HY 102 Final Exam
The average number of children that families must have to maintain a stable population is
2.0 children.
Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 rose to about
30 percent.
According to the best estimates, about how many people died in the Second World War?
50 million
Which kind of world did Franz Kafka portray in fiction like The Trial (1925)?
A pessimistic world in which powerless individuals are destroyed by inexplicably hostile forces
Which reform was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
Abolition of serfdom
In 1848, how did the Hungarian revolutionaries envision a future Hungary?
As a culturally unified and politically centralized nation
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
As a sign that the war was not close to ending
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve it.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Spain faced terrorist actions by an insurgent movement of
Basque separatists.
Which statement describes the outcome of the decolonization of the Belgian Congo?
Belgium hastily withdrew from the Congo, leaving the new government unprepared to rule effectively.
Who was the founder of the National Organization for Women?
Betty Friedan
Why, at least partially, did Britain adopt a policy of appeasement in its relationship with Hitler?
British conservative leaders underestimated Hitler and saw him as a buffer against the Soviets.
Which factor was important in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?
Buying on margin
How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?
Church membership and attendance declined significantly.
Which agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?
Dawes Plan
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?
Denmark was attempting to bring two disputed provinces into a more centralized Danish state.
Why was the Frankfurt parliament in 1849 unable to create a "Greater Germany"?
Determined to maintain its empire, Austria would not agree to a Greater Germany that separated German-speaking lands from non-German territories in the empire.
Which statement best explains the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?
East Bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s.
After the failure of the Council of Europe to become a Europe-wide parliament, advocates of European unity embraced which kind of approach to bring about continental unity?
Economic
In 1848, which reform did the French government refuse to implement, thereby creating a sense of class injustice?
Electoral reform
Which statement best describes the Paris Accord, signed in 1990 by twenty-two European countries, the United States, and the Soviet Union?
Essentially a general peace treaty that brought an end to both World War II and the Cold War
In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from
France
Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?
France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and thus somewhat isolated from the world economy.
How did many Soviet citizens begin to create an active civil society in the 1980s?
From watching the Congress of People's Deputies, whose deputies had been chosen in free elections in 1989
Which country was most troubled by the idea of providing financial aid to nearly bankrupt Eurozone countries in 2012?
Germany
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union
Which statement accurately describes the "Europe first" policy adopted by the Allied powers during World War II?
Germany would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan.
Who were the Red Shirts in the nineteenth century?
Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the unknowable.
Which statement describes the consequence for European national governments in meeting the fiscal standards to join the monetary union?
Governments had to reduce health and social benefits for their citizens.
Which action did Richard Nixon take following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968?
Gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War
Why did the Council of Europe fail to evolve into a European parliament with sovereign rights?
Great Britain consistently opposed conceding any real political power and sovereignty to the council.
Serbian president Slobodan Miloševic's actions in 1990 hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia. His ultimate goal was to establish
Greater Serbia.
During the recession that began in 2008, which country struggled to implement an austerity plan in order to receive financial aid from the International Monetary Fund, the European Central Bank, and the European Union?
Greece
In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?
Gustav Stresemann
How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
He invaded Algeria and established it as a French territory.
Which statement characterizes the presidency of Vladimir Putin in Russia?
He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and centralized political authority in the Kremlin.
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He toned down the party's anticapitalist elements and vowed to fight communism.
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I.
Why did Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from NATO?
He viewed the United States as the primary threat to French independence.
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly 100 individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was
Hiroshima
Why did Europeans find postcolonial migration troublesome?
Intellectuals worried that immigrant workers would never adopt European values and customs.
Which factor led directly to the Soviet Union's decline in 1991?
Internal dissent mixed with nationalism
How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of eastern Europe?
It became violent and bloody when Communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands.
How did the Soviet Union initially organize the eastern European nations as it overthrew pro-Nazi regimes?
It created coalition governments of leftist political parties but reserved key government posts for Russian Communists.
Which statement describes the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and permitted private traders and small manufacturers to do business again.
Which statement best describes the result of the Mexican-American War?
It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.
How did the East German government respond to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953?
