Hygiene MCQ
Is thermal comfort assured in a room of a house with temperature 21oС, relative humidity 60% and speed of the air 0,2 m/s?
yes
Which foods are of paramount importance in nutrition of adults and the elderly?
yoghurt and cottage cheese + fish + fresh vegetables
A system for dynamic control, information, prognosis and management of environmental factors and conditions is called?
Environmental monitoring
Which nutrients determine the biological value of food?
Essential amino acids + Vitamins + Dietary fiber + Polyunsaturated fatty acids
Which nutritive substances determine the biological value of food?
Essential amino acids + Vitamins + Microelements + Polyunsaturated butyric acids
Point out the risk factor for development of tooth caries!
Systematic consumption of water with low amount of Fluorine
Point out the types of Governmental sanitary control performed by the regional health inspection?
Systematically ( regular) + Targeted
For fibers are true the following statements
They influence serum cholesterol + They do not increase blood sugar
What can be the direct effect of air pollutants on humans? (Test 1)
Toxins + Irritating + Sanogenic-health promoting + Carcinogenic
What is the influence of the excess of fats in the food of adults?
Unfavourable, because of loading with products of the oxidation of polyunsaturated butyric acids
Point out substances determining the biological value of vegetable fats!
Unsaturated butyric acids + Tocopherols + Vitamin A
´The hygienic standard for the air velocity in residential premises is?
Up to 0,4m/s
Until what age a child should not be should not be restricted for fat in diet?
Up to 3 years
Which is the hygienic standard for vertical amplitude of temperature in residential premises?
Up to 3,5°C
Which of the following methods is the best for approving the microbiological indexes of the water?
disinfection
The agents of which diseases are transferred with water
dysentery + cholera + poliomyelitis + epidemic hepatitis A
Which foods are sources of easily absorbed iron?
liver
Which of the following combinations of microclimatic factors is tolerated comparatively well?
low air temperature and low air humidity
Which of the following food products have first rate meaning for the beginning of salmonella infection?
meat and meat products + eggs and meals with eggs
Which are the main sources of pollution of air with lead aerosols?
metallurgy + automobile traffic
Sources for contamination of milk are
milkmaid with staphylococcal infections + animals with mastitis
Which are the general characteristics of the processes "growth" and "development" in children?
mutual connected and dependent on one another + irregular flow
Which are the typical signs of botulism?
neuroparalysis
Which occupational disease starts after the continuous effect of intensive noise?
occupational hearing impairment
What is the difference between ultraviolet erythema and thermal erythema?
occurs after a latent period of a few hours + reddens only the radiated area + the erythema is with limited borders
The entering and the effect of the "non-reacting" chemical substances depends on
of their solubility in the blood + their partial pressure
What does the daily regime of children should ensure?
optimal duration and sequence of the activities during the day + nutrition according to the rate frequency for the age + duration of sleep according to age
Fruits are source of
organic acids + pectin + mineral substances with alkalizing effect + water soluble vitamins
Which of the following indexes are used for the assessment of the suitability of food products?
organoleptic quality, chemical components + presence and concentration of supplements and additives
Which are the criteria for biological age of the children and adolescence?
ossification of bones + eruption of permanent teeth + development of the secondary sex signs + annual growth
Point out the deteriorating factors for vibrational disease
overcooling + static motion + effect on the whole body + lack of rests
Point out the main complaints of vibrational disease
pain and paresthesia in the distal parts of the hands after work + decreased muscle strength
Which of the following diseases is due to the unfavorable effect of ultraviolet radiation?
photo ophthalmia
Which vibrations are most dangerous in a standing working position?
vertical
Could there be a high percent of body fat in an adult with a normal BMI?
yes
Does the metal mercury have a toxic effect if taken orally?
yes
The big concentration of nitrates to the water is dangerous for?
Babies + Elderly people
Artificial ventilation is used in
Pharmacies + Operation theatre + X-Ray departments
The normal skin-asymmetry is up to?
1°C
Hygienic standard for temperature in residential premises is?
