HWC SEMESTER 2 REAL QUIZLET
Mustafa Kemal
"Father Turk", attempted to transform Turkey into a modern secular republic, a democratic system was put in place, centered on an elected Grand National Assembly, but the president was relatively intolerant of opposition and harshly suppressed critics of his rule, turkish nationalism was emphasized, and the Turkish language, now written in the Roman alphabet, was shorn of many of its Arabic elements. Popular education was emphasized, old aristocratic titles like pasha and bey were abolished, and all Turkish citizens were given family names in the European style, took steps to modernize the economy, overseeing the establishment of a light industrial sector producing textiles, glass, paper, and cement and instituting a five-year plan on the Soviet model to provide for state direction over the economy
British reforms/changes to Indian culture
- brought end to inhumane Indian practices - education - technological/health advancements
Competing visions for Pakistan's government and culture
12 percent of students are in college, one of the lowest ratios in the world more serious in Pakistan and Bangladesh majority of Pakistan's citizens poor, at least half illiterate Prospects for future not bright; Pakistan lacks technological sector to serve as magnet for emergence of middle class
Magellan
1st European whose crew sailed around the world
Slavery—impacts
275,000 Africans were shipped out of Africa as slaves Over ⅔ of them went to the Americas Diseases, maltreatment hurt African population Mortality rates were higher in immigrants than in native-born children High infant mortality Could have led to depopulation Occurred in some areas: Angola, parts of East Africa Tragic loss for millions of Africans 20% of slaves were children Corrosive impact on social structure Introduction of firearms to Africa
Goals/motives of exploration
3 G's: God, glory, gold
Population impacts of the bubonic plague
50%-60% of population died/mortality rate, of 75 million, 38 million died, even worse in certain areas such as Beijing
Source of Renaissance values and ideals
A secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new opportunities. The Renaissance was also an age of recovery from the disasters of the 1300s. In pursuing recovery, Italian intellectuals became interested in the glories of their past. A new view of humans emerged as people emphasized individual ability. This high regard for human worth and for potential gave rise to a new social idea of the well-rounded personality who was capable of many achievements.
Gopal Gokhale
An Indian who believed in trying to convince the British of Reform as opposed to revolution
Key people of the hundred years war
As duke of Gascony, the English King Edward III pledged loyalty as a vassal to the French King Philip VI, but when of France seized Gascony in 1337, King Edward III declared war. The English king, Henry V was especially eager to win. At the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, the heavily armored French knights attempted to attack but were defeated. The English conquered northern France. Joan of Arc was a religious woman who believed that saints commanded her to free France. In 1429, Joan persuaded Charles to let her to accompany the army to Orléans. The French armies found a new confidence and liberated the city.
Role of religion in nationalism
Burma: students at the University of Rangoon protested persecution of Buddhism, failure to observe customs in temples students adopted the name Thakin—"lord," "master" to emphasize their demand for the right to rule themselves
Impacts of trade on Southeast Asian economics, politics
Cash crops replaced rice, other cereals regional/interregional trade had been expanding before arrival of Europeans Focal point was on widespread trade network Copper, gold, tropical fruits, agricultural products, cloth, tin, gems, luxury items exported in exchange for manufactured goods, ceramic, high quality textiles Duarte Barbosa
Tensions between nationalism and modernism
Caste? No caste? Home rule? Full independence? Modernization implied a critique of parts of the culture which they wanted to save
Deng Xiaoping
Chinese leader after Mao; ends Cultural Revolution; preached "Four Modernizations"
Malacca
City that became the largest economic power due to its strategic location that allowed it to dominate the Spice Trade
Rise of the Republic of Turkey
Colonel Mustafa Kemal defended Dardanelles against British invasion during WWI convoked a national congress elected government preservation of remaining territories of empire in republic of Turkey drove Greeks from Anatolian peninsula; persuaded British to agree to new treaty 1923: last of Ottoman sultans fled Turkish republic
Problems in the Catholic Church in the late 1400s and early 1500s
