HWST 107 Midterm 1

i ulu no ka lālā I ke kumu

"the branches grow because of the trunk" (without our ancestors, we would not be here)

What did they do to protest the military use of Kahoʻolawe?

Kahoʻolaw Nine began "illegal" occupations of the island. some protesters were arrested and imprisoned

Lono: Kinolau

Puaʻa

Who is Moroa and why is he significant to the people of Kontu?

Moroa is the god and significant to the people of Kontu because he created the devices to call and capture sharks

What important message does Mālama Honua worldwide voyage share?

Mālama Island earth, our natural environment, children, and all humankind

What island group does Papatuanuku and Ranginui come from?

New Zealand

How do recent archaeological discoveries challenge contemporary migration & settlement theories in the Pacific?

Polynesians might have settled longer than we originally thought

How did PKO get the military to stop bombing?

a lawsuit filed in the US federal district court to stop the bombing 1990: president George Bush ordered the Navy to stop bombing

Ethnicity

a population of human beings whose members identify with each other

Hauātea

a religious-political alliance between Hwaiʻinuiākea cousins

What is the Makahiki?

a season of cultural events

What important contributions have Laʻamaikahiki and Pāʻao made to Hawaiian society?

brought different gods to Hawaiʻi to worship; introduced Lono and Ku

Pilikaʻaiea

chief of the village

Haumea: Akua

childbirth; teaches medical knowledge for safe birth

Piko

connection and community

Halemaʻumaʻu

creator, volcano

Hoʻonōkūkalani

daughter of Papa and Wākea - first human offspring to generate stars in the sky - sexual relation with Wākea and produce first kalo and human

What does Hoʻomana mean?

Hawaiian religion

What did the initial voyage of Hōkūleaʻa in 1976 prove?

Hawaiians knew what they were doing and how to navigate

Western vs Hawaiian: bodily contact

Hawaiians touch each other more, signifying affection and friendship

What island group does Kumulipo come from?

Hawaiʻi island

What island group does Papahānaumoku and Wākea come from?

Hawaiʻi island

Laʻamaikahiki

Hawaiʻi to Tahiti chief of Kaui

What is the difference between heiau luakini and heiau waihau?

Heiau luakini has human sacrifice, heiau waihau has none

What influences are threatening the perpetuation of shark calling and other traditional practices?

they tell us if followed the traditional way of life, we would go to heaven

menehune

tiny people who lived in Kaulua, Pauoa, Puowaina, Kaimuku, and Waolani

What roles did Makahiki play in society?

to bring Lonoback, a celebration of land

What is the Mālama Honua Worldwide Voyage?

to navigate toward a healthily and sustainable future for ourselves and Hawaiian islands through voyaging and new ways of learning

Why does the University of Hawaiʻi support a Hawaiian Studies program?

to pursue, perpetuate, research, revitalize all areas and forms of Hawaiian knowledge

Kānaka Maoli

traditional Hawaiian enthnonym, true human being

What other physical evidence and/or traditional practices indicates that the mountain is sacred to Native Hawaiians?

traditional activities on the Mauna include: worship, marked by 100s of cultural sites, heiau, and shrines

Pohaku o Kāne

upright stone; dedicated to family well-being

How does ʻaikapu relate to Pono?

various foodskapu to the opposite sex, separation of male and female elements is important because it allows for pono to be established

Pele

volcano diety, personal traits are temperamental, jealous, passionate, and protective

Kāne: Kinolau

wai (freshwater)

Kū: Akua

war, politics, farming, fishing; associated with government and aliʻi

Paputapuātea

where the Hauatea alliance was centered

Haole

white person, American, Englishman, Caucasian

Identify the UN DRIP

who: 143 nations what: a universal framework for minimum standards for the survival, dignity, and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world where: New York when: 2007 why: so save the rights of indigenous people

Naʻauao

wisdom from one's naʻau

Kanaloa: akua

deep ocean, fishing, voyaging

Race

described populations or groups of people as distinguished by various sets of characteristics and beliefs about common ancestry

Why is Sense of Place important to native people?

develops through an intimate relationship with the environment over an extended period of time

Papauanuku

earth mother

Kahakō

elongated sound

Liloa

father of ʻUmi-a-liloa

Hale Peʻa

female sanctuary; dedicated to female Akua

Pāʻao

fight with brother = voyage of migration a priest that introduces the god Ku

Nanumaga

fire caves of Nanumaga "house under the sea" 120ft below sea level

Hāloanaka

first Kalo - stillborn-buried - parents are Hoʻohōkūkalani and Wākea

Why is Kahoʻolawe nicknamed the "target island"?

