfly Owlet moth Queen butterfly Sphinx moth Sulfur butterfly Tiger swallowtail Tomato hornworm (2) From the photos, place each Lepidoptera on the plant-pollinator network. An example of a completed network is shown here for bees pollinating common fruit crops:

Pollinator A - Sphinx moth Correct!Pollinator B - Monarch butterfly Correct!Pollinator C - Cabbage butterfly Correct!Pollinator D - Hairstreak butterfly Correct!Pollinator E - Tiger swallowtail

What's the difference between natural selection and sexual selection?

Sexual selection is a type of natural selection.

Which of the following is true about the Zika fever?

The illness usually lasts only a few days to a week with mild symptoms The illness usually lasts only a few days to a week with mild symptoms. Common symptoms include headache, conjunctivitis, fever, rash, and joint pain. People rarely die from the virus. Mosquitoes that spread Zika typically bite in the daytime.

For the photo on the right, please identify the disease, symptom, and causative agent. This bee has deformed wing disease , which has the major symptoms of deformed wings , and is caused by deformed wing virus .

This bee has deformed wing disease , which has the major symptoms of deformed wings , and is caused by deformed wing virus .

For the photo on the right, please identify the disease, major symptom and causative agent . This bee hive is suffering from Nosema infection/Nosemosis , with the major symptom being dysentery/diarrhea and is caused by Nosema fungus (e.g., Nosema apis or Nosema ceranae) .

This bee hive is suffering from Nosema infection/Nosemosis , with the major symptom being dysentery/diarrhea and is caused by Nosema fungus (e.g., Nosema apis or Nosema ceranae) .

Fitness is relative and it will depend on the environment in which an individual lives. Moths that blend in with the dark bark of trees are harder for visually-based predators to find. What might happen to a dark-colored moth's fitness if it moves to a birch forest with all light-colored bark?

fitness will likely decrease

Using the information from above and the fact at the average temperature at the body location was 15.6°C , calculate the remaining ADHfield value (ADHtotal - ADHlab) to determine the range of approximate date of oviposition on the corpse. You estimate that the time (in days) spent in the field ranged

from 9-12 days. Since you collected these fly specimens on Sept 22, your range for when the flies laid eggs would be 9/10-13

Defining characters: What is a defining characteristic of Diptera?

halteres

Warrior ants produce a chemical compound that allows nestmates to recognize relatives from non-nestmates. Some other ants have evolved a similar odor, so these chemical mimics are able to invade warrior ant nests without attracting attention or being attacked. This is an example of ________.

natural selection

We have talked about multiple ways that you can prevent mosquitoes from breeding outside your home. You can reduce local mosquito populations by removing which of the following from around your home/business?

old tires Standing water like puddles buckets All of the above Common mosquito breeding sites can also include tree holes, toys left outdoors, or even bottle caps. Keep mosquitoes from laying eggs near your home by emptying, covering, throwing away, or turning over any items that hold water.

Match up each symptom, disease, causative agent and host with their respective definitions.

symptom a characteristic sign of illness disease a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, that produces specific symptoms upon being infected causative agent the virus, bacteria, pathogen or parasite that causes the disease host the organism that is infected bythe causative agent