HWST 107 Midterm 1
i ulu no ka lālā I ke kumu
"the branches grow because of the trunk" (without our ancestors, we would not be here)
What did they do to protest the military use of Kahoʻolawe?
Kahoʻolaw Nine began "illegal" occupations of the island. some protesters were arrested and imprisoned
Lono: Kinolau
Puaʻa
Who is Moroa and why is he significant to the people of Kontu?
Moroa is the god and significant to the people of Kontu because he created the devices to call and capture sharks
What important message does Mālama Honua worldwide voyage share?
Mālama Island earth, our natural environment, children, and all humankind
What island group does Papatuanuku and Ranginui come from?
New Zealand
How do recent archaeological discoveries challenge contemporary migration & settlement theories in the Pacific?
Polynesians might have settled longer than we originally thought
How did PKO get the military to stop bombing?
a lawsuit filed in the US federal district court to stop the bombing 1990: president George Bush ordered the Navy to stop bombing
Ethnicity
a population of human beings whose members identify with each other
Hauātea
a religious-political alliance between Hwaiʻinuiākea cousins
What is the Makahiki?
a season of cultural events
What important contributions have Laʻamaikahiki and Pāʻao made to Hawaiian society?
brought different gods to Hawaiʻi to worship; introduced Lono and Ku
Pilikaʻaiea
chief of the village
Haumea: Akua
childbirth; teaches medical knowledge for safe birth
Piko
connection and community
Halemaʻumaʻu
creator, volcano
Hoʻonōkūkalani
daughter of Papa and Wākea - first human offspring to generate stars in the sky - sexual relation with Wākea and produce first kalo and human
What does Hoʻomana mean?
Hawaiian religion
What did the initial voyage of Hōkūleaʻa in 1976 prove?
Hawaiians knew what they were doing and how to navigate
Western vs Hawaiian: bodily contact
Hawaiians touch each other more, signifying affection and friendship
What island group does Kumulipo come from?
Hawaiʻi island
What island group does Papahānaumoku and Wākea come from?
Hawaiʻi island
Laʻamaikahiki
Hawaiʻi to Tahiti chief of Kaui
What is the difference between heiau luakini and heiau waihau?
Heiau luakini has human sacrifice, heiau waihau has none
What influences are threatening the perpetuation of shark calling and other traditional practices?
they tell us if followed the traditional way of life, we would go to heaven
menehune
tiny people who lived in Kaulua, Pauoa, Puowaina, Kaimuku, and Waolani
What roles did Makahiki play in society?
to bring Lonoback, a celebration of land
What is the Mālama Honua Worldwide Voyage?
to navigate toward a healthily and sustainable future for ourselves and Hawaiian islands through voyaging and new ways of learning
Why does the University of Hawaiʻi support a Hawaiian Studies program?
to pursue, perpetuate, research, revitalize all areas and forms of Hawaiian knowledge
Kānaka Maoli
traditional Hawaiian enthnonym, true human being
What other physical evidence and/or traditional practices indicates that the mountain is sacred to Native Hawaiians?
traditional activities on the Mauna include: worship, marked by 100s of cultural sites, heiau, and shrines
Pohaku o Kāne
upright stone; dedicated to family well-being
How does ʻaikapu relate to Pono?
various foodskapu to the opposite sex, separation of male and female elements is important because it allows for pono to be established
Pele
volcano diety, personal traits are temperamental, jealous, passionate, and protective
Kāne: Kinolau
wai (freshwater)
Kū: Akua
war, politics, farming, fishing; associated with government and aliʻi
Paputapuātea
where the Hauatea alliance was centered
Haole
white person, American, Englishman, Caucasian
Identify the UN DRIP
who: 143 nations what: a universal framework for minimum standards for the survival, dignity, and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world where: New York when: 2007 why: so save the rights of indigenous people
Naʻauao
wisdom from one's naʻau
Kanaloa: akua
deep ocean, fishing, voyaging
Race
described populations or groups of people as distinguished by various sets of characteristics and beliefs about common ancestry
Why is Sense of Place important to native people?
develops through an intimate relationship with the environment over an extended period of time
Papauanuku
earth mother
Kahakō
elongated sound
Liloa
father of ʻUmi-a-liloa
Hale Peʻa
female sanctuary; dedicated to female Akua
Pāʻao
fight with brother = voyage of migration a priest that introduces the god Ku
Nanumaga
fire caves of Nanumaga "house under the sea" 120ft below sea level
Hāloanaka
first Kalo - stillborn-buried - parents are Hoʻohōkūkalani and Wākea
Why is Kahoʻolawe nicknamed the "target island"?