for target bombing practices

Kāne: Akua

freshwater, life, procreation

Lokomaikaʻi

generosity above all; mahele (sharing)

Indigenous

people, communities, and nations who claim historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with western culture

ʻōlelo noʻeau

poetical sayings that are commonly used when speaking Hawaiian, valuable for ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi and culture

Tanemahuta

son; god of war, forced parents apart to allow light to come in

What geographic region does the Austronesian language/culture cover?

spoken in SE Asia, Pacific, and some parts of Asia

Koʻa/Kuʻula Kai

stacked stones; dedicated to fishing

Hauʻofa native view

the Pacific world is immense, Oceania

racism

the belief that race accounts for the difference in human character or ability that a particular race is superior to others

Why do discoveries made in Naumanga and Liang Bua, Flores compel researchers to reevaluate the importance of Native stories?

the discovery in Flores supports native oral traditions because they were ancestors to the hobbits and also had an average height of a 3-year-old

Mālama ʻāina

the familial relationship between man and nature, natives believe if they took care of the land, the land will provide for them

He aliʻi ka ʻāina, he kauā/kauwā ke kanaka

the land is the chief and man is the servant

Pwō

the man who knows about sailing and magic

Palu

the man who only knows how to sail

Why is the belief of the Pacific islands as small, isolated, and insignificant considered an important view?

the original, native oceanic societies were voyaging people who saw islands as being connected by sea, sky, and common ancestry

Sense of Place from an Indigenous perspective

the profound connection between people and place

Why do people criticize and challenge UH's claim of jurisdiction over Mauna Kea?

keep it to 6 telescopes, the university didn't listen and doubled the amount in 1990 to 13

Why is the land division that Mauna Kea is named Ka ʻOhe?

largest ahupuaʻa in the islands; refers to the region's water collection function

Where does Austronesian language originate?

linguistic origins in Taiwan

Western vs Hawaiian: Head-nod

lowered head and downcast eyes by a listener signifies attention and respect in Hawaiian culture

Aliʻi

maintain pure bloodline through incestual relationships, preserve status/rank through strict kapu

Kanaloa: Kinolau

maiʻa (banana)

Kū: Kinolau

manō (shark)

How can foreign maps and place names negatively impact that sense of place?

maps are generally created by foreigners for foreigners

Mau Piailug

master navigator for Satawal

Haumea: Kinolau

menstruation

Hina: Kinolau

moon

Hina: Akua

moon, reef, fishing, Kapa making, harvesting medicinal herbs

Akahiakuleana

mother of ʻUmi

How do place names reflect Sense of Place?

native place names reveal a special relationship between humans and place

Nainoa Thompson

navigator for the Polynesian voyaging society, revived tradition

Hōkuleʻa

one of the guiding stars of navigation

Lono: Akua

peace, fertility, agriculture; uncle of Pele-keeper, Makahiki festival

Makaʻāinana

people who tend to land; laborers, cultivators, fishermen

What will the completed footprint of the TMT be and why does it not sit well with activists?

- $1.4 billion to build 18 stories high - Mauna Kea is a cultural temple, sacred religious sites

Findings of mismanagement, abuse, or neglect discovered in Mauna Kea

- $600 million for construction of 13 telescopes - UH receives a one-time infrastructure contribution based on telescope size - UH develops plans for protection controls

What evidence proves an ancient relationship between Polynesia and the American continent?

- Kennewick Man resembles Polynesian/Asian proves ancient relationships between Polynesia and the US - Chicken bones found in Chile had an identical genetic sequence to Samoa and Tongan chicken bones; chickens can't fly well but swim well

Why is Mauna Kea officially zoned conservation land?

- Mauna Kea: ceded lands or seized lands very land itself is controversal - zoned conservation land: "preservation of the State's fragile natural ecosystems and sustainability of the States water supply. Therefore, the interest of the legislature to conserve, protect, and preserve."