It permitted Soviet troops to put down the revolt with tanks and troops, but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrators' strongest demands.
Why did Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich create such a sensation when it was published in 1962?
It portrayed life in a Stalinist labor camp in order to criticize Stalinism.
Which effect did France's Constitutional Charter have in the post-Napoleonic period?
It secured most of the gains made by the middle class and the peasantry during the French Revolution.
Who was the only Communist leader able to successfully resist Soviet domination?
Josip Broz Tito
Hitler ruled practically all of continental Europe by
July 1940.
Which British political party emerged during the 1920s as the main opposition to the Conservative Party?
Labour Party
Which result occurred in 1989 after the Hungarians tore down the barbed-wire curtain separating Hungary from Austria?
Large numbers of dissatisfied East German "vacationers" crossed from Hungary into Austria and from there on to West Germany.
Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?
Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage from it.
Who wrote Frankenstein in 1816?
Mary Shelley
Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?
Massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin.
Which statement describes the assertions of the theories of Albert Einstein?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the seemingly infinite universe with the subatomic world.
Folklorists like Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm employed Romantic ideas in service of which other concept from the middle of the nineteenth century?
Nationalism
In December 1825, some 3,000 Russian army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?
Nicholas I
The international military tribunal organized by the four Allied powers to try the highest-ranking Nazi military and civilian leaders was held in the city of
Nuremberg
In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a
Romantic nationalist.
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?
Stalingrad
Who began the wave of social unrest that almost toppled Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic?
Students
Who was Poland's first non-Communist prime minister in 1989?
Tadeusz Mazowiecki
Which statement best describes the Holocaust?
The Nazi effort to systematically exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973?
The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973.
In the Lateran Agreement, how did Mussolini resolve the status of the Catholic Church in Italy?
The Vatican was recognized as an independent state and received heavy support from the Italian state.
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the German economy?
The policies increased unemployment in heavy industry but led to solid economic growth.
Which of these did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book, Silent Spring?
The rampant overuse of pesticides
Which reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
The right to vote for all adult men
Which statement describes a characteristic of the multitiered society established by deindustrialization in the twenty-first century?
The top tier of society was a small, affluent group of highly paid experts, executives, and professionals.
Which statement best reflects a lesson from the era of stagflation in the 1970s about the social welfare states in western Europe?
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.
Which important criticism did Karl Marx levy against the French utopian socialists?
Their schemes for social improvement were unrealistic.
Which statement best describes the concerns of the early socialist thinkers about the emerging industrial society?
They believed that industrial society encouraged selfish individualism and fragmented communities.
Which statement describes the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?
They defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.
How did the Nazis manage the northern European states that they conquered?
They established puppet governments with collaborators willing to rule according to Germany's needs.
Why did nationalists oppose greater European Union political integration?
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity.
Which statement describes the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
They followed the German army into central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.
How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?
They must choose their actions with full awareness of their responsibility for them.
How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
They occupied the Ruhr district.
Why were Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary the most successful eastern European nations at economic modernization?
They were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?
They were lower.
Which problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified due to their differing political goals.
Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?
To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term
In the 1960s and 1970s, which purpose was served by eastern European economic policies such as Hungary's New Economic Mechanism and East Germany's New Economic System?
To introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products
Why did Russia invade Georgia in 2008?
To support a separatist movement in South Ossetia
In addition to the emergence of married career women, why else have European birthrates declined substantially?
Uninspiring economic conditions
After the war, why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime?
Unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own.
Who were the kulaks in Stalin's Soviet Union?
Wealthier peasants who were deprived of their land and livestock
During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
Workers demanded several democratic and socialist reforms.
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to prevent war.
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman.
The Marshall Plan in 1947 was a response to
a western Europe on the brink of economic collapse.
Composers in the Romantic movement
abandoned traditional musical structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
The Romantic movement was characterized by
an emphasis on emotion, imagination, and spontaneity.
The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included
an extensive system of state-supported child care that freed women to work outside the home.
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
an imbalance between real investment and speculation.
In twentieth-century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses
an internal monologue to explore the psyche.
James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and
an ordinary man wandering through the city of Dublin.