for target bombing practices
Kāne: Akua
freshwater, life, procreation
Lokomaikaʻi
generosity above all; mahele (sharing)
Indigenous
people, communities, and nations who claim historical continuity and cultural affinity with societies endemic to their original territories that developed prior to exposure to the larger connected civilization associated with western culture
ʻōlelo noʻeau
poetical sayings that are commonly used when speaking Hawaiian, valuable for ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi and culture
Tanemahuta
son; god of war, forced parents apart to allow light to come in
What geographic region does the Austronesian language/culture cover?
spoken in SE Asia, Pacific, and some parts of Asia
Koʻa/Kuʻula Kai
stacked stones; dedicated to fishing
Hauʻofa native view
the Pacific world is immense, Oceania
racism
the belief that race accounts for the difference in human character or ability that a particular race is superior to others
Why do discoveries made in Naumanga and Liang Bua, Flores compel researchers to reevaluate the importance of Native stories?
the discovery in Flores supports native oral traditions because they were ancestors to the hobbits and also had an average height of a 3-year-old
Mālama ʻāina
the familial relationship between man and nature, natives believe if they took care of the land, the land will provide for them
He aliʻi ka ʻāina, he kauā/kauwā ke kanaka
the land is the chief and man is the servant
Pwō
the man who knows about sailing and magic
Palu
the man who only knows how to sail
Why is the belief of the Pacific islands as small, isolated, and insignificant considered an important view?
the original, native oceanic societies were voyaging people who saw islands as being connected by sea, sky, and common ancestry
Sense of Place from an Indigenous perspective
the profound connection between people and place
Why do people criticize and challenge UH's claim of jurisdiction over Mauna Kea?
keep it to 6 telescopes, the university didn't listen and doubled the amount in 1990 to 13
Why is the land division that Mauna Kea is named Ka ʻOhe?
largest ahupuaʻa in the islands; refers to the region's water collection function
Where does Austronesian language originate?
linguistic origins in Taiwan
Western vs Hawaiian: Head-nod
lowered head and downcast eyes by a listener signifies attention and respect in Hawaiian culture
Aliʻi
maintain pure bloodline through incestual relationships, preserve status/rank through strict kapu
Kanaloa: Kinolau
maiʻa (banana)
Kū: Kinolau
manō (shark)
How can foreign maps and place names negatively impact that sense of place?
maps are generally created by foreigners for foreigners
Mau Piailug
master navigator for Satawal
Haumea: Kinolau
menstruation
Hina: Kinolau
moon
Hina: Akua
moon, reef, fishing, Kapa making, harvesting medicinal herbs
Akahiakuleana
mother of ʻUmi
How do place names reflect Sense of Place?
native place names reveal a special relationship between humans and place
Nainoa Thompson
navigator for the Polynesian voyaging society, revived tradition
Hōkuleʻa
one of the guiding stars of navigation
Lono: Akua
peace, fertility, agriculture; uncle of Pele-keeper, Makahiki festival
Makaʻāinana
people who tend to land; laborers, cultivators, fishermen
What will the completed footprint of the TMT be and why does it not sit well with activists?
- $1.4 billion to build 18 stories high - Mauna Kea is a cultural temple, sacred religious sites
Findings of mismanagement, abuse, or neglect discovered in Mauna Kea
- $600 million for construction of 13 telescopes - UH receives a one-time infrastructure contribution based on telescope size - UH develops plans for protection controls
What evidence proves an ancient relationship between Polynesia and the American continent?
- Kennewick Man resembles Polynesian/Asian proves ancient relationships between Polynesia and the US - Chicken bones found in Chile had an identical genetic sequence to Samoa and Tongan chicken bones; chickens can't fly well but swim well
Why is Mauna Kea officially zoned conservation land?
- Mauna Kea: ceded lands or seized lands very land itself is controversal - zoned conservation land: "preservation of the State's fragile natural ecosystems and sustainability of the States water supply. Therefore, the interest of the legislature to conserve, protect, and preserve."