Corruption in the Catholic Church was another factor that led to want of reform. Between 1450 and 1520, a series of popes (Renaissance popes) failed to meet the church's spiritual needs. They were supposed to be leaders of the Catholic Church but were too involved in worldly concerns. Many high church officials were concerned with accumulating wealth and used their church offices as opportunities to advance their careers and fortunes. Ordinary people were demanding for meaningful religious expression and certainty of salvation. As a result, collections of relics grew. Indulgence - a remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment due to sin. Some sought certainty of salvation in spiritual terms by participating in Modern Devotion, which downplayed religious dogma and stressed teachings of Jesus.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Divided the New World between the Spanish and the Portuguese
Nature of Spanish rule in New World
Divided world into Portuguese/Spanish areas East went to Portugal West went to Spain created system of colonial administration that made the New World an extension of the Old World
Marco Polo
European Explorer who wrote the "Travels" which inspired sailors such as Christopher Colombus
Fall of the Manchus
European imperialism, Opium Wars, began to lose power over peripheral regions, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coast, Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers, Boxer Rebellion,
Questions from the film Gandhi
Explain two ways Mohandas Gandhi transformed himself. And explain two messages or goals of the Indian independence movement.
Columbus
Explorer who believed he landed in India, but actually landed in America
Economics of Exploration
Finding precious metals Expanding areas of trade, especially for spices Spices outrageously expensive Religious zeal Secondary to economic reasons but still prevalent
Amerigo Vespucci
Florentine who accompanied several voyages; wrote+published letters documenting geography of new lands; led to use of name "America" for the new lands
British rule of Egypt
French troops landed in Egypt in 1798 and toppled the unstable Mamluk regime in Cairo. The British counterattacked, destroying the French fleet and forcing the French to evacuate. They restored the Mamluks to power.
The Opium Wars—causes and consequences
High demand, highly addictive. China negotiated with Queen Victoria and threatened to cut off rhubarb trade if Britain continued to sell them opium, but profit was more important than morals and they continued to to sell it to the Chinese. Aristocracy used opium which affected their ability to lead properly Opium War resulted which exposed the superiority of Western technology
terms
I got them from the book, Anshul, and my notes
Direct rule versus indirect rule
Indirect rule: Colonizers paid local rulers to run the colony; British used this strategy Direct rule: Colonizers would physically rule their colonies
Creation of Islamic Republic of Iran
Iranian Revolution saw the deposition of the Shah; brought about Sharia law; new leader was Ayatollah Khomeini
Six-Day War
Israel launches airstrikes on its neighbors, takes Sinai
Economics of the Middle East—problems/inequalities
Koran is vague on status of economy-only talks about not charging interest and welfare of umma (zakat); Egypt+Syria were socialist but switched to free enterprise to encourage foreign investment which makes up for the lack of capital/technology; agriculture is difficult b/c drought, political+territorial conflicts, and ineptitude of gov't; oil is generally located in the least populated areas (Iran is the exception)
Jawaharlal Nehru
Leader of India who believed in Modernization; opposite to Mohandas Gandhi; believed in Socialism
Letters between King Louis XIV of France and Vietnamese King
Louis tries to flatter him and push his religion secretly and deceptively, condescending; Vietnamese King politely declines b/c Christian missionaries anger him, and he is keen on defending his customs
Competing visions for India's economic future
Nehru influenced by British socialism, state took over ownership of major industries, resources, transportation, utilities private enterprise permitted at local/retail levels Farmland remained in private hands convinced that to succeed, India must industrialize Indira Gandhi: embraced democratic socialism, neutrality in foreign affairs; activist in promoting her objectives nationalized banks provided loans to peasants on easy terms built low-cost housing distributed land to the landless
US territories in Asia
Philippines, Guam, Samoa
Dias
Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and established a sea route from Atlantic to Asia
Brunelleschi
Renaissance architect, built the Church at San Lorenzo
Da Vinci
Renaissance artist who started Idealism
The Bhutto Family
Ruled Pakistan after the break of East and West (Zulfikar Ali) believed in government separate from religion; overthrown by military (Benazir)
Outside influences in Persia
Russia and GB exercise control over weak Qajar dynasty
De Gama
Sailor who was heading for Portugal but landed in India
Rajiv Gandhi
Son of Indira Gandhi; inexperienced in politics; more private enterprise; tried to settle dispute between Sri Lanka and Tamil
Impact of World War II on Imperialism
The introduction of new ways to look at human freedom, the relationship between the individual and society, and democratic principles laid the groundwork for the adoption of such ideas after the restoration of independence following World War II.