20-22°C
What % of the energy consumed by an adult per day should be from fats?
25-30%
In which period of pregnancy exposure to ionization is most dangerous?
2nd lunar month (organogenesis)
At what age are children in the preschool age period?
3-6 years old
What is the admissible level of the noise in the consulting room?
35 dB/А
Healthy infant double its birth weight
4-6 months
The number of feeding in students should be
4-times per day
In four fold regimen of feeding lunch must submit
40-50% E - 35-40%
Point out the optimal relative humidity of the air in closed premises
40-60 %
Hygienic standard for relative humidity in residential premises is
40-60%
According to WHO, how many fruit and vegetables are recommended for an adult per day?
400-500g/day
What is the relative part of the energy of carbohydrates in the daily ration?
55-75%
Sources of nosocomial infections are
sick people + hospital staff + companions
Point out the admissible amount of residual chlorine
0,3-0,4 mg/L
The period of infancy is
0-1 years
In which of the following diseases nutrition is a main factor for their manifestation?
Endemic goiter + Iron deficiency anemia + Rickets
Which are the main indexes for assessment of the menu?
Energy consumption + Nutritional value + Number of food intake + Diversity
What tests are carried out during the mandatory periodical medical exams of the staff who work with ionizing radiation equipment?
Chemical testing of urine + Blood test
Which population group is most vulnerable to the influence of air pollution on man?
Children
Point out methods for water disinfection!
Chlorination + Ozonation + Boiling of water
Which of the air pollutants are released from chemical industry?
Chlorine + Lead aerosols + Sulphur oxides
Which of the air polluters are released from chemical industry?
Chlorine + Nitric oxides + Sulphur oxides + Fluorine
Which of these substances have lipotropic action?
Choline + Lecithin + Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUF
What are the key indicators for assessing the menu, prepared for one day?
Energy value + Diversity
What is the relative part of the energy of fats in the daily ration?
15-30%
Specify the global environmental problems
"Greenhouse effect" + Ozone layer depletion + Acid rains
According to the results of the anthropometric measuring, the physical development of adolescence is categorized as
+ norm, extended norm, out of the norm
Point out the ways of prophylaxis of vibrational disease
+ periodical medical examinations
Which are the main terms of reference for the prophylaxis of bacterial food infections
+ to prevent the contamination of food products with pathogenic microorganisms + stopping the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms which get in the food by proper storage + elimination pathogenic microorganisms present in the food products by cooking
Age of toddler
1-3 years
When does puberty start?
10-+2 years for girls/ 12-+2 years for boys
What is the relative part of the energy of proteins in the daily ration?
10-15%
What must be the relative part of the energy, received by proteins for adults?
10-15%
What is the TLV of noise in factories which does not require from the employer to recommend personal protective measures?
80dB/A
Fortifying meal of workers in the night shift should include
?(Sources of caffeine + Foods with low Glycemic index + Acidogenic foods (meat, butter, margarine) + Products alkalizing effect (milk, fruit, vegetables))
Point out the most common method for water disinfection for domestic purposes!
?(o Chlorination + UV-Radiation + Boiling + Ozonation)
What is microclimate?
A combination of meteorological factors indoors or in a small area
Hands of the staff are
A factor for the transmission of HAI
Dynamic monitoring of growth is precisely monitored by
A graph of percentiles
What is disease prevention? (Test 1)?
A system of complex measure for keeping improving and strengthening of psycho- and somatic health
What is disease prevention? (Test 2)?
A system of complex measures for protection from diseases + A system of complex measure for keeping improving and strengthening of psycho- and somatic health
Identify the main activities of the medical specialists in children centres and schools!
Activities for disease prevention and health promotion + First aids in emergency situations + Anti-epidemic activities + Preservation of health records
What is the meaning of fibers?
Add volume to the food + Have a detox function + Help the excretion of cholesterol
For fiber are true the following statements
Affect serum cholesterol + Lower blood sugar
Which main indexes are used for differentiation of physiological standards for nutrition of workers?
Age + Body mass index + Sex + Physical loading
Which are the most common diseases in preschool age period?
