Oral Communication Chapter 1
Communicating efficiently with social media
1. Choose the best medium or way to reach someone 2. Be careful what you post 3. Be considerate 4. Respect others' need for undivided attention 5. Keep your tone civil 6. Respect privacy boundaries 7. Be mindful of bystanders 8. Balance Mediated and Face time 9. Be safe
Myths of about communication
1. Communication is simply speaking 2. The speaker is active and the listener is passive. 3. Because I speak you understand. 4. Words have meaning 5. Communication will sole all your problems. 6. communication is always a good thing.
Frame of Reference
One's life orientation. Frame of reference describes the uniqueness of any one-person's "process of view." It is shaped by such factors as a person's gender,age,knowledge,needs,self-concepts,experience, and other factors.
Inclusion
Our human need to belong, to be a part of a personal relationship with both individuals and groups.
Communication satisfies our what.
Our human needs
Barriers include
External noise, internal noise, perceptual differences, inappropriate choice, overlooking nonverbal symbols, communication overload, communication under load, and defensive.
Understanding Cultures and cocultures
Had Intercultural and inter group communication and cultural differences are generalized
Psychologist William Schutz described our psychological, human, and social needs that communication satifies as the giving and getting of what
Inclusion,control, and affection or trust.
Roles
Indicate the behavior a person expects from him/herself as well as from others. His/Her expectations are based upon notions of social, gender, and vocational categories. Roles are associated with an individuals rights and responsibilities, and influence the perceptions of an individual within a given communication situation.
Four levels of communication
Intrapersonal, interpersonal, Public, and Mass
Perceptual differenes
Involve two communicators perceiving the same stimulus or event in different ways. This is due to different perspectives created by values, age, religion, and other factors. Perceptual differences are probably the most common barrier.
Circular Process
Involves communicators constantly changing and making corrections as they interact (feedback).
Perception
Is a selective process of gathering and interpreting seonsory data. Through perception we are able to create a personal reality that is sometimes similar to and at other times different than the reality of those around us.
Listening
Is an active, perceptual, deliberate process. When we listen, we assign meaning to sounds that we have selected to pay attention to.
Understanding social media section
Media vs face to face and why people use it.
Message
Messages are collections of verbal and/or nonverbal symbols that stand for the meaning intended by the communicator. Two people perceiving the same message may assign it different meanings.
Defensiveness
Occurs when a message is perceived as threatening to the communicators. Defensiveness greatly reduces the chance for effective communication because it builds walls between people.
Self Disclosure
Occurs when a person sends intentional verbal or nonverbal messages about her/himself, revealing information the other person is unlikely to have. Self-disclosure is risky, as the sender does not know how the receiver will react.
Our choice to behave around someone else is largely influenced by our what
Perceptions of ourselves and others
Content
The "what" of the message; the information or topic currently under discussion. Communicators who focus on content alone are missing much of the communication process.
meaning
The entire set of reactions called to mind in relationship to the symbols presented. The meaning of the message is in the source and the receiver. It is not in the symbols or message. There is not one correct meaning which should be attributed to a message.
Channel
The means by which messages are sent and received by communicators. People have 5 channels of communication our 5 senses.
Hearing
The passive., physical, auditory process in which sound waves strike the eardrum, sending vibrations to the brain.
Creating process
The process is a shared meaning in order to understand and exchange ideas, information, and feelings
Whats the major purpose of communication
The purpose is the survival of ourselves, our relationships, and of society.
Receiver
The recipient of a message.
Nonverbal communication
The use of non word symbols to create meaning between people. Nonverbal messages include symbols such as facial expressions, eye contact, body language, objects, actions, spatial relationships, how we speak(not what) and our environment. It is less precise than verbal communication.
Verbal communication
The use of spoken or written words to create meaning between people.
Complex Process
There are many variables operating in the communication process.(choice of symbols, perception, intellect, frame of reference,etc.)
Mass communicating
Through devices, the feedback are delayed for most audiences
Decoding
To assign meaning to received symbols. When we receive verbal and/ or nonverbal messages from others or the environment, we decode.
Encoding
To assign symbols to a thought or feeling so that we may express it to ourselves or others. When we send verbal and/ or nonverbal messages, we encode.
Interpersonal
Two people communicating or a small group
Linear model
Used until about 50 years ago the sender encode and the receiver decode the message
Irreversible part
What has been communicated can't be taken back.
Unrepeatable part
What has been communicated in a certain way can't be communicated that exact same way again.
Who was the dude used as an example in the books and what was the company
Zappos was the company and Tony Heish was the guy
we cannot communicate without
addressing our mutual relationships
Symmetrical relationship
are equal in any area.
complementary relationship
are viewed as unequal in certain areas
We cannot develop relationships without what
communicating
Public
communicating to a large crowd
Two of the broadest categories for defining our relationship are
complementary and symmetrical
Most of our communication problems and dissatisfaction come from what
defining the relationship rather than over the content of our messages.