Ways in which Mauna Kea is environmentally significant
- Wekiu: endemic; highest living insects in Hawaiʻi - "ahinahina: endemic, "crown jewel", officially listed and an endangered species
Ao o Milu
- a realm of evil spirits - realm deity: Manuʻa
Ao ʻAumākua
- a realm of good ʻaumākua - realm diety: Kānenuiakea
Reasons why advocates support TMT
- advance scientific knowledge, technology, discovery - provides jobs - support STEM and cultural education
Hāloa
- first aliʻi nui - parents are Hoʻokhōkūkalani and Wākea
Identify at least one element from each of the 16 different Wā
- seaweeds - fish - birds - creepers - puaʻa - ʻuku - gods - Laʻilaʻi (oldest sibling) - Kiʻi (man) - Kāne (god) - Kanaloa - Laʻilaʻi - Kiʻi - Laʻilaʻi - Kāne - Kamahaʻina - Haliʻa - Generations until Pōlaʻa - ancestors of Wākea - ancestors of Papa - Paupaniākea (Wākea) and siblings - descendants of Māui - Kalaninuiʻīamamao
How did the US military come into this possession of this island?
1941 Martial law declared after the Japanese attack Kahoʻolawe was taken by the US military to use as a practice bombing range
Kon Tiki
1947 raft draft to prove "drift theory"
Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana (PKO)
1976: local community activists from the PKO to protest military activity on the island
Papahānamoku
Earth mother
Liang Bua
Flores, Bali: remains of a "hobbit"
Lonoikaoualiʻi
God of agriculture and fertility; power of the ʻāina
Who does the Makahiki honor?
Lono
What is the motto of the University of Hawaiʻi?
Ma Luna Aʻe o Nā Lāhui Apau, Ke ola Ke Kānaka above all nations is humanity
What is the term Hauʻofa now uses to describe the Pacific region and why?
Oceania: because we are all in the same place. It's an example of how foreigners continue to affect Native identity today
Namakaokahaʻi
Pele's older sister, jealous of Pele
What island does Mau Piaiug come from and how large is it?
Satawal; a mile and a half long and a mile wide
When was the UN DRIP adopted by the UN General Assembly?
September 13, 2007
Wākea
Sky father
What island group does Rumia come from?
Tahiti
What causes "war of gods"?
Tawhirimatea creates offspring to battle his siblings
Who is the main deity responsible for reation in Rumia?
Taʻaroa
Andrew Sharp
Theory: Polynesia has been colonized from the west Basis: doubted Polynesian seafaring capabilities and technology
Thor Heyerdahl
Theory: Polynesian forbearers originated in the Americas Basis: wind and ocean currents flow into the Pacific
Captain James Cook
Theory: Polynesians intentionally explored and settled their island world without the aid of external agencies Basis: Tahitian canoes were seaworthy and capable of sailing at least "two or three hundred leagues"
Roger Green
Theory: SE Asians origins of Polynesians Basis: first-hand accounts of Polynesian sailing ability, proven by Hōkūleʻa
What is Rumia?
a cosmic egg that Taʻaroa sat in
Why is the UN DRIP significant?
affirming that indigenous people are equal to others
What are ʻaumākua?
ancestral guardians
ʻOkina
glottal stop
Kūkaʻilimoku
god of war and politics
Hakau
half brother of ʻUmi-a-liloa
What is Pīʻāʻpā?
hawaiian alphabet
Why does Mau insist on maintaining the practice of traditional wayfinding on his island?
he fears that the practice of traditional wayfinding would disappear and die in his culture
Why whas ʻUmialiloa such a celebrated chief?
he worked alongside with the commoners, he was a chiefly commoner
Moʻikeha
high Tahitian chief lust for step sister
Kaleiokū
high priest under Liloa
Why is Wākea associated with the mountain?
highest point in Polynesia, most sacred, most kapu
Nīʻaupiʻo
incest among aliʻi nui; create Akua by preserving chiefly mana
Why do indigenous religions elevate and worship natural elements?
indigenous relations worship natural elements because they embrace nature and are surrounded by it
Hauʻofa modern view
islands are small, isolated, cut-off
What is the purpose of Kumulipo?
it was proof of divinity and this genealogy shows how mana descends through the creation of man composed for Kalaninuiʻīamamao/Lonoikamakahiki
Kahuna
priests and master craftsmen
Aloha
respect and love; kuleana (responsibility)
ʻAikapu
sacred eating and dualism
How have the achievements of traditional navigators affect Native identity in the pacific region today?
sailed to Tahiti to disprove outside theories
Why do these people capture sharks?
sharks are believed to be the ancestors of the people of Kontu, people catch sharks for food or money
Ranginui
sky father