Statistics Ch 1

the process of statistics 4 steps

1 identify the research objective 2. collect the data needed to answer the question(s) proposed 3. describe the data 4. perform inference

true or false when conducting a cluster sample, it is better to have fewer clusters with more individuals when the clusters are HETEROGENOUS

TRUE, because a HETEROGENOUS cluster likely resembles the heterogeneity of the population. in other words, each cluster is a scaled-down representation of the overall population diverse

Determine whether the quantitative variable is discrete or continuous. Weight carried by a child in a knapsack

The variable is continuous because it is not countable.

discrete variable

a discrete variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. these variable cannot take on every possible value between any 2 values. IF YOU CAN COUNT IT.

what is a frame?

a frame is a list of the individuals in the popluation being studied

what is a census

a list of individuals in a pop along with certain characteristics of each individual

continuous variable

a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values that are not countable. this may take on every possible value between any 2 values. CAN BE MEASURED

cohort?

a study that is done over time. observing people over time. do you wanna go to cohort with me? it wont be for some time. but we will be prospective, and work on this over time.

data describes ______ of individuals and can be either ____ or ______

characteristics, fact or opinion

a _____ is obtined by dividing the population into groups and selecting all individuals from within a random sample of the groups

cluster

discrete or continuous a certain car can get 24 MPG, its MPG must be greater than or equal to 23.5 and less than 24.5

continous

discrete or continuous the distance a 2011 toyota prius can travel in city driving conditions with a full tank of gas

continuous

observations corresponding to a continuous variable ex. time between calls to a call center

continuous

the list of observed values for a variable. ex gender is a variable; the observations male and female

data

descriptive or inferential stats? the percent of students in the survey who would return the money to the owner is 78%

descriptive

Consists of organizing and summarizing data. This describes data through numerical summaries, tables and graphs. This makes it easier to know what the data is saying. Using numbers to summarize and describe data.

descriptive statistics

example, "70% of the men were black"

descriptive statistics

_______ stats consists of organizing and summarizing info collected, while ______ stats uses methods that generalize results obtained from a sample to the population and measure the reliability of the results

descriptive, inferential

discrete or continuous the number of heads obtained after flipping a coin 5 times

discrete

discrete or continuous the number of cars that arrive at mcdonalds drive through between 12 pm and 1pm

discrete

observations corresponding to a discrete variable ex. attendance at a play

discrete

example of a cross sectional study

do smokers have a higher resting HR that nonsmokers. You would ask people immediately, not over time

true or false when taking a systematic random sample of size n, every group of size n from the population has the same chance of being selected

false because certain groups would never be selected

ordinal

if it has the properties of the nominal level of measurement. however, the naming scheme allows for the values of the variable to be arranged in a ranked or specific order.

what do we call a person or object that is a member of the population being studied

individual

descriptive or inferential stats? we are 95% confident that between 74% and 82% of all students would return the money

inferential

Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal time of day measured in military time: 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800 and 1900

interval

Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal year of birth of college students

interval

Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, norminal, ratio or ordinal years of elections; 1998, 1992, 1996, 2000 and 2004

interval

if it has the properties of the ordinal level of measurement and the differences in the values of the variable have meaning. a value of 0 DOES NOT MEAN THE ABSENSE OF QUANTITY. arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on the values of a variable

interval

nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? temperature

interval

are cross sectional or case control better than each other?

neither they both have pros and cons

nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? gender

nominal

what does it mean when sampling is done without replacement

once an individual is selected, the individual cannot be selected again

Determine the level of measurement of the variable below. Highest degree conferred (high school, bachelor's , and so on) nominal interval ordinal or ratio

ordinal

nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? how many stars a product got

ordinal

nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? letter grade earned in your stats class

ordinal

what is the equation for K in the systematic sample?

p+(n-1)k k is N/n n is the sample N is the population p is the random number that you select between 1 and k