Reasons why African resistance to imperialism often failed
The lack of modern weapons, a central goal, and ethnic or tribal differences caused African resistance to eventually be defeated.
Chinese Communist Party
The leader of the CCP was Mao Zedong. The CCP had a goal to make everyone equal by redistributing land, providing education, abolishing traditions, individualism, and Western ideas. The supporters of the CCP were intellectuals and peasants who would benefit from a radical change of the government system. "Great wealth, great inequality"
Mohammad Ali Jinnah
The leader of the Muslim League and later Pakistan; wanted freedom of religion for his state; wanted to moderniz
Mohandas Gandhi—beliefs and actions in response to colonial rule
The peaceful protest of India who helped gain their independence; believed in traditionalism
US-Indian relations in the Cold Wa
The war that Nehru chose to stay neutral in; put them at odds with the USA
Jewish migrations to Europe
The worst pogroms (massacres) against the Jews were carried out in Germany, where more than sixty major Jewish communities had been killed by 1351. Many Jews fled eastward to Russia and Poland where the king offered them protection. Eastern Europe became home to large Jewish communities.
Boer War
War fought in South Africa; unusual because it was white Afrikaners vs. White Europeans
Ability of Southeast Asia to prevent European influences in 1500s/1600s
Western influence was limited in most areas SE Asian societies were changing: Trade patterns Means of livelihood Religious beliefs Underlying commonality of life Closer to each other than to foreigners Control of own destiny
David Ben-Gurion
a Zionist leader, announced the independence of the state of Israel. Later that same day, the new state was formally recognized by the United States
Protectorate
a country that is colonized in order to not be taken by someone else; indirect rule
Yasir Arafat
a dissident PLO figure, began to carry out terrorist attacks on Israeli territory through the guerrilla movement called al-Fatah, prompting the Israeli government to raid PLO bases in Jordan in 1966
The New Party
a group broken off of the Indian National Congress; used terrorism and violence
Council of Trent
a group of high church officials meets to reaffirm the traditions of Catholicism in opposition of Protestantism,
Archipelago
a group of islands Indonesia; came under control of Dutch VOC
Indian Nationalist Congress
a group who wanted reforms from the British; were very biased towards Hindus
Tiananmen Square Protests and results
a large student protest; caused by rising inflation and corruption/favoritism; demand science and democracy, end to corruption; military sent to crush protest
Timbuktu
a major Islamic state that became a commercial center on the trade route through the Sahara
"three people's principles"
a political philosophy developed by Sun Yat-sen as part of a philosophy to make China a free, prosperous, and powerful nation nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people
Boxer Rebellion
a rebellion of people harmed by Western influence, attacked foreign residents
Shah of Iran
a title of the former monarch of Iran
Yom Kippur War
an Egyptian attack on Israel on their Holy holiday; tried to take back the Sinai Peninsula
Sykes-Picot Agreement
an agreement between the British and the French that divided Arab land that was under Ottoman rule; didn't allow much influence from Arabs on agreement; causes many of the problems of today
The taille
an annual direct tax on land or property; strengthened by King Louis XI
Ayatollah Khomeini
an austere Shi'ite cleric who had been exiled to Iraq and then to France because of his outspoken opposition to the shah's regime, in 1979, the government collapsed and was replaced by him at the head of an Islamic republic, dominated by Shi'ite clergy, immediately began to introduce traditional Islamic law, a new reign of terror ensued as supporters of the shah were rounded up and executed.
