HWH Ch 18

Life expectancy for nineteenth-century Brazilian male slaves was

23 years

On most islands, the percentage of slaves in the population was

90%

The expansion of sugar plantations in the West Indies required

A sharp increase in the African slave trade

Which of the following entries would you expect to see in a ship's cargo manifest for a voyage on the Atlantic Ocean between 1500 and 1800?

A ship traveling from Angola to Brazil: 100 slaves

Although the organization of the Atlantic slave trade varied from African region to region, it expanded and prospered because of

African elites (were making money and gaining power) European economic incentives (money) European merchants (making money but also paying high prices)

The "clockwise" network of trade in the Atlantic was known as the

Atlantic circuit (North America to Africa to The Caribbean)

Which area best illustrates the dramatic transformation that sugar brought to the 17th century Caribbean?

Barbados (demographic and environmental change)

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450-1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention?

Compass (Chinese) (Song?)

African kingdoms benefited from the slave trade through all the following reasons EXCEPT

Controlling arrival of Europeans by selling slaves only in the spring

The African state most dependent on the slave trade was

Dahomey (or da homie if you're Leigh Anne) (they were small so they needed economic power)

Which of the following resulted in the high mortality rate aboard Atlantic slave ships?

Disease (Dysentery) Suicide (starved themselves) Execution (sailors did anything to keep order

Most slaves died of disease, the most common of which was

Dysentery (cause by bad sanitation)

Early Portuguese activities in exploring Africa's Atlantic coast included all of the following EXCEPT

Eradicating Islam (still the favored religion)

Generally, the Atlantic African slave trade was based on a partnership between

European and African elites (both were doing well)

Which of the following did NOT contribute to the sharp increase in African slaves shipped to the Americas between 1600 and 1750?

European colonial takeover of African territory (Angola and one other island were the only ones)

Which of the following was the most important factor in the development of new long-distance maritime commercial patterns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

European settlement and exploitation of natural resources (exploitation is important)

Which of the following would be the most useful source of evidence for research about the profits of Portuguese and British slave traders in the period 1600-1800 ?

European slave traders accounting books (shows how much they make) (like the extra source in a DBQ)

Which of the following is true regarding the Atlantic slave trade?

Europeans gained far more wealth than the Africans

Which of the following conclusions about slavery in the Caribbean is supported by the table below? (Shows the number of male and female slaves in each labor position)

Field labore required the greatest number of workers

Where would slave children most likely be found working?

In "grass gangs" doing lighter, simpler work (oftentimes suppervised by older slaves who couldnt work in the fields)

(Graph that show increase of slaves mainly in the Indies) The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by

Increased production of cash crops such as sugar (needed a lot of labor and slaves were the first choice at the time)

What was one important impact of European contact on the economy of West Africa between 1450 and 1750?

It allowed some indigenous African traders to gain great wealth (they traded slaves for valued foreign goods like weapons)

In the eighteenth century, what was the major source of slaves in the interior of the Bight of Biafra?

Kidnapped people (elites tried to stop it because their families were being taken but couldn't)

Which was NOT a method used to curtail African cultural traditions by European planters?

Mandatory primary education

What was one significant impact of environmental crises such as droughts in sub-Saharan Africa during this period?

Many of those who fled stricken areas were given refuge by neighboring leaders, then forced into resettlement or sold into the slave trade. (Most men were sold while their families were allowed to stay)

How did the European slave trade with Africa compare with the African slave trade with the Islamic world?

More women than men were transported to the Islamic world; therefore they placed African slaves in less grueling types of labor.

How did sub-Saharan Africans' contacts with Europeans compare with their contacts with the Islamic world from 1450 to 1750?

Most African slaves sent to the Islamic world were women, while most taken by the Europeans were men.

(Announcement saying that all rebellious slaves will be executed) Commander Cotton's reaction to the events in Jamaica, in the notice above, might best be understood in the context of which of the following?

Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority

Though many Muslim rulers did not strictly enforce it, Islamic law prohibited the enslavement of

Muslims (technically people of the book so Christians and Jews couldn't be either)

(Map that has arrows from Africa to Americas that we have seen a thousand times) The map above illustrates which of the following?

Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries

Most slaves taken from Africa were

Prisoners of war (everything, even the people, belonged to the winner)

"Drivers" were typically

Privileged male slaves (got special treatment but were hated)

Manumission permitted slaves to

Purchase or receive their freedom (often given to the mistress of a slave owner)

Factors that fueled the growing dependence of African slaves included all of the following EXCEPT

Racial prejudice favored the use of African slaves over other ethnic groups (just the cheapest and easiest to get)

A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600-1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade?

Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade

Most slaves in the Islamic world were

Servants (women) and soldiers (men more trusted by leaders than their own people)

Both Muslims and Europeans obtained slaves from sub-Saharan Africa, but

The Islamic trade, though substantial, was smaller (a lot smaller) (didn't need as many people)

The second leg of the Atlantic Circuit, transporting slaves across the Atlantic to plantation colonies, was known as:

The Middle Passage (a lot of people died on it)

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT

The exclusion of Africa from the growing world trade network (makes sense, if they weren't involved they couldn't sell)

(Bar graph showing an increase of slaves in the British north) Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period?

The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. (That's what slaves were used for)

What was the impact of the rivalry among European powers in the West African trade in the period 1450-1750?

The price demanded for African slaves rose sharply (more demand than supply)

This carved ivory saltcellar shown below, depicting a Portuguese ship supported by Portuguese nobles, provides evidence of which new influence brought to West Africa by the Europeans? (Guy with a cross on his neck)

The promotion of the Christian religion

Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ?

The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments

In North Africa, a continuing influence before, during, and after the period 1450-1750 was

The social, political, and economic practices of Islam (Christianity wasn't able to supersede)

Men outnumbered women on Caribbean plantations because

Twice as many men were imported (African rulers wanted to get rid of the men and planters wanted them for certain jobs)

Which of the following was a major environmental effect of the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Widespread deforestation and soil depletion (destroyed an island then moved on)

Mercantilism is

a government policy that protects trade in return for the accumulation of gold and silver. (Gov made money with the monopolies)

Chartered companies were

private investors with trade monopolies who paid annual fees to France and England in colonies. (Usually started the colonies)

In exchange for slaves, African merchants

were very discriminating in what they purchased and would often refuse European merchandise that did not meet their needs.

Plantation slaves were motivated to work hard to avoid which of the following:

whippings floggings mutilation