HY of West Civilization: Ch. 17 Learning Curve

Which of these explains urban growth in eighteenth-century western Europe? A. Migration from overseas B. High urban fertility rates C. The growth of industry D. Migration from the countryside

D. Migration from the countryside - Most of the growth of eighteenth-century European cities can be attributed to the influx of rural migrants searching for work.

On the basis of what criteria did William Petty distinguish between healthy and unhealthy places to live? A. Air quality B. Population density C. Water quality D. Average per capita income

A. Air quality - A trained physician, William Petty devised a quantitative scale that distinguished healthy from unhealthy places largely on the basis of air quality.

Which of these characterizes western European agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. New agricultural techniques spread slowly from Britain and the Low Countries to the rest of western Europe. B. The vast majority of crops were raised for export. C. Subsistence farming all but disappeared in most areas. D. A small number of farmers fed a much larger number of city dwellers.

A. New agricultural techniques spread slowly from Britain and the Low Countries to the rest of western Europe. - The process took time, however, and subsistence agriculture continued to dominate farming in most of western Europe and Scandinavia.

With which of these is Jeanne Marie Guyon associated? A. Quietism B. Quakerism C. Jansenism D. Methodism

A. Quietism - Jeanne Marie Guyon attracted many noblewomen and a few leading clergymen to her own Catholic brand of Pietism, known as Quietism. Claiming miraculous visions and astounding prophecies, she urged a mystical union with God through prayer and simple devotion.

What Catholic religious revival movement was similar to Protestant Pietism? A. Quietism B. Methodism C. Jansenism D. Quakerism

A. Quietism - Quietists urged a mystical union with God through prayer and simple devotion.

How did the alignment of power in western Europe change at the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession? A. Spain began a long decline. B. France doubled its efforts to dominate Europe. C. Austria was reduced to a dependency of Prussia. D. Great Britain was pushed to the periphery of European politics.

A. Spain began a long decline. - The peace treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession signaled a new alignment of power in western Europe. Spain began a long decline, French ambitions for dominance were thwarted, and Great Britain emerged as the new center in the balance of power.

Which of these was associated with regions where intermarriage between Europeans and natives was common? A. Successful conversion of native populations to Christianity B. The earlier emergence of representative governments C. Better treatment of slave populations D. Greater economic growth

A. Successful conversion of native populations to Christianity - Where intermarriage between colonizers and natives was common, conversion to Christianity proved most successful.

In which of these regions did enslaved Africans make up the largest percentage of the total population in the eighteenth century? A. The Caribbean B. The North American South C. New England D. Spanish North America

A. The Caribbean - Enslaved Africans made up the largest percentage of the total population in the Caribbean. For example, by 1754, slaves outnumbered whites in the French Caribbean colony of St. Domingue by more than ten to one.

Under Frederick William I, which of these became the most important institution in Prussia? A. The army B. The Prussian Diet C. The judiciary D. The church

A. The army - One of the first rulers to wear a military uniform as his everyday dress, Frederick William subordinated the entire domestic administration to the army's needs. The army so dominated life in Prussia that the country earned the label "a large army with a small state attached."

Which of the following characterizes trends in travel literature in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. The number of travel accounts dramatically increased. B. Travel accounts became an important vehicle for promoting absolutism. C. Travel accounts decreased in popularity as familiarity with the world outside Europe grew. D. Travel literature gave way in popularity to more eurocentric works.

A. The number of travel accounts dramatically increased. - During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the number of travel accounts dramatically increased as travel writers used the contrast between their home societies and other cultures to criticize the customs of European society.

Which of these characterized Pietist religious practice and belief? A. Restrained, austere expressions of faith B. Deeply emotional religious experiences C. The deemphasis of Bible reading in favor of prayer D. A commitment to social justice

B. Deeply emotional religious experiences - Pietists believed in a mystical religion of the heart; they wanted a deeply emotional, even ecstatic religion.

Which of these characterized Pietist religious practice and belief? A. Restrained, austere expressions of faith B. Frequent religious gatherings C. The deemphasis of Bible reading in favor of prayer D. A commitment to social justice

B. Frequent religious gatherings - Pietists attended catechism instruction every day and also went to morning and evening prayer meetings in addition to regular Sunday services.

Which of these is an important accomplishment of Peter the Great? A. He expanded the rights and improved the lives of Russian serfs. B. He established an absolutist state based on the Western model. C. He promoted the creation of a distinctive, dynamic Russian culture. D. He provided his people with almost forty years of uninterrupted peace.

B. He established an absolutist state based on the Western model. - Pursuing an aggressive policy of Westernization and political and military reform, Peter the Great transformed public life in Russia and established an absolutist state based on the Western model.