Reza Khan
an officer in the Persian army, led a mutiny that seized power in Tehran in 1921, established Pahlavi dynasty, introduced a number of reforms to strengthen the central government, modernize the civilian and military bureaucracy, and establish a modern economic infrastructure. In 1935, he officially changed the name of the nation to Iran, encouraged the establishment of a Western-style educational system and forbade women to wear the veil in public
Social Darwinism
application of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to society; Jules Ferry; Karl Pearson; Henry Curzon; Cecil Rhodes
Cicero
as a model for prose and those of Virgil for poetry Humanists used his works
Assimilation versus Association
assimilation (French): the idea that colonies should adapt to the culture of their colonizers; linked to direct rule association (British): the idea that local traditions should be left alone; linked to indirect rule
Oslo Accords
b/w Israel+PLO; Israel received recognition; PLO gets self-rule in Gaza (Hamas) and West Bank (Palestinian authority)
Independence of Bangladesh
before- East Pakistan now- Bangladesh since 1971
Machiavelli
believed in "Ends Justify the Means," wrote "The Prince"
V.S. Naipaul
believed that Mahatma Gandhi was the reason India couldn't get out of poverty
Ram Mohan Roy
brahmin from Bengal; founded Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma) in 1828; no intention of promoting Indian independence when he created the new organization to help fellow religionists defend the Hindu faith against verbal attacks from the British; not a traditionalist, opposed sati, liked some parts of European culture; led to future nationalist movements
Source of the bubonic plague
came from the Yersinia pestis in the fleas on rats which accompanied Mongol troops and traders (mostly Muslim merchants) along the Silk Road;
Iraqi invasion of Kuwait-causes and results
caused b/c Iraq alleged that Kuwait was stealing Iraqi oil, Iraq was angry over demands of loan repayment, and b/c Iraq believed it was historically theirs; resulted in Operation Desert Storm which liberated Kuwait, destroyed much of the Iraqi army, but the Baghdad wasn't occupied for the fear it would break up the country and help Iran, so future presidents only hoped that an internal revolt would oust Saddam, placed economic sanctions as leverage for peace, yet Saddam kept evading ceasefires and being problematic for many more years
Iran-Iraq War
caused by religious differences, territorial disputes over key oil exporting areas in the Persian Gulf, and b/c Iran supported Kurdish rebellion (eventually suppressed after 5 years); results were Iraq invading Iran, neither side winning, and a bloody war with chemical weapons used and kids hired to disarm minefields
Impacts of World War I on both imperialist countries and colonies
caused colonial protest
John Cabot
claimed the Northeast coast of USA (New England) for England
Ba Jin
considered to be one of the most important and widely read Chinese writers of the 20th century
Indira Gandhi
daughter of Nehru; focused on helping the rural areas; had unpopular ideas such as sterilization; attacked the Sikhs
Pizarro
destroys the Incas in South America
Gutenberg
developed the first moveable printer, helped spread reformation,
Dowager Empress Cixi
emperor's aunt (held the real power); against the Western Reforms
Chiang Kai-shek—policies and attitudes
faked support for the alliance with the Communists but actually planned to destroy them. In 1927, he struck against the Communists and their supporters in Shanghai, killing thousands. After the massacre, most of the Communist leaders went into hiding in the city, where they attempted to revive the movement in its traditional base among the urban working class. Some party members, led by the young Communist organizer Mao Zedong, fled to the hilly areas south of the Yangtze River.
Competing visions of Pakistan's future
first years: conflicts over religious, linguistic, regional issues West and East Pakistan split- East became Bangladesh in 1971
Muslim Brotherhood
founded by Muslim cleric Hasan al-Bana in 1928, demanded strict adherence to the traditional teachings of the Prophet, as set forth in the Qur'an, rejected Western ways, sought to create a new Egypt based firmly on the precepts of the Shari'a. By the 1930s, the organization had as many as a million members.