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.
In the 1930s, orthodox economists believed that
balanced budgets were the key to economic growth.
Recent polls in which Europeans routinely overestimate the number of Muslims in Europe provide evidence of the
bigotry and widespread misconceptions that sustain far-right populists.
In the twentieth century, John Maynard Keynes was known for
criticizing the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons.
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to
further encourage mutual trust among the Allies.
Germany's goal in the 1940 Battle of Britain was to
gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain.
In Great Britain, the Reform Bill of 1832
gave greater representation to the new, industrial areas of the nation.
The Russian zemstvo was the
institution for local government established by the Great Reforms.
The European promotion of human rights led the European Union to
intervene militarily in the Balkan War.
The national unification processes of Germany, Italy, and the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century were similar in that they all
involved violence and warfare.
A major reason for the decline in western European birthrates was
married women entering careers and the related drive for gender equality.
In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenberg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality.
Poland differed from the other East Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because
of its independent agriculture and vigorous church.
The primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches was to
preserve religious life in Germany.
In 2015, German chancellor Angela Merkel responded to the migration crisis by
promising homes for 800,000 migrants.
The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for
respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.
In art, music, architecture, and literature, modernists
shattered long-held assumptions about form and function.
What was the underlying and singular cause for the US Civil War?
slavery
Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the broken postwar world in
the Catholic Church..
Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign called for
the Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power.
To receive Marshall Plan aid, European states were required to cooperate with one another. This cooperation resulted in the creation of
the Organization for European Economic Cooperation.
In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that
the Western world's emphasis on rationality had repressed the true passions that drive human activity and creativity.
According to Marx, the driving historical force in the nineteenth century was
the economic relationship between classes.
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible.
The Persian Gulf War in 1991 clearly demonstrated
the effort of the United States and western Europe to promote international consensus under U.S. guidance.
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.
In addition to massive population decline, another effect of the Great Famine in Ireland was
the increase in anti-British sentiment.
The essence of Willy Brandt's policies toward the East Bloc was
to seek peace and reconciliation.
Britain and France finally threatened Hitler with war when he
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland.
Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand
was forced to introduce austerity measures.
The United States invaded Iraq because American leaders asserted that Iraq
was still developing weapons of mass destruction despite a 1991 promise to end all such programs.
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power.
Victor Hugo's political evolution was the opposite of Wordsworth's, whose
youthful radicalism turned into restraint and caution.
When the Russian government launched rapid privatization in the 1990s, it provided each citizen with a voucher worth
10,000 rubles.
The deindustrialization of Europe meant that, by 2016, Europe's once-booming manufacturing sector employed only about
15 percent of workers.
Which factor was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?
A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
In 1923, who attempted to overthrow the German government in the so-called Beer Hall Putsch?
Adolph Hitler
When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?
After the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948
How did the European response to terrorism differ from the American response?
Americans emphasized the need for warfare, while Europeans emphasized that terrorism was best resolved through police and intelligence measures
How did the Soviet Union and eastern European Communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home from the West after the war?
As politically untrustworthy because of their exposure to Western society
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of
Great Britain, France, and Russia.
How did the pieds-noirs complicate the experience of decolonization in Algeria?
Having lived in Algeria for several generations, these European Algerians threatened revolt against Fran
In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?
He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was limiting its power and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
How did the West German chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany?
He offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.
How did Mao Zedong gain the support of the peasantry in China?
He promised land reform, education, and health-care programs.
How did the United States respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after the Second World War?
It encouraged European nations to release their former colonies.
The U.S.-led coup in the Congo against Patrice Lumumba and the subsequent U.S. support for the dictator Joseph Mobutu, who ruled for nearly thirty years, provide evidence for which trend in the United States' foreign policy during the Cold War?
Its prioritization of anticommunism over democracy
Who was the founder and leader of the Polish trade union Solidarity in the 1980s?
Lech Walesa
Which position did Christian Democrats across Europe endorse during the 1950s?
Liberalism
Which statement describes the consequence of Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Teheran Conference that the British-American armies would launch a frontal assault on France?
Only Soviet troops would be responsible for liberating eastern Europe.