Which of these was one of the four major changes that transformed British agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. The explosive growth of the English peasantry B. Increases in the amount of land under cultivation C. The expanded use of immigrant labor D. New and much more efficient agricultural technology

B. Increases in the amount of land under cultivation - British farmers increased the amount of land under cultivation; consolidated small, scattered plots into larger, more efficient units; integrated livestock raising and crop growing; and used selective breeding to improve the quality and size of livestock herds.

Which of these characterizes the West African slave trade after 1725? A. Most enslaved Africans were shipped to the Americas on Portuguese or Dutch ships. B. Most blacks taken from Africa were sent to the Caribbean. C. Most blacks taken from Africa were sent to Brazil or to Spanish America. D. Most enslaved Africans were shipped to the Americas on Spanish or Italian ships.

B. Most blacks taken from Africa were sent to the Caribbean.

Where did Pietism have its greatest impact? A. British North America B. Prussia C. Spain D. France

B. Prussia - Pietism had the greatest impact in Lutheran Prussia, where it taught the virtues of hard work, obedience, and devotion to duty.

Which of these characterizes western European agriculture in the eighteenth century? A. Britain and the Low Countries lagged behind France in agricultural development. B. Subsistence farming continued to dominate in most of western Europe and Scandinavia. C. The vast majority of crops were raised for export. D. A small number of farmers fed a much larger number of city dwellers.

B. Subsistence farming continued to dominate in most of western Europe and Scandinavia. - Outside a few pockets, most notably Britain and the Low Countries, subsistence agriculture (producing just enough to get by rather than surpluses for the market) continued to dominate farming in western Europe and Scandinavia.

How did the Atlantic slave trade affect eighteenth-century West Africa? A. The trade inhibited intertribal warfare. B. The trade contributed to political instability. C. The trade encouraged a trend toward monogamous marriage. D. The trade provided income that stimulated new industries.

B. The trade contributed to political instability. - The Atlantic slave trade altered local African power structures, created political instability, led to population decline, and changed marriage patterns.

At the core of Enlightenment thinking was the idea that A. without the inequality of the classes, society would no longer need government. B. human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem. C. all humanity was equally endowed if given the same access to resources. D. one needed to study the notions of sin and salvation to better understand society.

B. human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem. - A basic belief in the power of reason to uncover the laws of human society, thus enabling humans to build better societies, guided Enlightenment thinkers.

Which of these is true of European urbanization patterns in the early modern era? A. Eastern Europe had more large cities than any other European region. B. In 1750, Paris was by far the most populous European city. C. By 1700, the urbanization of northwestern and southern Europe was roughly equal. D. In 1700, about half of all people living in European cities lived in Italy.

C. By 1700, the urbanization of northwestern and southern Europe was roughly equal. - While southern Europe was much more urbanized than northwestern Europe during the Middle Ages, by 1700 the urbanization of northwestern and southern Europe was roughly equal.

Which of these describes the consequences of the shift away from a subsistence economy in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Reduced purchasing power for most people B. Population decline in most regions C. Increased demand for consumer goods D. Higher unemployment in most regions

C. Increased demand for consumer goods - As ordinary people gained more disposable income, demand for nonessential consumer goods rose.

Which of these did Voltaire champion in his Letters Concerning the English Nation? A. The French monarchy B. The rights of English Catholics C. Isaac Newton D. Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet

C. Isaac Newton - Voltaire devoted several chapters to scientist Isaac Newton, helping to popularize Newton in France in the process.

With which of these statements would Mary Astell have likely agreed? A. Absolute sovereignty is necessary in a state but not in a family. B. The relationship between man and woman is similar to that of monarch and subject. C. It would be worthwhile to found a private women's college. D. Most male proponents of the Enlightenment were supporters of gender equality.

C. It would be worthwhile to found a private women's college. - In 1694, Astell published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, in which she advocated founding a private women's college to remedy women's lack of education.

Which of these economic dynamics emerged for the first time in the eighteenth century? A. More and more people moved into the wage economy. B. More and more people migrated from west to east looking for work. C. More and more people escaped the confines of a subsistence economy. D. More and more people moved from manufacturing to agriculture.

C. More and more people escaped the confines of a subsistence economy. - More and more people escaped the confines of a subsistence economy, in which peasants produced barely enough to support themselves from year to year. As ordinary people gained more disposable income, demand for nonessential consumer goods rose.

Which of these was a consequence of the efforts of eastern European landowners to improve crop yields? A. Eastern European states intervened to prevent agricultural innovation. B. Eastern Europe became Europe's most important agricultural region. C. The condition of peasants worsened. D. Immigration from east to west slowed.

C. The condition of peasants worsened. - Eastern European landowners forced peasants off lands that the peasants had worked for themselves, and they increased compulsory labor services.

Why were eighteenth-century European governments increasingly interested in population growth? A. They worried that overpopulation would lead to skyrocketing inflation and unemployment. B. They worried that overpopulation would lead to famine. C. They saw a connection between population and military strength. D. They saw a large population as key to the development of industry.