Sun Yat-sen
founder of the Nationalist Party
The "liberal arts"
grammar, rhetoric, poetry, ethics, history all based on the writings of ancient Greek and Roman authors
Muslim League
group created to represent Muslims where the Indian National Congress was not; called for a separate state of Pakistan
KMT's economic policies
had a goal to become a Westernized, Modern, Industrial "Democracy" that unified China. The supporters of the KMT included Urban, Westernized, Middle Class businessmen who benefited from the way the government worked.
Characteristics of Renaissance art
idealism, more creative forms of expression; dominated by Da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo
PLO
in 1964, was set up under Egyptian sponsorship to represent the interests of the Palestinians, only the Palestinian people (and hence not Jewish immigrants) had the right to form a state in the old British mandate,
Consequences of the hundred years war
inflicted untold misery on France. Farmlands were laid waste, the population was decimated by war, famine, and the Black Death (see plague), and marauders terrorized the countryside
Thailand
introduced Western learning and maintained relations w/the major European powers to prevent imperialist attack; didn't become a colony; used as a buffer state by Britain and France;
Henry VIII
king of England who was unable to divorce his wife due to the Catholic church, so he founded his own church of England
Pu Yi—"The Last Emperor"
last emperor of the Manchu Dynasty, was a baby
Mao Zedong
leader of CCP, believed in helping peasants, leader of Long March
Zhenghe (Chinese explorer)
leader of China who visited Paramesvara in Malacca, led fleets across the Indian Ocean in the early 1400s; linked China to Middle East and East Africa; voyages were short in duration and had few lasting effects
Impacts of the creation of Israel
led to constant fighting in the Middle East between many ethnic groups; 5 countries bordering Israel have bad relations; divided Palestine; Jews have a safe place
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
led to formation of Taliban
Role of Confucianism in modern China
making a comeback
"New Life Movement"
movement by Chiang; wanted to take Confucian ethics and Western ideals; made little progress
Pan-Arabism
movement promoted by Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser and other Middle Eastern leaders to unify all Arabs in a single supranational organization; after Nasser's death the movement languished
Origins of Persian nationalism
new leadership was greedy, obsessed w/women, and didn't follow religious tradition; conservatives angered that there was corruption, pretentious court, and that women had increased rights; SAVAK killed dissidents who targeted foreigners and the wealthy
The Mandate System
officer in the Persian army; led mutiny in Tehran; replaced Qajar dynasty w/Pahlavi dynasty; became the Shah of Iran
Role of oil in Middle East politics
oil motivated outside powers and gave them interest in the region; Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait b/c of this; the reason that the West tolerates dictatorships
Old Imperialism versus New Imperialism
old imperialism achieved mutualism through trade; now, there was no mutualism, and empires sought to expand their market and take control of raw resources
The bubonic plague
one of three types of bacterial infection that spread across Europe, known as the Black Death
Three Gorges Dam
originally envisioned by Sun Yat-sen
John Calvin
originally from France, fled to Switzerland for protestantism; established Calvinism
The Kuomintang
otherwise known as the KMT or Chinese Nationalist party The leader of the KMT was Sun Yat-sen and later Chiang Kai-shek. The KMT had a goal to become a Westernized, Modern, Industrial "Democracy" that unified China. The supporters of the KMT included Urban, Westernized, Middle Class businessmen who benefited from the way the government worked.