Allergies + Acute infection diseases + Accidents- indoor and outdoor + Intoxication
Which of the following radiations is most dangerous if done internally?
Alpha
What is taken into consideration in the assessment of nutrition per day (daily menu)?
Amount of consumed energy (kcal/day) + Nutritional and biological value of foods + Diversity + The number of meals per day
Which is the best measurement for the amount of visceral fat?
Amount of fat tissue measured be DEXA
Please, mark the right statement. the waist circumference above 102cm in men is
An indicator for visceral obesity + Associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases
Which foods in case of increase consumption increase atherogenic risk?
Animal fat + Confectionery + Alcohol
Point out endemic diseases associated with the chemical composition of water?
Dental caries + Fluorosis + Endemic gout
Which components of the food improve the utilization of iron?
Ascorbic acid
According to the WHO breastfeeding is better to continue
At least 1 month, preferable 2
Point out the main sources of air pollution with nitric oxides?
Automobile transport + Production of nitrogen fertilizers
Please, mark the right formula for calculation of BMI
BMI = body weight(kg) / height2(m2)
The ratio of total cholesterol/ HDL-Cholesterol is favourably affected from the consumption of these foods
Beans, oatmeal, walnuts, almonds + Garlic, onions, fruits, vegetables + Fatty fish
Which of the following diseases are specific alimentary?
Beri-beri + Fluorosis
At what age are the children in the period of infancy?
Between 28-th day after birth to 1 year old
Milk is a source of
Bioavailable calcium + Vitamins group B and vitamin A
Which of the following methods are used to determine the amount of body fat?
Bioelectric impedance analysis + Computer Tomography + Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry + Nuclear magnetic resonance
Point out physical methods for disinfection of drinking water!
Boiling of water + Irradiation with ultraviolet rays
Negative health effects due to modern housing could be?
Building related diseases + Building associated symptoms + "Sick building syndrome"
Point out the main nutritive sources of exogenous cholesterol!
Butter + Cottage cheese + Pork
In which of the following organs and systems accumulates Pb(C2H5)4 ?
CNS
Water hardness is determined by the presence of
Ca and Mg salt
Water hardness is determined by the presence of?
Ca and Mg salts
Which conditions the standards for microclimate in industrial premises?
Category (hardness) of work + Period of the year (season)
Which of these carbohydrates have limited energy role?
Cellulose + Pectins
In which of the systems for postnatal care the risk of HAI in the maternity ward is highest?
Centralized
Point out the type of organization for postnatal care for newborns!
Centralized + Decentralized + Semi-centralized
The risk of HAI(Hospital Acquired Infections) is highest in
Centralized hospital system
By the assessment of the biological values of the food we are testing the following
Chemical composition of food + Digestibility
Sources of vitamin D are the following products
Cod-liver oil + Milk oil
Point out the parameters for assessment of natural lighting in residential premises?
Coefficient of natural light + Light ratio
High intake of fibers is recommended for the prevention of
Colon cancer + Obesity
Point out which of the following systems are used for hospital buildings!
Combined (mixe+ + Decentralized + Centralized
What type of effect occurs after the entering of same chemical agent by various routes in the body?
Complex effect
What type of effect is observed due to entering in the human organism of one chemical pollutant through different routes?
Complex effect + Mixed effect
What is the importance of hygienic standard?
Criteria for assessment of the factors of the environment and prognosis for their influence on human beings + Basis for development of preventive programs + Criteria for assessment of the effectiveness of the applied preventive measures
In which of the system for postnatal care mother and baby are housed in the same room?
Decentralized
Which of the following suggests indirect effects of air pollution?
Decrease of the lightening houses+Worsening of living conditions
Which nutritive mistakes increase the chance of malignant diseases?
Deficiency of fibers + Deficiency of vitamins + Hypo energetic nutrition + Overfeeding with fats
Obesity increases the risk of
Diabetes mellitus type 2 + Cardiovascular diseases
Display the true definition of product range
Distribution of food at different intakes + Complex of food products to meet the medium-daily needs of a person
Nutrition of the elderly should be
Diverse and rich in essential nutrients
Point out the disadvantages of decentralized hospital buildings!
