The Immune System ( Chapter 20 )
Passive
"Borrowed" immunity (active or passive)
Three most important accomplishments of inflammatory response:
- prevent spread of damaging agents -disposes of cell debris and pathogens - sets the state for repair
Inflammation
A consequence of the release of histamine and of complement activation.
Edema
Results from accumulation of fluid leaked from the bloodstream
Lymphatic organs
Shortly thereafter, bone marrow becomes the lymphocyte origin site; but after birth lymphocyte proliferation occurs in the ____
haptens
Small molecules are not usually antigenic, but when they bind to self cell surface proteins they may act as____.
Opsonization
Some of the chemicals released during complement fixation enhance phagocytosis, this is called _____.
Neutralization
The binding of antibodies to sites on bacterial exotoxins or viruses that can cause cell injury is called ____.
Agglutination
The cross linking of cellular antigens into large lattices by antibodies is called .
Birth
The development of immunocompetence has usually been accomplished by _____.
Liver
The earliest lymphocyte stem cells that can be identified appear during the first month of development in the fetal ____.
IgM
The first antibody released during the primary response is Ig_
Thymus Spleen
The first lymphoid organs to appear in development are the ____ and the _____.
Allergy
The immune system mounts and extraordinary vigorous response to in otherwise harmless antigen.
Primary
The initial response to an antigen; gearing up state. (primary or secondary)
B cells T cells
The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the _____ and the ____
IgG
The most abundant antibody found in blood plasma and the chief antibody released during secondary responses. Ig_
Phagocytes
The protective mechanism mounted by the antibodies serves to disarm and or immobilize the antigens until they can be disposed of by _____.
Secondary
The second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen. (primary or secondary)
Fibrin mesh
Walls off the area of injury
genes
What determines which antigen a a particular T or B cell will be able to recognize?
The appearance of antigen specific receptors
What signifies that a lyphocyte has become immunocompetent?
binding to its antigen
What triggers the process of clonal selection in a T or B cell?
Cytotoxic killer T cells, macrophages
What two cell types are important in rejection phenomena?
Cellular immunity
When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is ______
Precipitation
When molecules are cross linked into lattices by antibodies, the mechanism is more properly called ___.
Humoral immunity
When this resistance is provided by antibodies released to body fluids, the immunity is called____
C portion
Which portion acts to determine antibody class and specific function?
V portion
Which portion of the antibody is its antigen binding site?
To prevent rejection of that organ (viruses and infections)
Why are immunosuppressive drugs ' or therapy' provided after transplant surgery and what is the major short coming of this therapy?
Lysis
___ is the chief ammunition used against cellular antigens such as bacteria and mismatched red blood cells.
water, lysis
____ rushes in, causing ___ of the foreign cell.
Immunodeficiency
occurs when the production or activity of immune cells or complement is abnormal.
non-self
or foreign
Auto immune disease
the bodys own immune system produces the disorder; a break down of self tolerance.
Complement
A group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causing lysis of cellular pathogens once it has been 'fixed' to their surface.
Allergy
A hypersensitivity reaction
Primary
A lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream. (primary or secondary)
Interferon
A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps to protect other body cells from viral multiplication.
Passive
A student nurse receives an injection of gamma globulin (containing antibodies to the hepatitis virus) after she has been exposed to viral hepatitis. (active or passive)
Immunodeficiency
AIDS and SCID
T cell
Accounts for most of the lymphocytes in the circulation
Increased blood flow to an area
Accounts for redness and heat in an inflamed area
Helper T cell
Activated by recognizing both its antigen and its self protein presented on the surface of macrophage
Immunodeficiency
Affected individuals are unable to combat infection that would present no problem for normally healthy people.
T cell B cell
Bears a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen
Blood Lymph Lymph nodes
Because pathogens are likely to use both ____ and ____ as a means of getting are the body, ____ and other lymphatic tissues are in excellent position to detect their presence.
IgE
Binds to the surface of mast cells and mediates an allergic response. Ig_
Helper T cell
Binds with B cells and releases chemicals that activate B cells, T cells, and macrophages.
IgD
Bound to the surface of a B cell is Ig_
Chemotaxis
Cellular migration directed by a chemical gradient.
Cytokines
Chemotaxis factors and interferons are examples of what class of molecules?
Cytokines
Class of chemicals released by macrophages.
activated
Complement is ____ when it becomes attached to the surface of foreign cells.
Proteins
Complement is a system of plasma____ that circulate in blood in an inactive form.
IgG
Crosses the placenta is Ig_
Killer T cell
Directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens.
Self
During development of immunocompetence, the ability to tolerate______ must also occur if the immune system is to function normally.
fetal life
During what period of life does immunocompetence develop?
Neutrophils
First phagocytes to migrate into the injured area
IgM IgG
Fixes complement (two classes) Ig_ and Ig_
T cell B cell
Forms clones upon stimulation
Veins
Lymphatic vessels which 'bud' from developing from developing ___ are visible by the fifth week of development.
synthesis of interferon
Made in response to viral infection, cells produce interferon to near by cells to prevent viruses from reproducing
IgA
Predominant antibody found in mucus, saliva, and tears. Ig_
B cell
Produces antibodies that are released to body fluids
B cell
Progeny are plasma cells
T cell B cell
Progeny include memory cells
T cell
Progeny include suppressors, helpers, and killers
Inflammatory chemicals
Promote release of white blood cells from the bone marrow
Antibodies
Proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens from destruction by phagocytes or complement.
Active
An individual receives Sabin polio vaccine. (active or passive)
Active
An individual suffers through chicken pox. (active or passive)
Antigen
Antibodies can inactivate antigens in various ways, depending on the nature of the ____.
Secondary
Antibodies levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period. (primary or secondary)
Passive
Antibodies migrate through a pregnant woman's placenta into the vascular system of her fetus. (active or passive)
immune system
Antigens are substances capable of mobilizing the ____.
Chemotaxis factors
Any type of molecule that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response in on going.
Allograft : unrelated person
Assuming that autograts and isografts are not possible, what is the next most successful graft type?
Allergy
Hay fever and contact dermatitis
IgM
Ig__ with its 10 antigen binding sites is particularly efficient in agglutination.
Antigens
Immunity is resistance to disease resulting from the presence of foreign substances or ____ in the body.
Active
Immunologic memory is provided. (active or passive)
Primary
Immunological memory is established. (primary or secondary)
Histamine
Inflammatory chemical released by injured cells
IgM
Is a pentamer. Ig_
T cell
Is responsible for directly attacking foreign cells or virus -infected cells
Diapedesis
Leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary
Thymosin
Most other lymphoid organs are poorly formed before birth; their development is believed to be controlled by the thymic hormone ____.
Auto immune disease
Multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever
proteins
Of all the foreign molecules that act as complete antigens, ____ are the most potent.
holes or lesions
One result of this complement fixation is that _____ appear in the membrane of the foreign cell.
T cell B cell
Originates in bone marrow from stem cells called hemocytoblasts
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune system are the _____
Macrophages
Phagocytic offspring of monocytes
Suppressor T cell
Turns off the immune response when the (enemy) has been routed.
Allergy
Typical symptoms of the acute response are tearing, runny nose, and itching skin.