HWG Chapter 10
marine west coast
*Along the Atlantic coast and in southern Sweden, the climate is the _____ ___ ____ type that has milder winters. *This area supports a vast coniferous forest.
subarctic climate
*South of the tundra biome is the _______ ______region. *This covers most of the northern half of Scandinavia. *It has long, very cold winters and short, cold to mild summers. * The vegetation is limited to only the few species that can tolerate the cold conditions.
Arctic Tundra
*The ____ ____ regions lie in the extreme northern parts of Scandinavia and Iceland. *Due to dry conditions, poor soil quality, extremely cold temperatures, and frozen ground, vegetation in this climate is limited. *_________ ____ plants must adapt to the short, cold growing seasons. *The frozen ground prevents plants with deep roots, like trees, from growing.
humid continental
*The rest of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Finland has a ______ _____ climate with cold, wet winters. *The temperatures of most of the region are warmer than most other regions of similar latitudes due to the influence of the Baltic Sea, inland waters, and airflows from the Atlantic that are warmed by the Gulf Stream.
Geothermal Energy
A form of energy conversion that captures heat energy from within Earth
Fjord
A long, steep-sided glacial valley now filled by seawater
Glaciation
A process by which glaciers form and spread
Geyser
A spring that throws forth intermittent jets of heated water and steam
Hot Spring
A spring whose water issues at a temperature higher than that of its surroundings
welfare state
A state that assumes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens
break-of-bulk
Act of unloading, transferring, or distributing part of all of a shipment.
11
Additional physical features include Iceland's numerous mountains, countless hot springs, rivers, small lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, and geysers. Glaciers cover roughly ___ percent of the island.
geothermal energy
Although considered to be a European country, Iceland sits partly on ocean crust shared with the North American continent, as it straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. The tectonic activity caused by these plates' separating is the source of the abundant __________ ______ in the region.
Demark
Although not situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula, ________ is considered part of the cultural region called Scandinavia.
alpine
Animals in the ____ zone migrate to lower elevations in the winter to escape the cold and find food.
Greenland
At 839,399 square miles (2.1 million sq. km), _______is the world's largest island.
Entrepôt
Commercial center where goods are received and reshipped
folding and faulting
Glaciers cut the former plateau into fjords and valleys, and the geological processes of ________ __ ______ cause the mountainous landscape to emerge. The landforms of Svalbard were created through repeated ice ages and the_____ ____ ________ associated with continental drift and plate tectonics.
Sweden, Norway, Finland
Glaciers from the last ice age left behind thousands of sparkling lakes in _______, ______, and _______.
rivers
Many of the ____ of the Scandinavian Peninsula are short and do not provide easy connections between cities. Norway's chief ______ stem from the mountains of Norrland. These _______ mostly flow toward the southeast with many falls and rapids, eventually emptying into the Gulf of Bothnia or the Baltic Sea. The country's longest ____ is the Klar-Göta. It flows 447 miles (719 km) until it reaches Lake Vänern. The Glåma ______ drains an area of 16,236 square miles (42,051 sq. km), running almost the entire length of Norway from north to south.
Klar-Göta
Many of the rivers of the Scandinavian Peninsula are short and do not provide easy connections between cities. Norway's chief rivers stem from the mountains of Norrland. These rivers mostly flow toward the southeast with many falls and rapids, eventually emptying into the Gulf of Bothnia or the Baltic Sea. The country's longest river is the ________-_______. It flows 447 miles (719 km) until it reaches Lake Vänern.
Mountainous
Most of Norway and northern Sweden are ___________, but in southern Sweden lowlands slope gently to the Baltic Sea.
5
Northern Europe is made up of __ countries.
Scandinavian Peninsula
Norway and Sweden are found on the pretty ________ __________.
oil
Norway is also Europe's largest __ producer.
aluminum
Norway is one of the world's leading producers of hydroelectric power. One important use of this hydroelectric power is the production of _________, a process that requires large amounts of electricity. Although Norway lacks the mineral bauxite from which aluminum is made, it imports bauxite and utilizes its hydroelectric power to produce _________.
Svalbard
Norway's strongest earthquake, measuring 6.5 on the Richter scale, occurred in _________ on March 6, 2009
Peninsula
Europe is a large _____ made up of numerous __________s, such as the Scandinavian ________ and the Jutland _______ found in Northern Europe.
islands
Finland is mostly flat with a few hills and mountains. Over 10 percent of its area is covered with inland waters such as lakes and rivers. Its rugged coastline is deeply indented with bays and inlets, and the offshore region is dotted with thousands of _________.
10
Finland is mostly flat with a few hills and mountains. Over ____ percent of its area is covered with inland waters such as lakes and rivers. Its rugged coastline is deeply indented with bays and inlets, and the offshore region is dotted with thousands of islands.
