Hx ch. 15

*The U.S. government authorized this protective measure early in the Civil War to make sure that the Confederacy could not sell its cotton to secure foreign aid in its bid for independence...

Union Blockade

*This military leader executed a scorched-earth policy in Georgia...

William Tecumseh Sherman

*President Lincoln reacted to criticism of this military commander by commenting, "I can't spare this man. He fights."...

Ulysses S. Grant

When the Civil War began, most Northerners viewed it as...

a struggle to preserve the Union and uphold the Constitution.

Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation...

because he considered emancipation to be "a military necessity, absolutely essential to the preservation of the Union.

Aside from leading to the legal destruction of slavery, the Civil War itself helped destroy slavery in practice...

by disrupting the routine, organization, and discipline necessary to keep slavery intact.

During the Civil War, the "twenty-Negro law" enraged many white Southerners because it...

exempted from military service one white man on every plantation with twenty or more slaves.

The conflict between the Merrimack and the Monitor...

marked the birth of the ironclad warship but had little impact on the Union's conventional naval dominance.

Among free black men of fighting age in the North...

most fought in the Union army.

Dorothea Dix and Clara Barton are both known for their Civil War efforts as...

nurses on the battlefield and behind the lines.

Why did both the Union and the Confederacy consider control of the border states crucial?

population, wealth, rivers, and railroads

Strikes by workers in northern industries, calculated to improve wages during the Civil War...

rarely succeeded.

In the early 1860s, the Republicans generated the economic power they needed to fight a successful war by...

revolutionizing U.S. banking, monetary, and tax structures.

The title of Chapter 15, "The Crucible of War, 1861-1865," is meant to suggest that the American Civil War was a...

severe test for Americans and the Union.

On March 4, 1861, President Abraham Lincoln delivered an inaugural address in which he revealed his strategy to avoid disunion; that strategy was to...

take measures to stop the contagion of secession and buy time in order for emotions to cool.

When it came to supplying the Confederate armies...

the South had enthusiasm and a resourceful Ordinance Bureau but lacked the resources available to the North.

As President Lincoln wavered in his policy of noninterference with slavery, he considered the biggest obstacle to the acceptance of emancipation in the Union to be...

the fears of Northerners that freed slaves, whom they considered "semi-savages," would flood the North, compete for jobs, and try to mix socially with them.

In New York City in the summer of 1863, an Irish-led riot that took the lives of at least 105 people erupted in protest of...

the newly enacted draft law, which was inequitable and would force draftees to fight to free black slaves.

By the waning months of the war Confederate soldiers were demoralized because...

the toll of years of fighting, lack of supplies, and concern for their families had become too much.

*Passed in 1862, after the departure from Congress of recalcitrant Democrats, this legislation guaranteed land to farmers heading west if they would simply live on the land and improve it...

Homestead Act

*According to this, European nations would have to break the Union blockade and recognize the Confederacy...

King Cotton diplomacy

*This legislation had long-lasting effects on education because it set aside public lands to support universities that emphasized "agriculture and mechanical arts."...

Land-Grant College Act

*This uniquely designed ship was the first and only of its kind until the Union launched the Merrimack...

Monitor

*Democratic Irish workingmen—crowded into filthy tenements and gouged by inflation—were dead set against fighting to free blacks, so they initiated these.

New York City draft riots

*The brilliant southern general who named his command the Army of Northern Virginia...

Robert E. Lee

*General Benjamin Butler used this term to refer to slaves who escaped to Union lines in 1862...

"contraband of war"

After the battle at Shiloh Church, Tennessee, in April 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant stated that he...

"gave up all idea of saving the Union except by complete conquest."

*In the lead up to the 1864 election, this group argued for an armistice to immediately end the war...

"peace" Democrats

From the beginning, the Confederacy faced formidable odds in pursuing its bid for independence; it had to succeed in...

-building a powerful army from scratch. -devising a way to finance the war. -creating adequate manufacturing resources to supply war material.

Southerners believed they had a real chance of winning the Civil War based on...

-the righteousness of their cause and the character of the southern people. -their belief that southern men were physically tougher than northern men. - their belief that withholding cotton would wreck the northern economy and force England or France to enter the war on the side of the Confederacy.

When considering the wartime leadership of Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis, a central irony emerges in that...

Abraham Lincoln brought little political experience to his presidency yet rose to the occasion to become a masterful leader, whereas Jefferson Davis, a seasoned politician, proved to be a relatively ineffectual chief executive.

*This battle turned out to be the bloodiest day of the Civil War.

Battle of Antietam

*The three-day battle that cost Lee one-third of his army and, when coupled with the South's defeat at Vicksburg, proved to be the turning point of the war..

Battle of Gettysburg

*This battlefield nurse went on to found the American Red Cross after the Civil War...

Clara Barton

In 1861, armed hostilities between the North and South began officially with...

Confederates firing on Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor in April 1861.