In the former Soviet bloc, who were the winners and losers in economic reconstruction?
Ordinary citizens and the elderly were losers; the young and ex-Communists were winners.
Realpolitik is most associated with which statesman?
Otto von Bismarck
Who were the Young Turks?
Ottoman patriots who seized power in the revolution of 1908
Which city survived World War II relatively unscathed?
Paris
Which factor was the most important influence on the peaceful midcentury reforms in Great Britain?
Political competition between the aristocracy and the middle class
Who is Vladimir Putin?
President of Russia beginning in 2000
Why did the rapid economic liberalization of Russia work poorly?
Production of many items was concentrated in one or two giant factories.
The Quadruple Alliance, the nations that defeated Napoleon, included
Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Great Britain.
Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) was a political compromise with
Russian peasants.
Which statement best interprets Jean-Paul Sartre's expression "existence precedes essence"?
Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle on their own to define their essence after they are born.
Why was Britain more ready to conciliate with Germany than with France following the Versailles peace settlement?
The British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before the war.
Which statement about World War II is accurate?
The death toll far exceeded that of World War I.
How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?
The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.
Which policy did the New Left advocate?
The establishment of socialism with a human face, which would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism
Which definition best describes Socialist Realism?
The requirement that artists and writers idealize the working class and the Soviet Union in their work
In his public calls for jihad (struggle) against the United States and the West, which grievance(s) did Osama bin Laden emphasize?
U.S. support for Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian crisis and U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia
How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of being liberal and progressive?
Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution, along with its substantial civil liberties, that was forced on his father in 1848
Which statement best describes East Bloc living standards in the 1970s?
Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world
Christian Democrats in which country promoted a "social-market economy" based on a combination of free-market liberalism, some state intervention, and an extensive social benefits network?
West Germany
In contrast to Lenin's policies toward the various ethnic groups in the Soviet Union, Stalin
controlled each ethnic group politically and culturally with an iron fist.
Between 1981 and 1989, Ronald Reagan and the U.S. Congress
cut taxes and ballooned the government deficit.
In his novel Remembrance of Things Past, Marcel Proust attempted to
discover the inner meaning of his own memories of childhood and love.
In the nineteenth century, Eugène Delacroix's work typically featured
dramatic, colorful scenes.
In the twenty-first century, U.S.-European diplomatic relations have been particularly strained
during the Bush and Trump administrations.
Changes in the structure of European society after the Second World War were primarily the result of
economic and technological transformation.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the basic objective of all western European governments became
economic growth.
Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika, or
economic restructuring.
In the United States, the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865
ended slavery and involuntary servitude.
The goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s was to
establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it.
For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, the purpose of art was to
expose the meaningless of modern life and society.
Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to
find the unique greatness of their respective peoples' histories and cultures.
The U.S. and Scandinavian responses to the Great Depression after 1933 were similar in that in both countries,
government spending was increased to bring people back to work.
Among other issues, there exists a values gap between the United States and Europe over
gun control.
The composer Arnold Schönberg is best known for
his creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality.
As the European Union has become increasingly politically and economically powerful in the twenty-first century, it has sought to use its clout to advocate for global
human rights.
The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to
increased demand for technologists and managers.
Samizdat literature referred to books, periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers that were
published secretly and passed from hand to hand.
The British Corn Laws of 1815 were enacted with the goal of
raising the price of foreign grain and therefore benefiting the aristocratic landowners in Britain.
The leaders of the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia hoped to
reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decisions by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning.
The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s
relied on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy.
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819
required members of the German Confederation to root out subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.
The stereotypical "modern girl" of the 1920s was differentiated from her predecessors by her
social and political independence.
Four years after the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Czechoslovakia
split into the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovakia.
The Romantic poet William Wordsworth conceived of poetry as the
spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling recollected in tranquility.
At the end of the twentieth century, international trade was deeply affected by the development of the Internet and
the deregulation of financial systems.
In the nineteenth century, Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that
the key to progress was proper social organization.
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own militants.
Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because
they held classical Greek culture in high esteem.
The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded
universal male suffrage.