1/3
Finland's peat deposits cover nearly ___ of the country.
volcanos, earthquakes
Formerly a possession of Denmark, Iceland is an island country in the North Atlantic. Iceland is located 186 miles (300 km) east of Greenland and 621 miles (1,000 km) west of Norway. It is situated on a geological hot spot along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The island is very geologically active. With about 200 ___, volcanic activity is frequent. _____ are also frequent but rarely result in serious damage.
Iceland
Formerly a possession of Denmark, _____ is an island country in the North Atlantic. ________ is located 186 miles (300 km) east of Greenland and 621 miles (1,000 km) west of Norway. It is situated on a geological hot spot along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The island is very geologically active. With about 200 volcanoes, volcanic activity is frequent. Earthquakes are also frequent but rarely result in serious damage.
Viking age
From about A.D. 793 to 1050—a period of European history known as the ____ ____.
Scandinavian Peninsula
Geographically, the _______ ______ includes mainland Sweden, mainland Norway, and part of Finland.
river
The longest _____ is called Thjórsá. Located in the southern region of Iceland, it extends for 143 miles (230 km).
blocked, trapped
Continental glaciers covered much of Northern Europe during the last ice age. The scouring action of these glaciers created a landscape dotted with hundreds of thousands of lakes. After the glaciers melted, the debris left behind on a flat landscape_______ rivers and ______ water like dams.
wind
Denmark also has oil and natural gas, but renewable _______ energy is its most important energy source.
renewable
Denmark ranks number one in the world for electricity generated from _____ sources. This makes it a model that other countries can follow to transition to _________ energy.
iron
Deposits of ____ ore lie in Sweden near Kiruna. Other natural resources in the area include gold, copper, lead, and zinc.
Ice Age
During the ____ _____, the process of glaciation scoured the land and shaped the landforms.
Jutland Peninsula's
During the last ice age, glaciers deposited sand and gravel on the __________ ______ flat western side and carved fjords on the coastline of the east. Flat plains make up most of the __________ __________ interior in Denmark.
flat
During the last ice age, plains were scraped ___ by the glaciers that covered the land.
continental rebound
During the last ice age, the ice was so heavy that it pressed the land down into the Earth's mantle. Over time, as the ice melted and lessened the weight on the land beneath, the land began to rise in a process called _________ __________ . The entire land surface continues to rise today.
mantle
During the last ice age, the ice was so heavy that it pressed the land down into the Earth's_______.
steeper, more rugged
During the last ice age, the mountains in the region were made_________ and ______ _______.
Finland
Hydroelectric power and geothermal energy are significant renewable resources in _______. The diversity of minerals in the country includes modest amounts of iron ore, nickel, zinc, cobalt, copper, and chromium. Trees, however, are __________'s most important natural resource. In 2012 _____ exported over 10 percent of the paper and paperboard traded on the global market.
steam
Iceland has vast energy resources. Only a small fraction of the hydroelectric power of the country's rivers has been tapped, however. Geothermal energy provides heat for the entire capital city of Reykjavík and several other communities. It also provides _____ for industrial energy and is used in commercial vegetable farming in greenhouses
Geothermal energy
Iceland has vast energy resources. Only a small fraction of the hydroelectric power of the country's rivers has been tapped, however. ______ _____provides heat for the entire capital city of Reykjavík and several other communities. It also provides steam for industrial energy and is used in commercial vegetable farming in greenhouses
least
Iceland is the_____ densely populated country in Europe and has blended strong cultural traditions with a modern capital city.
hydropower
Iceland's many rivers and waterfalls are also harnessed to produce _________.
10
In 2010 Sweden exported ___ percent of the world's sawnwood, a wood used to make lumber.
mild
In Iceland, the Gulf Stream creates a ___ climate even though the country is located in higher latitudes.
Baltic Sea
In southern Sweden lowlands slope gently to the ____ ____.
climate patterns
Latitude, mountain barriers, wind patterns, and distance from large bodies of water influence Northern Europe's ______ _____.
Atlantic Coastline
Many deep fjords lie on the ________ ________ of the Scandinavian Peninsula
meltwater
The landscape of Iceland is geologically young. It is characterized by impressive waterfalls and an abundance of small lakes and numerous, swift-moving rivers that are filled by glacier meltwater and heavy rainfall. The majority of rivers in Iceland consist of ________ from glaciers. Thus, they contain large amounts of glacial debris that makes the water cloudy.
2009
Other European countries rely on Norway as an important supplier of both sources of fuel (natural gas and oil). In _______Norway exported 2.184 million barrels per day on the world market.
continental
Relating to or characteristic of a continent
Viking
Scandinavian ___ raiding parties in powerful warships roamed the coastal waters of Europe. Their territories expanded over time, and the numerous ___ kingdoms emerged as Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.
glacier
The largest, Vatnajökull, is nearly 1,300 feet (400 m) thick and covers about 8 percent of the island. It is by far the largest ________ in Europe.
hydroelectric
The Kemi River in Finland is harnessed for __________power. It rises near the Russian border and flows generally southwest for about 300 miles (483 km) to the Gulf of Bothnia in the town of Kemi. The Muonio and Torne Rivers flow along the border of Finland and Sweden. Sweden has many small _________ power plants that harness the power of the country's rivers.