Statistic or parameter? the percentage of all students on your campus who own a car is 48.2%

parameter

what do we call a numerical summary of a population (Gods number because we cant get every single person)

parameter

Determine whether the underlined value is a parameter or a statistic. a quarterback was studied and he completed 46% of his passes for a total of 2300 yards

parameter because the quarter back is the population

what is the entire group to be studied called

population

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? birth month

qual none nominal

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? cell phone carrier

qual none nominal

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? eye color

qual none nominal

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? gender

qual none nominal

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? name

qual none nominal

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? math anxiety level

qual none ordinal

determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative gender

qualitative

observations corresponding to a qualitative variable ex. male and female banking number

qualitative data

Define: allow for classification based on some attribute, chracteristic or quality

qualitative variable

determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative zip code

qualitative-- categorizes location you cant add zip codes and get something

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? hours of sleep

quan coninuous ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? bedtime

quan continuous interval

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? commute time

quan continuous ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? height

quan continuous ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? hours of TV

quan continuous ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? hours of work

quan continuous ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? shoe size

quan discrete interval

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? age

quan discrete ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? credit hours

quan discrete ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? facebook friends

quan discrete ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? number of siblings

quan discrete ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? number of tattoos

quan discrete ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? social media checks

quan discrete ratio

Qualitative/Quantitative? discrete/continuous? nominal/ordinal/interval/ratio? number of songs

quan discrete ratio?

determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative numbers of days in the past week that a student studied

quantitative

determine whether these are qualitative or quantitative temperature

quantitative

observations corresponding to a quantitative variable ex. income

quantitative

define: provide numerical measures of individuals.

quantitative-- a numerical value doesnt always mean quantitative. example zip code

Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal Ages of children: 5 years, 6 years, 7 years, 8 years, and 9 years

ratio

Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal assessed value of a house

ratio

if it has the properties of the interval level of measurement and the ratios of the values of the variable have meaning. a value of 0 MEANS THE ABSENCE OF QUANTITY . arithmetic operations such as multiplication and division can be performed on the values of the variable

ratio

nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio? number of days in the past week you studied

ratio

Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal volume of water used by a household in a day

ratio because 0 would mean absense of quantitity and i can use twice as much water as you

Determine the level of measurement of the variable. interval, nominal, ratio or ordinal weight of a child: 50 lbs, 63 lbs, 90 lbs

ratio because 0lbs would mean absense of quantity

in research we wish to detemine how varying an explanatory variable affects the value of what

response variable

a subset of the population being studied

sample

statistic or parameter? suppose a random sample of 100 students is obtained, and from this sample we find that 46% own a car

statistic

what do we call a numerical summary of a sample

statistic

a _______ is obtained by dividing the population into homogenous groups and randomly selecting individuals from each group

stratefied homos strat their stuff

what is a cross-sectional study?

studies that observe studies that collect information about individuals at a specific point in time or over a very short period of time as soon as you CROSS by someone you ask them

what sampling method does not require a frame?

systematic sisters never need a frame because they always see each other

the AP national constitution center conducted a national poll to learn how adult Americans feel about how existing gun laws infringe on the second amendment to the US Constitution. the following statistical process allowed the researchers to conduct their study. identify the research objective

the researchers wished to determine the % of all adult Americans who believe gun control laws infringe on the public right to bear arms

the definition of statistics

the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing and analyzing information to draw conclusions or answers questions. In addition, statistics is about providing a measure of confidence in any conlusions

case control study?

these studies are observational studies that are retrospective, meaning that they require individuals to look back in time or require the researcher to look at existing records i have to first set up a case with you and then ask you to control your mind to remember

nominal

variable is this is the variable can NAME, LABEL or CATEGORIZE. also the naming scheme does not allow for the values of the variable to be arranged in a ranked or specific order

________ are the characteristics of the individuals within the population.

variables

what is a systematic sample?

when you choose every kth person