Partition of India-results
partition: declared two independent nations: Hindu India/Muslim Pakistan results: Hyderabad: Muslim governor ruled Hindus Jammu; Kashmir: Hindu prince ruled Muslims flight of millions of Hindus/Muslims across borders led to violence, over a million deaths
Taiping Rebellion—causes and consequences
peasant revolt; caused by increase in population and increase in taxes; killed 25mil
King Leopold
person who claimed the Congo for Belgium, established plantations and treated the locals poorly
General Yuan Shikai
person who helped Sun Yat-Sen defeat Manchus; later became president of Chinese Republic
Uniqueness of Liberia and Sierra Leone
places made up of freed slave populations
Zwingli
priest in Zurich, Switzerland; disagreed with Luther on Christian Communion; founded Zwinglianism; fought Catholic states and died in battle
The question of Arab nationalism
problematic b/c disagreement on the definition of Arab (it's an idea, not a nation); Wahhabism, an ultra-strict interpretation of Islam, emerged in Arabia, Ibn Saud uses it to establish Saudi Arabia, inspires+funds terrorism
Great Leap Forward
program by Mao; organized people into large communes; tried to decrease family as basic family unit, angered peasants; caused decrease in food production and starvation
Cultural Revolution
program by Mao; tried to rid China of all tradition in order to create an egalitarian society; wanted "uninterrupted revolution"; brought about Little Red Book
"New Culture Movement"
protest launched by students at Beijing University; abolish old system, implement Western values; didn't appeal to peasants
The Four Modernizations
reforms preached by Deng Xiaoping; industry, agriculture, technology, national defense; encouraged to work hard to benefit themselves
Self-strengthening movement
reforms that came after Taiping Rebellion; they adopt Western technology while keeping Confucian principles
Sources of disunity in the Middle East
religious (sectarianism); no definition of Arab; bad borders; many ethnic groups
The Mahdi
rightly guided one; radical Muslim cleric who led religious revolt and gained control of upper Nile (Sudan); captured the British army and General Gordon died in battle; reflected dangers of imperial overreach and foreshadowed Christian-Muslim clashes today
Extraterritorial rights
rights of foreigners outside of their own country. These rights are negotiated by diplomats from more powerful countries
Weaknesses of the Manchu Dynasty
rising gov't corruption; decreasing effectiveness of sultans (focused on women and drugs); foreign influence of Russia+GB; loss of territory in Balkans+SW Russia to GB, France, independent states, etc; rebellion groups weakened gov't; rising nationalism among non-Turks (Serbs, Armenians, Europeans, Arabs-who had their anti-Ottoman sentiment stoked by T.E. Lawrence)
General Zia Ul Ha'q
ruled Pakistan and made it a truly Islamic state with Shari'a Law; killed in a plane crash
Encomienda system
similar to the Feudal System; used Indians for labor, but protected them
causes of the hundred years war
started because the English King was a vassal to French, and French tried to take over English territory; after large English lead, French comeback and win
The Balfour Declaration
stated that Palestine would be a National home for the Jews
Congress Party rule of India—successes, problems
support enabled it to retain position in politics for three decades avoided being identified as a party exclusively for the Hindu majority included prominent non-Hindus among its leaders favoring measures to protect minority groups: Sikhs, Muslims Divisiveness increased after Nehru's death; under successors, official corruption grew
US-Taliban relations
supported them vs. Soviets; turned on them and invaded them; enemy of my enemy doctrine backfired
Shanghai Massacre
surprise revolt led by Chiang Kai-Shek, kills many communist supporters/leaders, ends alliance between Nationalists and CCP
Arab League
sympathy for the idea of Arab unity led to its formation, but differing viewpoints among members prevented substantial achievements
New Technologies that fostered exploration
technological improvements that made it possible for Europeans to sail to the East; originated in China (Compass and Astrolabe) Ships mobile enough to sail against wind and used for naval warfare, carried cannons and many goods (caravels) detailed charts of landmasses and coastlines made by mathematicians and navigators (portolani)
Peace of Augsburg
the agreement between Charles V (Catholic) and Martin Luther; gave Lutherans equal rights, but they had to be the religion of the state; officially stated that Christian unity was lost forever
Great Schism
the confusion caused when there were two popes at once: a French pope and an Italian Pope
Relation of industrialism to imperialism
the demands of industrialization in Europe created a new set of dynamics. Europeans needed more control over territories to maintain access to materials. As competition for colonies increased, imperialist powers wanted to strengthen their hold over their territories to protect them from attacks.