Demark
The Kingdom of ______ also includes the Faeroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic.
Europe
The Nordic countries have similar structures of societies and cultural traits, which collectively differentiate them from mainland______.
Glåma River
The _____ _____ drains an area of 16,236 square miles (42,051 sq. km), running almost the entire length of Norway from north to south.
Faeroe Islands
The _____ ________ , an island group and archipelago, are located about halfway between Iceland and Norway. They are made up of volcanic rocks with high and rugged cliffs.
kemi River
The _______ ____ in Finland is harnessed for hydroelectric power. It rises near the Russian border and flows generally southwest for about 300 miles (483 km) to the Gulf of Bothnia in the town of Kemi.
jutland Peninsula
The _______ ______ includes mainland Denmark and a small part of Germany.
Muonio and Torne
The ________ ___ _______ Rivers flow along the border of Finland and Sweden. Sweden has many small hydroelectric power plants that harness the power of the country's rivers.
Jutland Peninsula
The ________ _____ forms the mainland part of Denmark and extends into the North Sea.
Nordic countries
The countries of Northern Europe, called the ________ _______.
minerals
The diversity of ______ in finland includes modest amounts of iron ore, nickel, zinc, cobalt, copper, and chromium.
migrations, invasions, and trade
The history of Northern Europe has been shaped by thousands of years of ____, _____, _____ ____.
trail
The ice age's ice left its ____ of countless islands, rivers, streams, and lakes.
one mile
The ice that covered Northern Europe during the last ice age was over ___ ______ thick.
Iceland
The island country of ________ is located in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Europe
The unique physical geography, shaped by glaciers and plate tectonics, and the cold northern climate have influenced the lives of people in this subregion.
Geysir
The word geyser is derived from a geyser in Iceland named ___________.
Geothermal energy and hydropower
These two natural resources provide Iceland with sustainable and inexpensive sources of energy.
Scoured
To remove dirt, grease, ect.
50
Today glaciers and snowfields cover more than __ percent of the islands' land (Svalbard).
10
Trees, however, are Finland's most important natural resource. In 2012 Finland exported over ___ percent of the paper and paperboard traded on the global market.
10,000
When the ice sheet melted, after the ice age, about ______ years ago, it also gouged the surface of the land and left in its trail of countless islands, rivers, and streams as well as countless lakes.
Ice
___ filled the valleys and carved out long, narrow, steep-sided fjords that are now filled with seawater.
peat
___ is vegetable matter found in swamps. It is dug up, chopped into blocks, and dried so it can be burned.
Forest
____ products are a major source of revenue in Sweden.
location
_____ influences vegetation patterns. Natural vegetation varies from forests and grasslands to tundra plants.
Strong
_____ interrelationships exist between climate and plant and animal life in Northern Europe.
Svalbard
_____ is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean that constitutes the northernmost part of Norway. This group of islands is located about 400 miles (644 km) north of the mainland, midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole.
Finland
_____ lies in the eastern part of the region of Scandinavia.
Norway
______ is one of the world's leading producers of hydroelectric power. One important use of this hydroelectric power is the production of aluminum, a process that requires large amounts of electricity. Although ________ lacks the mineral bauxite from which aluminum is made, it imports bauxite and utilizes its hydroelectric power to produce aluminum.
Continental glaciers
_______ ________ covered much of Northern Europe during the last ice age. The scouring action of these glaciers created a landscape dotted with hundreds of thousands of lakes. After the glaciers melted, the debris left behind on a flat landscape blocked rivers and trapped water like dams.
Magnesium
_______ is an important natural resource in Norway.
Finland
_______ is mostly flat with a few hills and mountains. Over 10 percent of its area is covered with inland waters such as lakes and rivers. Its rugged coastline is deeply indented with bays and inlets, and the offshore region is dotted with thousands of islands.
climate regions
________ ______ include marine west coast, humid continental, subarctic, and tundra.
Norway
________ is the world's second-largest natural gas exporter.
Scandinavia and Finland
__________ ___ _______ are lands of castles, Viking museums, and progressive contemporary cities.
trees
__________, however, are Finland's most important natural resource. In 2012 Finland exported over 10 percent of the paper and paperboard traded on the global market.
Hydroelectric
____________ power is a renewable resource in Sweden as it is in most Northern European countries.
Glaciation
_______has been the primary process by which the landforms of Northern Europe came to be as they are today. During the last ice age, the process of ______scoured the land and shaped the landforms.