Economically unfavourable, because of duplication of many services + The remoteness of the buildings troubles the work of the staff
As a benchmark for balance of essential amino acids are accepted
Eggs + Breastmilk
What is hygienic standardization?
Establishment of the threshold limiting values of environmental factors which are not detrimental to health and which assure favourable conditions for life
The most effective way of heat release at high temperature and low humidity is
Evaporation (sweating)
Point out the main methods for water purification!
Filtration + Sedimentation
For the elderly is advisable to consume regularly
Fish + Low-fat yogurt and cottage + Fresh vegetable
Which products are of paramount importance in the diet of pregnant woman?
Fish and nuts + Fruits and vegetables
Which food products have primary importance for pregnant women?
Fruits and vegetables + Milk and milk products + Fibres
Which are the main tasks of hospital hygiene?
Fulfillment of medical protective regime + Avoidance of HAI (Hospital Acquired infections) + Optimization of hospital environment
Which type of ionization is most dangerous in case of external influence?
Gamma
The regime of cleaning of the operating theatre includes?
General cleaning and disinfection once per week + Cleaning the operating theatre after each operation + Cleaning the operating theatre during surgery + Cleaning the dust settled on horizontal surfaces during the night in the morning before work
Which of the following factors influence the child growth mostly?
Genetic factors
Which part of the body is the most sensitive to exposure of ionization radiation?
Gonads + Abdomen
What is the penetrating ability of infrared radiation through skin and skull?
Good
Point out the advantages of water chlorination!
Good bactericidal effect + Presence of residual disinfection
Which of the following effects of air pollutants on humans are unspecific?
Growth retardation of children + Changes in the structure of morbidity + Lowering of the immune-biological resistance of the organism
Pregnant and lactating women should have
Healthy nutrition
Pathogens of which diseases may be transmitted by water?
Hepatitis A + Poliomyelitis + Typhus
Consumption of potassium rich food is recommended for
High blood pressure + Stomach cancer
Which of the following hospitals are better to be placed outside residential areas?
Hospital for infectious diseases + Psychiatric hospitals + Hospitals for Tuberculosis treatment
From a medical point of view water has?
Hygienic importance + Biological importance + Epidemiological importance
Which microclimate parameters are changed after prolonged stay of children in closed premises?
Increase in the air humidity in the classroom + Increase in the CO2 concentration + Increase in the amount of positive ions
Point out the disadvantages of Centralized hospital building!
Increased risk of HAI(Hospital Acquired Infections) + Noise discomfort + Create conditions for disturbing of the patients daily regime
In the tested water there is a microbe number 75 CFU/100ml and Coliforms 10CFU/100ml. What is the meaning of these results?
Indicator for ineffective purification and disinfection of water + A signal of epidemiological danger
For children up to 3 years, it is not recommended offering
Industrial prepared kebabs, meatballs
What are HAI?
Infections acquired by medical or other staff of the hospital in relation to patient care + Infections acquired by patients during medical treatment for other medical condition
Children with an Enterocolitis syndrome are treated in?
Infectious department
Which of the following methods are used for studying the individual and family nutrition in medical aspect?
Inquiry method + Weighing method
Specify the general characteristics of the processes"growth"and "development"!
Irregularly occurring + Interrelated and mutually conditioned + Depend on the gender
What lipoprotein changes are expected due to a high intake of saturated fatty acids?
LDL increase
Which main principle are used for differentiation of physiological standards for nutrition of workers?
Level of physical activity (loading) + Age + Sex + Health condition
Point out the hygienic requirements to building materials for residential premises?
Low diathermancy + Low air permeability
Overfeeding with fats is a risk factor for
Malignant diseases + Atherosclerosis + Obesity
The risk for cardio-vascular diseases increases when there is increased consumption of
Meat + Margarine and overconsumption of trans-fats + While bread and pastry
Which food source of easily absorbed Fe?
