The Immune System ( Chapter 20 )

Passive

"Borrowed" immunity (active or passive)

Three most important accomplishments of inflammatory response:

- prevent spread of damaging agents -disposes of cell debris and pathogens - sets the state for repair

Inflammation

A consequence of the release of histamine and of complement activation.

Edema

Results from accumulation of fluid leaked from the bloodstream

Lymphatic organs

Shortly thereafter, bone marrow becomes the lymphocyte origin site; but after birth lymphocyte proliferation occurs in the ____

haptens

Small molecules are not usually antigenic, but when they bind to self cell surface proteins they may act as____.

Opsonization

Some of the chemicals released during complement fixation enhance phagocytosis, this is called _____.

Neutralization

The binding of antibodies to sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses that can cause cell injury is called ____.

Agglutination

The cross linking of cellular antigens into large lattices by antibodies is called .

Birth

The development of immunocompetence has usually been accomplished by _____.

Liver

The earliest lymphocyte stem cells that can be identified appear during the first month of development in the fetal ____.

IgM

The first antibody released during the primary response is Ig_

Thymus Spleen

The first lymphoid organs to appear in development are the ____ and the _____.

Allergy

The immune system mounts and extraordinary vigorous response to in otherwise harmless antigen.

Primary

The initial response to an antigen; gearing up state. (primary or secondary)

B cells T cells

The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the _____ and the ____

IgG

The most abundant antibody found in blood plasma and the chief antibody released during secondary responses. Ig_

Phagocytes

The protective mechanism mounted by the antibodies serves to disarm and or immobilize the antigens until they can be disposed of by _____.

Secondary

The second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen. (primary or secondary)

Fibrin mesh

Walls off the area of injury

genes

What determines which antigen a a particular T or B cell will be able to recognize?

The appearance of antigen specific receptors

What signifies that a lyphocyte has become immunocompetent?

binding to its antigen

What triggers the process of clonal selection in a T or B cell?

Cytotoxic killer T cells, macrophages

What two cell types are important in rejection phenomena?

Cellular immunity

When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is ______

Precipitation

When molecules are cross linked into lattices by antibodies, the mechanism is more properly called ___.

Humoral immunity

When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called____

C portion

Which portion acts to determine antibody class and specific function?

V portion

Which portion of the antibody is its antigen binding site?

To prevent rejection of that organ (viruses and infections)

Why are immunosuppressive drugs ' or therapy' provided after transplant surgery and what is the major short coming of this therapy?

Lysis

___ is the chief ammunition used against cellular antigens such as bacteria and mismatched red blood cells.

water, lysis

____ rushes in, causing ___ of the foreign cell.

Immunodeficiency

occurs when the production or activity of immune cells or complement is abnormal.

non-self

or foreign

Auto immune disease

the bodys own immune system produces the disorder; a break down of self tolerance.

Complement

A group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens once it has been 'fixed' to their surface.

Allergy

A hypersensitivity reaction

Primary

A lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream. (primary or secondary)

Interferon

A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps to protect other body cells from viral multiplication.

Passive

A student nurse receives an injection of gamma globulin (containing antibodies to the hepatitis virus) after she has been exposed to viral hepatitis. (active or passive)

Immunodeficiency

AIDS and SCID

T cell

Accounts for most of the lymphocytes in the circulation

Increased blood flow to an area

Accounts for redness and heat in an inflamed area

Helper T cell

Activated by recognizing both its antigen and its self protein presented on the surface of macrophage

Immunodeficiency

Affected individuals are unable to combat infection that would present no problem for normally healthy people.

T cell B cell

Bears a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen

Blood Lymph Lymph nodes

Because pathogens are likely to use both ____ and ____ as a means of getting are the body, ____ and other lymphatic tissues are in excellent position to detect their presence.

IgE

Binds to the surface of mast cells and mediates an allergic response. Ig_

Helper T cell

Binds with B cells and releases chemicals that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages.

IgD

Bound to the surface of a B cell is Ig_

Chemotaxis

Cellular migration directed by a chemical gradient.

Cytokines

Chemotaxis factors and interferons are examples of what class of molecules?

Cytokines

Class of chemicals released by macrophages.

activated

Complement is ____ when it becomes attached to the surface of foreign cells.

Proteins

Complement is a system of plasma____ that circulate in blood in an inactive form.

IgG

Crosses the placenta is Ig_

Killer T cell

Directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens.

Self

During development of immunocompetence, the ability to tolerate______ must also occur if the immune system is to function normally.

fetal life

During what period of life does immunocompetence develop?

Neutrophils

First phagocytes to migrate into the injured area

IgM IgG

Fixes complement (two classes) Ig_ and Ig_

T cell B cell

Forms clones upon stimulation

Veins

Lymphatic vessels which 'bud' from developing from developing ___ are visible by the fifth week of development.

synthesis of interferon

Made in response to viral infection, cells produce interferon to near by cells to prevent viruses from reproducing

IgA

Predominant antibody found in mucus, saliva, and tears. Ig_

B cell

Produces antibodies that are released to body fluids

B cell

Progeny are plasma cells

T cell B cell

Progeny include memory cells

T cell

Progeny include suppressors, helpers, and killers

Inflammatory chemicals

Promote release of white blood cells from the bone marrow

Antibodies

Proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens from destruction by phagocytes or complement.

Active

An individual receives Sabin polio vaccine. (active or passive)

Active

An individual suffers through chicken pox. (active or passive)

Antigen

Antibodies can inactivate antigens in various ways, depending on the nature of the ____.

Secondary

Antibodies levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period. (primary or secondary)

Passive

Antibodies migrate through a pregnant woman's placenta into the vascular system of her fetus. (active or passive)

immune system

Antigens are substances capable of mobilizing the ____.

Chemotaxis factors

Any type of molecule that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response in on going.

Allograft : unrelated person

Assuming that autograts and isografts are not possible, what is the next most successful graft type?

Allergy

Hay fever and contact dermatitis

IgM

Ig__ with its 10 antigen binding sites is particularly efficient in agglutination.

Antigens

Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or ____ in the body.

Active

Immunologic memory is provided. (active or passive)

Primary

Immunological memory is established. (primary or secondary)

Histamine

Inflammatory chemical released by injured cells

IgM

Is a pentamer. Ig_

T cell

Is responsible for directly attacking foreign cells or virus -infected cells

Diapedesis

Leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary

Thymosin

Most other lymphoid organs are poorly formed before birth; their development is believed to be controlled by the thymic hormone ____.

Auto immune disease

Multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever

proteins

Of all the foreign molecules that act as complete antigens, ____ are the most potent.

holes or lesions

One result of this complement fixation is that _____ appear in the membrane of the foreign cell.

T cell B cell

Originates in bone marrow from stem cells called hemocytoblasts

Macrophages

Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune system are the _____

Macrophages

Phagocytic offspring of monocytes

Suppressor T cell

Turns off the immune response when the (enemy) has been routed.

Allergy

Typical symptoms of the acute response are tearing, runny nose, and itching skin.