Open Door Notes
the efforts of the US to try to keep China from collapsing; conforted imperialists that take advantage of China's market
Emperor Guangxu
the eleventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence
The Long March
the escape of Mao Zedong and his followers from an encirclement by Chiang, many died on the journey, those who survived saved communism in China
Wahabbism
the idea led by Ibn Saud to cleanse Islam by driving out the foreign influence
Hypocrisy of US policies in Middle East
the keep dictators/feudal rulers in power to keep getting oil and to preserve stability in the Middle East
Berlin Conference of 1884
the meeting made to avert war over competing for African colonies
Camp David Accords
the meeting of Sadat, Israel, and Carter in the US; Israel agrees to withdraw from Sinai if recognized as a country; promises not fulfilled
Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion
the revolt of the Indians in the British Indian army; sparked to British insensitivity to Indian religions; failed due to inability to unite as a revolution
Gamal Abdul Nasser
the son of a minor government functionary, had been angered by the army's inadequate preparation for the war against Israel four years earlier, seized power in his own right and immediately instituted a land reform program, adopted a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs and expressed sympathy for the Arab cause, in 1956, Nasser suddenly nationalized the Suez Canal Company, turned to pan-Arabism,named president of the new United Arab Republic
Religious responses of the bubonic plague
the spread of pogroms (organized massacres of Jews because they were accused of poisoning water with disease, caused Jews to flee to Russia and Poland), the rise of flagellants ( people who resorted to extreme measures to gain God's forgiveness such as whipping and killing people),
Columbian Exchange
the transfer of diseases, animals, plants, people, and cultures b/w Old+New World
The Hundred Year's War
the war between the French and English; started because the English King was a vassal to French, and French tried to take over English territory; after large English lead, French comeback and win
Catholic Counter Reformation
theory that the Catholic Reformation began in response to Protestant Reformation; most likely theory
Economic effects of The bubonic plague
trade+industry suffered, peasants+nobles both affected, labor prices went up, and less demand for food made prices fall, peasants could now convert labor for rent-freeing them from serfdom, but they couldn't advance too far-they faced the same economic hurdles as the lords, the lords tried to reinstate old forms of labor+wage restrictions, but peasants rebelled, only resulted in short term gains as they were crushed easily, social unrest characterized European history
Government of India Act 1921
transformed the advisory Legislative Council into bicameral parliament, two-thirds of members would be elected; similar bodies created at provincial level; 5 million Indians could now vote; not enough for INC members, who pushed for full independence
Weaknesses of the Ottoman Empire
troubled by rising governmental corruption, a decline in the effectiveness of the sultans, and the loss of considerable territory in the Balkans and southwestern Russia, in the 1870s, a new generation of Ottoman reformers seized power in Istanbul and pushed through a constitution aimed at forming a legislative assembly that would represent all the peoples in the state, but the sultan they placed on the throne suspended the new charter and attempted to rule by traditional authoritarian means
Treatment of native population
use them as laborers Forced labor, starvation, disease took a toll on natives Smallpox, measles, typhus especially prominent About half of the native population died from European diseases
Cortes
w/500 Spaniards, he conquered the Aztecs+Moctezuma; assisted by diseases like smallpox, guns, the Indians thought the Spanish were sent by the gods (Quetzalcoatl-feathered serpent, and they had horses), and b/c the Spanish made an alliance w/Tlaxcallan; destroyed w/i months; sanctioned by Castilian crown, but funded+outfitted privately
Martin Luther
was originally a monk; believed that Christians could never do enough work to merit salvation, believed in Justification by Faith
Edmund Morel's views of imperialism
wrote the Black Man's Burden; sarcastic and critical of imperialism
Red Guards
youth that enforced the Cultural Revolution; youth chosen for the task b/c they were easy to manipulate