Meat, liver, fish
Which foods are sources of easily absorbable iron?
Meat, liver, fish
Specify the group of foodstuff, which in combination are suitable sources of easily absorbed iron for pregnant woman
Meat,fish and fresh fruit
Sources of HAI can be?
Medical staff + Patients + Visitors and companions of the patients
The systematic utilization of water with high content of Nitrates is a risk factor for
Methemoglobinemia in infants + Formation of Nitrosamines
Which of the following indexes are tested in the periodical monitoring of drinking water?
Microbiological + Organoleptic + Chemical
Which food products have primary importance for nutrition of children?
Milk and milk products
Which group of products is a source of easily absorbed calcium salts?
Milk and milk products
Which of the following pathological conditions are increased due to unhealthy microclimate?
Morbidity from ischemic heart disease + Easy transfer of acute drip infections + Allergic diseases
Which of the following change due to nutritional inadequacy?
Morbidity of non-specific alimentary diseases + Morbidity of infectious diseases + Morbidity of specific alimentary diseases
Which diseases have their origin in the early school age period?
Neurosis + Spinal deformities + Eyes disorders
The regime of feeding includes
Number of feedings per day + Intervals between the feedings + Distribution of food (calorie distribution)
The regimen of feeding includes
Number of food intake+Interval between food intake + Energy value of food intake
Which of the following statements are true for non-specific alimentary diseases?
Nutrition is a risk factor for their occurrence, but not the only one
The optimal number of feedings is determined by
Nutritional habits and national tradition + Type of the working and physical activity + Physical state-presence of disease + Age
Overfeeding with fats is a risk factor for?
Obesity + Atherosclerosis + Malignant diseases
In which of the following diseases the alimentary factor is leading?
Obesity + Iron deficiency anemia + Scurvy
General cleaning and disinfection of the operating theatre is done
Once a week on day free of operations
How many devices(sources) for ionizing radiation may be placed in an X-ray lab?
One
What the difference is between opened and closed source of ionizing radiation?
Opened - danger of dissemination of radioactive substances in the environment + Closed - no danger of dissemination
Skin temperature difference "open-covered" parts over 4°C is a sign of
Overcooling
Which mistakes in the nutrition favour the increased frequency of malignant diseases?
Overfeeding with fats + Deficiency of fibres + Hypoenergetic nutrition + Deficiency of vitamins
Specify the global environmental problems related to air pollution?
Ozone layer depletion + Greenhouse effect + Acid rains
Which of the following parameters are used for assessment of ventilation effectiveness in residential buildings?
Parametres of microclimate + Concentration of air pollutants + Volume and multiplicity of ventilation
The coronary risk increase after the excessive consumption of
Pastry + Margarine + Red meats
The presence of high levels of ammonium ions, nitrates and nitrites at the same time is an index for?
Permanent organic pollution
The presence of high levels of ammonium ions, nitrates at the same time is an index for?
Permanent organic pollution
Prophylactic diet is recommended for
Persons with a family history + Persons with abnormal biochemical indicators
Which of the following answers are included in daily regime of the pupils
Physical activity in school + Threefold feeding regime + Outdoor physical activities
The presence of nitrates in drinking water is an index for?
Plentiful fertilization with nitric fertilizers in the water-gathering region + Old organic pollution
Which of the following procedure create internal exposure to radiation for the patient?
Positron emission tomography + Isotope diagnostics
Hygiene is a main medical discipline for?
Primary disease prevention
Which are levels of disease prevention?
Primordial + Secondary
Health prophylaxis includes 4 levels. Point them out
Promotion of health, primary prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis, tertiary prophylaxis
What is the aim of hygienic knowledge?
Protection, strengthening and improvement of human health and working abilities + Assessment of factors and conditions of the environment of different biological species
What are the main functions of food?
Providing energy + Regulatory + Hormonal + Plastic + Hedonic
Point out the aim of disinfection of water?
Provision of epidemiological safety of water
What does the medicinal protective regime include?
