Statistics Ch 1
the process of statistics 4 steps
1 identify the research objective 2. collect the data needed to answer the question(s) proposed 3. describe the data 4. perform inference
true or false when conducting a cluster sample, it is better to have fewer clusters with more individuals when the clusters are HETEROGENOUS
TRUE, because a HETEROGENOUS cluster likely resembles the heterogeneity of the population. in other words, each cluster is a scaled-down representation of the overall population diverse
Determine whether the quantitative variable is discrete or continuous. Weight carried by a child in a knapsack
The variable is continuous because it is not countable.
discrete variable
a discrete variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. these variable cannot take on every possible value between any 2 values. IF YOU CAN COUNT IT.
what is a frame?
a frame is a list of the individuals in the popluation being studied
what is a census
a list of individuals in a pop along with certain characteristics of each individual
continuous variable
a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable. this may take on every possible value between any 2 values. CAN BE MEASURED
cohort?
a study that is done over time. observing people over time. do you wanna go to cohort with me? it wont be for some time. but we will be prospective, and work on this over time.
data describes ______ of individuals and can be either ____ or ______
characteristics, fact or opinion
a _____ is obtined by dividing the population into groups and selecting all individuals from within a random sample of the groups
cluster
discrete or continuous a certain car can get 24 MPG, its MPG must be greater than or equal to 23.5 and less than 24.5
continous
discrete or continuous the distance a 2011 toyota prius can travel in city driving conditions with a full tank of gas
continuous
observations corresponding to a continuous variable ex. time between calls to a call center
continuous
the list of observed values for a variable. ex gender is a variable; the observations male and female
data
descriptive or inferential stats? the percent of students in the survey who would return the money to the owner is 78%
descriptive
Consists of organizing and summarizing data. This describes data through numerical summaries, tables and graphs. This makes it easier to know what the data is saying. Using numbers to summarize and describe data.
descriptive statistics
example, "70% of the men were black"
descriptive statistics
_______ stats consists of organizing and summarizing info collected, while ______ stats uses methods that generalize results obtained from a sample to the population and measure the reliability of the results
descriptive, inferential
discrete or continuous the number of heads obtained after flipping a coin 5 times
discrete
discrete or continuous the number of cars that arrive at mcdonalds drive through between 12 pm and 1pm
discrete
observations corresponding to a discrete variable ex. attendance at a play
discrete
example of a cross sectional study
do smokers have a higher resting HR that nonsmokers. You would ask people immediately, not over time
true or false when taking a systematic random sample of size n, every group of size n from the population has the same chance of being selected
false because certain groups would never be selected
ordinal
if it has the properties of the nominal level of measurement. however, the naming scheme allows for the values of the variable to be arranged in a ranked or specific order.
what do we call a person or object that is a member of the population being studied
individual
descriptive or inferential stats? we are 95% confident that between 74% and 82% of all students would return the money
inferential
Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal time of day measured in military time: 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800 and 1900
interval
Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal year of birth of college students
interval
Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, norminal, ratio or ordinal years of elections; 1998, 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004
interval
if it has the properties of the ordinal level of measurement and the differences in the values of the variable have meaning. a value of 0 DOES NOT MEAN THE ABSENSE OF QUANTITY. arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on the values of a variable
interval
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? temperature
interval
are cross sectional or case control better than each other?
neither they both have pros and cons
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? gender
nominal
what does it mean when sampling is done without replacement
once an individual is selected, the individual cannot be selected again
Determine the level of measurement of the variable below. Highest degree conferred (high school, bachelor's , and so on) nominal interval ordinal or ratio
ordinal
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? how many stars a product got
ordinal
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? letter grade earned in your stats class
ordinal
what is the equation for K in the systematic sample?
p+(n-1)k k is N/n n is the sample N is the population p is the random number that you select between 1 and k
Statistic or parameter? the percentage of all students on your campus who own a car is 48.2%
parameter
what do we call a numerical summary of a population (Gods number because we cant get every single person)
parameter
Determine whether the underlined value is a parameter or a statistic. a quarterback was studied and he completed 46% of his passes for a total of 2300 yards
parameter because the quarter back is the population
what is the entire group to be studied called
population
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? birth month
qual none nominal
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? cell phone carrier
qual none nominal
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? eye color
qual none nominal
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? gender
qual none nominal
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? name
qual none nominal
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? math anxiety level
qual none ordinal
determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative gender
qualitative
observations corresponding to a qualitative variable ex. male and female banking number
qualitative data
Define: allow for classification based on some attribute, chracteristic or quality
qualitative variable
determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative zip code
qualitative-- categorizes location you cant add zip codes and get something
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? hours of sleep
quan coninuous ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? bedtime
quan continuous interval
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? commute time
quan continuous ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? height
quan continuous ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? hours of TV
quan continuous ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? hours of work
quan continuous ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? shoe size
quan discrete interval
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? age
quan discrete ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? credit hours
quan discrete ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? facebook friends
quan discrete ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? number of siblings
quan discrete ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? number of tattoos
quan discrete ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? social media checks
quan discrete ratio
Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? number of songs
quan discrete ratio?
determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative numbers of days in the past week that a student studied
quantitative
determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative temperature
quantitative
observations corresponding to a quantitative variable ex. income
quantitative
define: provide numerical measures of individuals.
quantitative-- a numerical value doesnt always mean quantitative. example zip code
Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal Ages of children: 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, and 9 years
ratio
Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal assessed value of a house
ratio
if it has the properties of the interval level of measurement and the ratios of the values of the variable have meaning. a value of 0 MEANS THE ABSENCE OF QUANTITY . arithmetic operations such as multiplication and division can be performed on the values of the variable
ratio
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? number of days in the past week you studied
ratio
Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal volume of water used by a household in a day
ratio because 0 would mean absense of quantitity and i can use twice as much water as you
Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal weight of a child: 50 lbs, 63 lbs, 90 lbs
ratio because 0lbs would mean absense of quantity
in research we wish to detemine how varying an explanatory variable affects the value of what
response variable
a subset of the population being studied
sample
statistic or parameter? suppose a random sample of 100 students is obtained, and from this sample we find that 46% own a car
statistic
what do we call a numerical summary of a sample
statistic
a _______ is obtained by dividing the population into homogenous groups and randomly selecting individuals from each group
stratefied homos strat their stuff
what is a cross-sectional study?
studies that observe studies that collect information about individuals at a specific point in time or over a very short period of time as soon as you CROSS by someone you ask them
what sampling method does not require a frame?
systematic sisters never need a frame because they always see each other
the AP national constitution center conducted a national poll to learn how adult Americans feel about how existing gun laws infringe on the second amendment to the US Constitution. the following statistical process allowed the researchers to conduct their study. identify the research objective
the researchers wished to determine the % of all adult Americans who believe gun control laws infringe on the public right to bear arms
the definition of statistics
the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answers questions. In addition, statistics is about providing a measure of confidence in any conlusions
case control study?
these studies are observational studies that are retrospective, meaning that they require individuals to look back in time or require the researcher to look at existing records i have to first set up a case with you and then ask you to control your mind to remember
nominal
variable is this is the variable can NAME, LABEL or CATEGORIZE. also the naming scheme does not allow for the values of the variable to be arranged in a ranked or specific order
________ are the characteristics of the individuals within the population.
variables
what is a systematic sample?
when you choose every kth person