C. They saw a connection between population and military strength. - Because each state's strength depended largely on the size of its army, the growth and health of the population increasingly entered into government calculations.

Which of these was true of lower-class urban women in the eighteenth century? A. Most poor women married in their early teens. B. Lower-class women focused exclusively on raising children and other domestic duties. C. Women married to artisans and shopkeepers often kept the accounts and supervised employees. D. Women from poorer families usually worked as shop girls until they married.

C. Women married to artisans and shopkeepers often kept the accounts and supervised employees. - The wives of artisans and shopkeepers played an active role in the family business.

Which of these was a key component of the Atlantic system? A. Raw commodities were shipped from Europe to Africa B. African slaves were shipped to Europe and sold to nobles. C. Manufactured goods were shipped from the Americas to Europe. D. African slaves were shipped to the Americas and sold to plantation owners.

D. African slaves were shipped to the Americas and sold to plantation owners. - In the Atlantic system, western European nations sent ships loaded with goods to buy slaves from local rulers on the western coast of Africa; the slaves were then transported to the Americas and sold to plantation owners. Money from the slave trade was used to buy the raw commodities produced in the colonies and ship them back to Europe, where they were refined or processed and then sold within Europe and around the world.

How did the alignment of power in western Europe change at the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession? A. Spain reemerged as a major power. B. Austria was reduced to a dependency of Prussia. C. France doubled its efforts to dominate Europe. D. Great Britain became the new center in the balance of power.

D. Great Britain became the new center in the balance of power. - The peace treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession signaled a new alignment of power in western Europe. Spain began a long decline, French ambitions for dominance were thwarted, and Great Britain emerged as the new center in the balance of power.

Which of these was one of the three main factors contributing to European population growth in the eighteenth century? A. Improvements in urban sanitation B. Higher fertility rates C. Medical innovations D. Improved agricultural techniques

D. Improved agricultural techniques - Three main factors contributed to European population growth in the eighteenth century: better weather and hence more bountiful harvests, improved agricultural techniques, and the plague's disappearance after 1720.

How did the Bank of England contribute to Britain's rise to great power status in the eighteenth century? A. It provided subsidies for England's farmers and estate owners. B. It allowed Parliament to ignore the crown's policy proposals. C. It financed much of the early efforts at industrialization. D. It allowed the government to borrow large sums at low interest.

D. It allowed the government to borrow large sums at low interest. - By the 1740s, the government could borrow more than four times what it could in the 1690s. This borrowing facilitated British participation in a number of foreign wars.

How did the Atlantic slave trade change the lives of ordinary Europeans in the eighteenth century? A. It offered a lucrative investment opportunity that was within reach of most people. B. It removed the threat of famine and malnutrition. C. It contributed to European population decline. D. It altered their consumption patterns.

D. It altered their consumption patterns. - The slave trade permanently altered consumption patterns for ordinary people. Sugar, tobacco, and other New World commodities became part of everyday life for people from every social class.

Which of these was true of literacy patterns in eighteenth-century Europe? A. Over the course of the eighteenth century, literacy rates in France remained virtually unchanged. B. Widespread literacy among the lower classes was first achieved in Italy. C. Catholic countries were more successful at promoting literacy than Protestant countries. D. Most European peasants remained illiterate.

D. Most European peasants remained illiterate. - Education was both more important and more widely accessible in cities than in the countryside.

Which of these was at the top of the social ladder in eighteenth-century Europe's biggest cities? A. Physicians B. Lawyers C. Merchants D. Nobles

D. Nobles - At the top of the ladder in the big cities were the landed nobles. Some of them filled their lives only with conspicuous consumption of fine food, extravagant clothing, carriages, books, and opera; others held key political, administrative, or judicial offices.

Which of these characterizes the importance of the battle of Poltava? A. Sweden gained control of the Baltic Sea and Russia was forced to focus its ambitions elsewhere. B. Although Russia was defeated, the battle demonstrated the effectiveness of Peter the Great's reforms. C. Poland's defeat marked the end of its existence as an independent country. D. Russia's victory over the Swedes signaled Russia's arrival as a great power.

D. Russia's victory over the Swedes signaled Russia's arrival as a great power. - Peter the Great's rebuilt army defeated the Swedes at the battle of Poltava, marking the end of Swedish imperial ambitions in the Baltic. From that point on, Russia could compete with the great powers Prussia, Austria, and France.

Which of these was most tolerant of intermarriage between Europeans and native Americans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. The Italians B. The French C. The English D. The Spanish

D. The Spanish - By 1800, people born to a Spanish father and an Indian mother accounted for more than a quarter of the population in the Spanish colonies.

Under Britain's constitutional system, which of these was a responsibility of Parliament? A. The direction of foreign policy B. The selection of government ministers C. Supervision of governmental administration D. The raising of revenue

D. The raising of revenue - Under Britain's constitutional system, Parliament raised revenue, passed laws, and represented the interests of the people to the crown.