Provision of proper daily regime + Pain management+Elimination of physical disturbing factors
Tanner`s formula is used to evaluate
Pubertal change
Exposure to which natural radioactive element is most significant in enclosed (living and service) rooms and which cancers it may cause?
Radon-lung Cancer
Which of the following foods are rich in vitamin C?
Red pepper
The objects of hygienic standardization are?
Restriction of harmful chemicals in the ambient air ( outdoor, indoor, workplace) water, soil food + Threshold limit values (TLV) and doses of damaging existing physical environmental factors of anthropogenic origin dust, noise, vibration, electromagnetic energy of different frequency ranges, radioactive isotopes etc. + Optimal and acceptable ( minimum and maximum) parameters of microclimate, lighting and solar ultraviolet radiation, air pressure and others
The deficiency of ultraviolet radiation can cause
Rickets in children + Disorders of calcium-phosphorus metabolism
Biological age is determined by
Roentgenography of the left wrist
Which of the following food content a high level of sodium and should be limited in high blood pressure?
Sausages + Oliven + Bouillons and clear broth
Which of the following diseases are specific alimentary?
Scurvy + Endemic goiter
What are the main indicators of ergonomic school furniture?
Seat depth + The seat distance + Differentiation + Spinal distance
What is the subject of Hygiene?
Studies the complex interaction in the system human- vital environment. In these systems are included residential, social working, and other environments. The main aim of hygiene is to ensure human health and longevity.
Methods for assessment of microclimate are
Subjective methods + Physical methods + Physiological methods
Which are the activities for radiation protection when working with open sources of Radiation?
Special sewage system used before the wastewater gets into the municipality sewage system + Dosimetric control + Encapsulation of production equipment + Specific ventilation + Planning and zoning of workplaces
Food rich in sodium are dangerous in the following diseases
Stomach cancer + High blood pressure
Which of the following chemical substances can influence the taste of drinking water?
Sulphates and chlorides + Iron salts + Calcium and magnesium salt
Microclimate in residential buildings is formed by the following physical factors?
Temperature, humidity, air velocity
What does the length of the lesson in different classes determine?
The ability to maintain an active concentration during classes
Which are determining factors for separation of the patients in the Pediatric department?
The age of the child + Clinical diagnosis + Type and stage of the diseases
What is the exposure of human beings to environmental factors?
The duration of the influence of physical chemical and biological factors over human body
What are the basic hygienic requirements for the kindergarten construction?
The principle of age separation + Provision of conditions for physical activity + The principle of group isolation of children
Which are the hygienic requirements for hospital buildings?
The terrain must be situated far from sources of noise and pollution of air/water/soil + Landscaping should be no less than 40-60% of the area + The terrain's size is defined by the number of beds and the type of hospital
What features of preschool children require a differentiated approach in feeding?
The underdeveloped digestive system
Skin temperature difference "open-closed" parts in range 2-4°C is a sign of
Thermal comfort
The main hygienic requirements for drinking water are?
To contain mineral substances in amounts corresponding to the physiological needs to the organism + To contain no pathogenic microorganisms or eggs of helminths + To have good organoleptic qualities + To have no toxicological and radiological substances in concentrations dangerous for health
Point out the main tasks of Hygiene?
To develop health standards and measures for optimization of the interaction in the system human-living environment + To study the nutrition, education, occupation of the population + To make a hygiene assessment of the factors and conditions of life from the human health's point of view
The main tasks of HCA are
To develop recommendations for physical activity and strengthening + To develop hygienic standards and requirements to devices and furniture in childcare centres and educational institutions + To study the anatomy- physiological characteristics of the children
The main requirements for healthy nutrient are
To give the feeding of fullness + To be balanced + To be variable or there is written -> to be diverse
The soft frost test is used for determination of?
Tonus of the peripheral blood vessels
Which of the following can be direct effects of air pollution on man?
Toxic + Allergonic + Carcinogenic + Irritating
What can be the direct effect of air pollutants on humans? (Test 2) + Toxic + Irritating + Carcinogenic + Allergogenic
Toxic + Irritating + Carcinogenic + Allergogenic
Which nutrients in the breast milk do not depend on maternal diet?