Ways in which Mauna Kea is environmentally significant

- Wekiu: endemic; highest living insects in Hawaiʻi - "ahinahina: endemic, "crown jewel", officially listed and an endangered species

Ao o Milu

- a realm of evil spirits - realm deity: Manuʻa

Ao ʻAumākua

- a realm of good ʻaumākua - realm diety: Kānenuiakea

Reasons why advocates support TMT

- advance scientific knowledge, technology, discovery - provides jobs - support STEM and cultural education

Hāloa

- first aliʻi nui - parents are Hoʻokhōkūkalani and Wākea

Identify at least one element from each of the 16 different Wā

- seaweeds - fish - birds - creepers - puaʻa - ʻuku - gods - Laʻilaʻi (oldest sibling) - Kiʻi (man) - Kāne (god) - Kanaloa - Laʻilaʻi - Kiʻi - Laʻilaʻi - Kāne - Kamahaʻina - Haliʻa - Generations until Pōlaʻa - ancestors of Wākea - ancestors of Papa - Paupaniākea (Wākea) and siblings - descendants of Māui - Kalaninuiʻīamamao

How did the US military come into this possession of this island?

1941 Martial law declared after the Japanese attack Kahoʻolawe was taken by the US military to use as a practice bombing range

Kon Tiki

1947 raft draft to prove "drift theory"

Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana (PKO)

1976: local community activists from the PKO to protest military activity on the island

Papahānamoku

Earth mother

Liang Bua

Flores, Bali: remains of a "hobbit"

Lonoikaoualiʻi

God of agriculture and fertility; power of the ʻāina

Who does the Makahiki honor?

Lono

What is the motto of the University of Hawaiʻi?

Ma Luna Aʻe o Nā Lāhui Apau, Ke ola Ke Kānaka above all nations is humanity

What is the term Hauʻofa now uses to describe the Pacific region and why?

Oceania: because we are all in the same place. It's an example of how foreigners continue to affect Native identity today

Namakaokahaʻi

Pele's older sister, jealous of Pele

What island does Mau Piaiug come from and how large is it?

Satawal; a mile and a half long and a mile wide

When was the UN DRIP adopted by the UN General Assembly?

September 13, 2007

Wākea

Sky father

What island group does Rumia come from?

Tahiti

What causes "war of gods"?

Tawhirimatea creates offspring to battle his siblings

Who is the main deity responsible for reation in Rumia?

Taʻaroa

Andrew Sharp

Theory: Polynesia has been colonized from the west Basis: doubted Polynesian seafaring capabilities and technology

Thor Heyerdahl

Theory: Polynesian forbearers originated in the Americas Basis: wind and ocean currents flow into the Pacific

Captain James Cook

Theory: Polynesians intentionally explored and settled their island world without the aid of external agencies Basis: Tahitian canoes were seaworthy and capable of sailing at least "two or three hundred leagues"

Roger Green

Theory: SE Asians origins of Polynesians Basis: first-hand accounts of Polynesian sailing ability, proven by Hōkūleʻa

What is Rumia?

a cosmic egg that Taʻaroa sat in

Why is the UN DRIP significant?

affirming that indigenous people are equal to others

What are ʻaumākua?

ancestral guardians

ʻOkina

glottal stop

Kūkaʻilimoku

god of war and politics

Hakau

half brother of ʻUmi-a-liloa

What is Pīʻāʻpā?

hawaiian alphabet

Why does Mau insist on maintaining the practice of traditional wayfinding on his island?

he fears that the practice of traditional wayfinding would disappear and die in his culture

Why whas ʻUmialiloa such a celebrated chief?

he worked alongside with the commoners, he was a chiefly commoner

Moʻikeha

high Tahitian chief lust for step sister

Kaleiokū

high priest under Liloa

Why is Wākea associated with the mountain?

highest point in Polynesia, most sacred, most kapu

Nīʻaupiʻo

incest among aliʻi nui; create Akua by preserving chiefly mana

Why do indigenous religions elevate and worship natural elements?

indigenous relations worship natural elements because they embrace nature and are surrounded by it

Hauʻofa modern view

islands are small, isolated, cut-off

What is the purpose of Kumulipo?

it was proof of divinity and this genealogy shows how mana descends through the creation of man composed for Kalaninuiʻīamamao/Lonoikamakahiki

Kahuna

priests and master craftsmen

Aloha

respect and love; kuleana (responsibility)

ʻAikapu

sacred eating and dualism

How have the achievements of traditional navigators affect Native identity in the pacific region today?

sailed to Tahiti to disprove outside theories

Why do these people capture sharks?

sharks are believed to be the ancestors of the people of Kontu, people catch sharks for food or money

Ranginui

sky father