Every communication message conveys what
information
Communication and interpersonal relationships are
inseparably interwined
Dynamic Process
involves action, interaction, reaction, and change inside a person and between people.
Communication Model
is helpful in integrating all if these individual factors into the dynamic, circular, and complex process which is human communication.
Communication underload
not enough information
Control
our human desire to influence others.
Affection or Trust
our human need/desire to be cared for and to care about others.
Source
the originator(sender) of a message
Human communition
the process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction
every communication message defines what
the relationship
What makes an effective communicator
the way they are defined, there characteristics, and they way they handle social media.
Communication overload
too much information
Overlooking nonverbal symbols
used by others
Inappropriate choice
verbal or nonverbal symbols
Transactional
we are always encoding and decoding; we are both sender and receiver at the same time.
Communication problems tend to arise when what
when the relationship definitions for that situation are not mutually shared by the individuals involved.
Characteristics of efficient communicators
1. Evaluate responses 2. Listens well 3. A good Interpersonal communication 4. Has Diversity Awareness 5. Good group and team skills 6. Ability to choose the right behavior 7. Skilled at performing the behavior 8. Have empathy/ perspective taking 9. Cognitive Complexity- frameworks for viewing an issue 10. Good at self-monitoring 11. Commits to the relationship.
Cultural values and norms shape communication section had
1. Individualism and collectivism 2.High and low cultural context 3. Uncertainty Avoidance 4. Power distance 5. Beliefs about talk and silence 6. Competitive and cooperative cultures
characteristics of communication
1. Its a process 2. Its relational not individual 3. It's symbolic
Basic Concepts of the Process of Human Communication
1. One should be aware of all factors contributing tot he meaning which you and i give to the communication process. 2. It's important to recognize, understand, and describe how the communication situation functions. 3. Words and other symbols do not in and of themselves have meaning. The meaning is in the people who send and receive those verbal and nonverbal symbols. 4. Perception(ones view of a situation) is unique and the foundation of all communication. 5. In many communication situations the meaning intended by the source is not the same meaning assigned by the receiver. Sometimes communication results in mutual understanding, but often it doesn't.
Ways to Communication efficiency
1. There is no ideal way to 2. Its situational 3. its relational 4. it can be learned
Developing Intercultural Communication Competence
1. increased contact 2. tolerance for Ambiguity 3. Open-mindedness 4. Knowledge and skill 5. Patience and perseverance
Co cultures and communication section
1. race and ethnicity 2. regional differences 3. Sexual orientation and gender identity 4. religion 5. physical ability 6. Age/generation 7. Socioeconomic status
What are the three simultaneous perspectives affecting our communication behavior.
1. the way we view ourselves 2. the way in which we view the other person 3. the way in which we think that the other person views us.
How people use social media
1. to ask questions 2. personal relationships 3. personal identity 4. entertainmeant.
Media vs face to face differences
1.Face to face is richer or more stuff comes through 2. Theres a lag on media 3. You can save stuff on media
Functions of communication or why we communicate
1.Physical needs 2. Identity needs 3. Social needs 4. Practical needs
Transactional model
A model that has the the sender encoding and decoding and the receiver also encoding and decoding.
Internal noise
A psychological or physiological interference in the communication process. Some type of noise is always presented. Ex- daydreaming, worrying, head ace
Feedback
A response to a received message. It is not possible to withhold feedback. (Deliberately trying to give no response will still be perceived as a response by the other communicator.) Feedback can serve to improve the accuracy of communication.
risk part
All communication carries the potential for rejection, ridicule, or some unwanted reaction.
Context
All the human and environmental factors that are present during the actual exchange of messages. It is the how,when,where,why, and the individuals involved in the conversation. Context encompasses both the physical and psychology "setting" of the communication.
External noise
An environmental interference in the communication process. Ex-traffic, crying baby at the ,ovies.
Barriers
Anything that blocks or inhibits accurate communication.
Symbols
Anything that stands for or represents something else, Symbols may be words, images, gestures, objects, actions,etc.
Unintentional part
Because we are always communicating others can assign unexpected meanings to our words or nonverbal stuff.
Communicating in a changing world has
Changing technology and changing discipline/what they studied
Communication defined section had
Characteristics of communication and the models of communication.
We cannot not communicate
Communication can't be turned off.
Inrapersonal
Communication within ones self
Principle of communication
Creating, Dynamic, Circular, Complex,Irreversible, Transactional, unrepeatable, unintentional, risk, and we cannot not communicate.