Vitamin D + Calcium
Which of the following measurements, used for assessment of the nutritional status, are anthropometric?
Waist circumference + Body weight + Height
Consumption of food with low energy is recommended for prevention of obesity. Which of the following food products have low energy?
Watermelon + Cabbage
Which of the following effects of air pollution on human beings are indirect?
Worsening of the conditions of life
Which are the indirect effects of air pollution?
Worsening of the sanitary conditions of the living environment + Decrease of the natural lightening of houses
Point out the right statement!
X-ray tube is a closed source of ionization radiation
Point out the proper definition for "working capacity"
ability to work with precise power and quality for given time without unfavorable changes for the organisms
When does overwork comes?
after continuing working after the tiredness has come
Point out the biological factors on which depends the effect of the atmosphere polluters over the human organism
age + health condition + sex
Which food substances should be limited for people occupied with mental work?
animal fats and carbohydrates
Point out all possible effects after combined action of industrial poisons
antagonism + stimulation of the toxic effect + additive action
Point out the methods of examination of the physical development
anthropometry + somatoscopy
According to WHO breastfeeding should be continued
at least a year
Main sources of pollution of the atmosphere air in towns are
automobile transport + Industry + thermo-electrical power station
The high percentage of nitrates in the water is dangerous for
babies + old people + pregnant women with gastrointestinal disturbances and dysbacteriosis
What is the effect of ultraviolet radiation?
bactericidal + erythemal + antirachitis
Which indexes are objective criteria for acclimatization of the organism?
blood pressure
Which is the permanent depot of lead in human organism?
bones
In which systems of the organism are marked the changes after the general influence of noise
central nervous system + GIT system + cardiovascular system
What determines the bactericidal effect of chlorine for disinfection of water?
cheap and efficient method for disinfection + the concentration of hypochlorite ion
Which food products are recommended in the nutrition of old people?
cottage cheese + fish + chicken
Which factors have unfavorable effect on the health of contemporary children?
decreased physical activity + improper feeding
Point out the main principles of protection while working with sources of ionizing radiation
decreasing the dose of radiation + increasing the distance to the source + decreasing the time of effect + shielding of the source
rests during the day must be given when
depending on the "curve of working capacity" + when tiredness occurs
Which are the criteria for determining the biological age of children?
development of secondary sex characteristics + bone age + tooth age
Which is the proper way of giving out heat in the condition of high temperature and low humidity?
evaporation
Point out all the signs of a water epidemic
explosive beginning with steeping raising of the curve of morbidity + the number of sick people is high and a big part of the population is affected + after the sanitation of the source the curve falls rapidly + ends with an "epidemiological tail
Point out the main requirements for healthy nutrition
full value, variety and balance
Factors for the transfer of nosocomial infections are
hands of the hospital staff + medical instruments
The prolonged irradiation of the organism with infrared radiation may cause
heat stroke + cataract of the eyes
Which of the following indexes are leading in the assessment of the physical development?
height + weight
What are the health effects of the direct influence of the atmospheric polluters?
increase of pulmonary diseases and allergy + increase of the malignant diseases + genetic changes
How is the direct unfavourable effect of air pollution on man manifested?
increase of the rate of lung diseases+Increase of the rate of malignant diseases
In which of the following periods the processes of growth and development are most intensive?
infancy
The frequency of which diseases increases in an area with polluted air?
infections of upper respiratory tract + bronchial asthma + cardiovascular diseases
Which are the phases of acclimatization of the organism?
initial phase + stable acclimatization
Point out two conditions with a leading part for the beginning of a food toxicoinfection
insufficient treatment of the food products + improper storage of the prepared meals
On which physical parameters depends on the harmful effect of the noise?
intensity + frequency + amplitude
Point out the physical methods for disinfection of drinking water
irradiation with ultraviolet rays + tilling with ultrasound + boiling
What can be the effect of atmosphere polluters?