*This volunteer nurse was well known for her efforts to reform insane asylums as well as for being the superintendent of nurses for the Union...

Dorthea Dix

*Anything but a sentimental statement about the South's institution of slavery, Abraham Lincoln wrote this out of military necessity...

Emancipation Proclamation

*The Civil War officially began on April 12 with the Confederate bombardment here...

Fort Sumter

*This former slave and leader of the abolitionist movement commented: "It is something to couple one's name with great occasions."...

Frederick Douglass

*The Union general who graduated second in his class from West Point, of whom Lincoln said, if he "does not want to use the army I would like to borrow it."...

George B. McClellan

The border states of Missouri and Kentucky did not formally secede from the Union, but in these areas...

a prosouthern minority remained sympathetic to the southern cause and sometimes resisted Union control

In 1864, when General William T. Sherman stated that he intended to "make Georgia howl," he was gearing up for...

a scorched-earth military campaign aimed at destroying the will of the southern people.

Typically, Northerners viewed secession as...

an attack on the best government on earth and a severe challenge to the rule of law.

Under Grant's leadership the war shifted in favor of the North and the Union armies...

became a sophisticated and powerful war machine that continued to fight in the same bloody and ferocious manner.

Throughout the Civil War, the Richmond government tried to promote southern unity and nationalism; politicians were aided in this attempt by...

clergymen, who stated that God had blessed slavery and the new nation.

Initially the Confederacy sought King Cotton diplomacy, a strategy based on the belief that...

cotton-starved western European powers would be forced to enter the conflict by offering diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy and breaking the Union blockade to secure cotton.

Despite their ideological commitment to states' rights and limited government, Confederate leaders...

expanded their power by drafting soldiers into the Confederate army and confiscating large amounts of property for the war effort.

On July 17, 1862, Congress adopted a second Confiscation Act, legislation that...

declared all slaves of rebel masters "forever free of their servitude."

The first battle at Manassas (or Bull Run) in July 1861 is significant because it...

demonstrated that Americans were in for a real war, one that would be neither quick nor easy.

President Lincoln's efforts to stifle opposition to the war...

did suppress free speech.

When the Civil War broke out, President Lincoln chose not to make the conflict a struggle over slavery because he...

doubted his right under the Constitution to tamper with the "domestic institutions" of any state, even those in rebellion.

*According to this, if you were drafted into the Union army and had saved some money, you could hire a substitute and stay home....

draft law of March 1863

Slaves increasingly used the chaos and turmoil of the Civil War to whittle away at their bondage by...

employing various means to undermine white mastery and expand control over their own lives.

General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant near Appomattox Court House in Virginia on April 9, 1865...

ended the Confederate war effort, not because the South was out of troops, but because Lee's surrender demoralized the armies remaining in the field.

White Southerners' greatest fear regarding their slaves during the Civil War was that they would...

engage in violent revolt.

William Gould, a runaway slave who was taken aboard the U.S.S. Cambridge, found himself...

enlisting as a Union sailor.

In March 1862, Congress tilted toward emancipating slaves when it...

forbade the practice of returning fugitive slaves to their masters.

When President Lincoln remarked early in the Civil War, "If General McClellan does not want to use the army I would like to borrow it," he was expressing his...

frustration that McClellan had amassed and trained a huge military force but refused to use it to attack the Confederates.

At the end of 1862, the eastern theater of the Civil War...

had reached a stalemate

In 1862, the Homestead Act...

helped to encourage Westerners to be loyal to the Union.

When the Civil War ended, President Lincoln was confident that...

his postwar burdens would weigh almost as heavily as those of wartime.

While the North's industrial production boomed during the Civil War, the working class there found that...

inflation and taxes cut so deeply into their wages that their standard of living actually fell.

What poor northern men found especially galling about the new draft law of 1863 was that...

it allowed a draftee to hire a substitute or pay a $300 fee to avoid conscription.

After his victory at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1864, General Ulysses S. Grant...

launched a massive military campaign that would take his troops on a sweep through Virginia and get thousands of them killed in the process.

Thousands of northern and southern women offered their services as nurses during the Civil War; however...

they bucked tradition by doing so, because women were thought too delicate to deal with sickness and disease on such a large scale.

States in the Upper South that opted for secession from the Union did so because...

they couldn't see themselves fighting fellow Southerners and felt betrayed when Lincoln chose to use military means against the South.

In strict military terms, the Battle of Gettysburg in the summer of 1863...

was a crucial turning point for Confederate armies because it proved to be the last time Confederates launched a major offensive above the Mason-Dixon line.

The Battle of Vicksburg in July 1863...

was an important Union victory that opened up a large portion of the Mississippi River.

President Lincoln's determination to hold elections in 1864 is particularly noteworthy because...

with the Union war effort stalled and many Northerners basically wearied by the burdens of the war, the Democrats had an excellent chance of ousting the Lincoln administration.