irritating + allergogenic + toxic + carcinogenic
The aim of hygiene is
keeping and improving of human health and one's working ability
Point out the reasons for the presence of ammonia in the water
lavish fertilization with nitric fertilizers + recent contamination with organic material + ammonium salts of inorganic origin in the soil and underground water
Which is the main way of penetration of industrial poisons in the organism?
pulmonary
For which of the following diseases the school etiology is leading?
refraction abnormalities of the eye + neurosis + spinal bending
Which indexes are used to prove that the milk is watered?
refraction number
Nitro- and amino compounds of benzol affect mainly
respiratory system + CNS + liver
How must be stored sausages in restaurants and shops?
separately
Which of the following symptoms are leading in the clinic of food intoxication with staphylococcus?
short incubation period + pain in the epigastric region + vomiting
What should not happen to foods containing excessive amounts of mycotoxins?
should be processed through long cooking + should be sterilized + should be preserved
Which characteristics of the industrial dust have hygiene meaning for its harmful effect?
size of the particles + shape of particles + chemical composition + inflammability and explosiveness + the amount
Which of the following factors determine or increase the harmful effect of industrial vibrations over the organism?
static muscle strain + place and area of the contact + exposition + overcooling of the organism
What is the meaning of the skin melanin accumulated under the influence of ultraviolet radiation?
stimulates the synthesis of vit. D + boosts immunity + in higher doses could lead to skin cancer + stimulates the production of melanin
The microclimate in a house is formed by the following factors
temperature + humidity + speed of the air
Which of the following factors stop the development of staphylococcus in food products?
temperature lower than 6 degrees celsius + concentration of sugar over 60% + concentration of sodium chloride over 12%
What is your assessment of the heating of a house in which the following values of the microclimatic factors are found: temperature of the air 20oС, relative humidity 54%, speed of the air 0,15 m/sec?
temperature of the air 20oС, relative humidity 54%, speed of the air 0,15 m/sec?: good
Which is the proper definition of tiredness?
temporarily physiological and reversible condition of the organism
Which of the following indexes can be used in hygiene assessment of industrial dust?
the amount of dust in 1m3 air + size of the dust particles + chemical components of the dust
The assessment of the effectiveness of ventilation in a residential building is made by measuring?
the concentration of air polluters + the microclimatic factors + capacity and rate frequency of ventilation
Point out the requirements for the artificial lightning in the house
the level of lightening to be optimal + the light to be uniformly distributed into the room
What is the meaning of the high acidity of the fresh milk?
the milk is old
The assessment of the effectiveness of ventilation in lodging is made by
the speed of ventilation + the concentration of gas polluters + the components if microclimate + capacity and rate frequency of ventilation
The biological effect of ionizing radiation depends on
the whole absorbed dose + the kind of radiation and the extent of the radiated surface + the time and character of exposition + the accumulation of the substance in an organ or tissue
Why children have a higher need of proteins than adults?
they assure the growth and development + anabolic processes predominate
Why ethers and alcohols penetrate rapidly and easily in the brain?
they have a high factor of distribution oil/water + the brain has a very good blood circulation
Which atmospheric polluters are secondary?
those which occur in the air after the combination of two or more primary polluters + those which occur after a combination of a constant constituent of the air and primary polluter
Which of the following food products have first rate meaning for the beginning of botulism?
tinned meat/fish + tinned fruits/vegetables + honey
What are the requirements for the resources for disinfection of the drinking water?
to be harmless for human health + not to change the organoleptic qualities of water. + the bactericidal effect is achieved with small doses.
Indicate the main tasks of Hygiene
to develop health standards and measures for optimizing the relation "human - environment" + to make a hygienic assessment of the factors and conditions affecting human health + to study nutrition, education, working ability factors, rest etc. of the population
The main hygiene requirements for drinking water are
to has good organoleptic and physical qualities + the chemical components to be harmless + to be free from pathogens microorganisms and eggs of helminths
Point out the main principles of prophylaxis of the alimentary diseases of microbe origin?
to prevent contamination of the food products with pathogenic microorganisms + to stop the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms got into the food + to eliminate the pathogenic microorganisms got into the food
