I UNIT 6 PROGRESS CHECK

6.1-6.2 Researchers want to study the effects of teratogens. They should conduct A) an experiment using pregnant rats B) correlation research on an adolescent rat and a prenatal rat's exposure to teratogens C) an experiment on adolescent rats D) an experiment using pregnant humans E) correlation research on an infant's exposure to teratogens and the development delays the infant experiences

A

6.1-6.2 When a newborn infant is touched on the check, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as A) rooting B) suckling C) the patellar reflex D) the moro reflex E) the babinski reflex

A

6.3 Fekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability? A) Jean Piaget's theory of conservation B) Lev Vygotsky's theory of zone of proximal development C) B. F. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning D) Ivan Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning E) Albert Bandura's theory of social learning

A

6.4-6.6 A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stage of development? A) Industry vs. Inferiority B) Identity vs. role confusion C) Autonomy vs. shame and doubt D) Integrity vs. despair E) Trust vs. mistrust

A

6.4-6.6 In trying to replicate Lawrence Kohlberg's research, several college psychology students observed four-year-olds in five prekindergarten classes. Their observations most likely indicated that these children were A) preconventional B) preoperational C) conventional D) postconventional E) postformal

A

6.4-6.6 Shaquille is 25 years old and is actively dating in order to find someone to settle down with. Which of the following theorists would best be able to explain Shaquille's behavior? A) Erik Erikson B) Lawrence Kohlberg C) Carol Gilligan D) Sigmund Freud E) B. F. Skinne

A

6.7 Gender differences have most often been found in which of the following? A) aggression B) short-term memory C) auditory discrimination D) visual acuity E) pattern matching

A

6.7 Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of A) societal norms and other environmental factors B) heredity and other biological factors C) both environmental and biological factors D) the developmental of gender identity E) the development of gender constancy

A

6.1-6.2 Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years? A) social rejection B) implosive behavior C) social competence D) divergent thinking E) shyness

C

6.7 Which of the following is true about gender roles in children? A) children often develop traditional gender roles despite parents discouragement of such roles B) children are often confused about gender roles when parents discourage them to avoid traditional gender roles C) children often do not develop gender roles that are similar to those held in their society D) children most often do not develop specific gender roles E) research indicates there is a large biological basis for gender roles

A

6.1-6.2 Jamie, a six month old, is fussy and does not transition well between situations. According to Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, this behavior is part of Jaime's A) attachment style B) temperament C) cognitive development D) physical development E) external locus of control

B

6.1-6.2 The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations? A) an infant recognizes her father's voice B) a college student is no longer kept awake by her roommates late-night typing C) a kitten avoids a couch after being reprimanded for sitting on it D) a rat learns to press a bar for food when a red light is flashed E) a motorist drives at the speed limit when there is a police officer in sight on the highway

B

6.3 Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) postformal D) concrete operations E) formal operations

B

6.1-6.2 Mr. and Mrs. Stanley are very strict with their children. They do not spend a lot of time talking with them, except to tell them what to do. Which of the following theorists would be most likely to study this type of parenting behavior? A) Albert Bandura B) Konrad Lorenz C) Harry Harlow D) Mary Ainsworth E) Diana Baumrind

E

6.4-6.6 Carol Gilligan was critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What is the basis of her critique? A) His conclusions applied only to women. B) Kohlberg should have used surveys rather than interviews. C) A psychological study can never be replicated. D) Two researchers cannot replicate the same study and get the same findings. E) A researcher cannot generalize across populations findings from one group of people.

E

6.4-6.6 Carol Gilligan's critique of Lawerence Kohlberg's stages of moral development focuses primarily on A) the order in which stages of moral development occur B) the key events that mark the transitions between stages of moral development C) the number of stages in moral development D) how the cause of moral development might be altered within certain cultures E) differences between males and females in the course of moral development

E

6.1-6.2 Trinna and Suzanne are identical twins who were the same length at birth. They were adopted by different families at birth and then reconnected in their early thirties. Trinna is two inches shorter and was a severely selective eater as a child. A researcher was conducting an investigation about twins separated at birth. What research method and explanation best fit this scenario? A)A longitudinal study, because heredity is much more important than environment in determining length and height B)A case study, because environment is much more important than heredity in determining length and height. C)A case study, because both heredity and environment are important in determining length and height. D)A longitudinal study, because environment is much less important than heredity in determining height in early childhood. E)A correlational study, because parents' height levels have little correlation with their children's length and height

C

6.3 A baby looks under the sofa for a ball that has just rolled underneath it. According to Jean Piaget, the baby's action shows development of A) conservation of mass B) reversibility C) object permanence D) logical thinking E) metacognition

C

6.3 Amehd, a fifth grader, is passing a note to his friend in class while his teacher is teaching a new type of math problem. When he is later tested on the material, he is unable to recall how to solve a similar problem. Which of the following theories best explains Amehd's difficulty in recalling how to do this type of problem? A) Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, because it focuses on how children think about the world B) The information processing approach, because it focuses on pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a reflexive response so that the neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response C) The information processing approach, because it focuses on encoding and retrieving information D) Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning approach, because it focuses on how children think about the world E) Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning approach, because it focuses on pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that produces a reflexive response so that the neutral stimulus triggers the reflexive response

C

6.3 Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father? A) Mary Ainsworth's theory of attachment, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure or insecure attachment B) Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it focuses on whether a child has a secure insecure attachment C) Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development D) Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development E) Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, because it includes the concept of the Oedipal complex

C

6.4-6.6 Lawrence Kohlberg used which of the following techniques to illustrate the stages of his theory? A) Presenting people with the three mountain task B) presenting people with a conservation task C) having people solve moral dilemmas D) having people study law case E) having people think about how they felt about a certain issue

C

6.4-6.6 Marion is about to turn 102. The death-deferral theory would predict that A) her healthy diet will defer death for a longer period of time B) her daily walk will defer death for a longer period of time C) she is less likely to die immediately before her birthday D) she will defer her death if she is surrounded by loved ones E) she will be less likely to die if she has good health care

C

6.4-6.6 Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior? A) His parents had an authoritarian parenting style as he was growing up, so he is confused. B) He is having a difficult time getting along with peers. C) He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience. D) The neural pathways in his cerebellum are not fully developed. E) He is the middle child in his sibling group

C

6.4-6.6 Which of the following scenarios best describes what Erik Erikson thought someone might experience in early adulthood? A) Frances was a good student who socialized mostly with other good students, but recently she has started socializing with a different crowd and places less importance on her grades. B) Liz has tried to do things independently but has not been successful, so now she feels bad about herself. C) Mohammed has dated a few people but has not been very successful, so he has decided to give up on dating. D) Thomas has a difficult time trusting people. E) Jazmin feels like she is unfulfilled and living a mundane life.

C

6.1-6.2 In a famous series of experiments conducted by Harry Harlow, infant monkeys were separated from their mothers at birth. The infants were then given two surrogate mothers (a terry-cloth "mother" and a wire "mother"), each of which alternately had a nursing bottle that provided food to the infants. The experimental results showed that in frightening situations the infant monkeys A) were more likely to become aggressive toward the wire mother than toward the Terry-cloth mother B) failed to seek out either of the mothers because of their lack of experiences in seeking contact comfort C) preferred the wire mother, even when the Terry-cloth mother had the nursing bottle D) preferred the Terry-cloth mother, even when the wire mother had the nursing bottle E) would run and cling to whichever mother had the nursing bottle

D

6.1-6.2 Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's A) ego strength B) intelligence C) reaction time D) attachment E) incidental learning

D

6.1-6.2 Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation? A) sharing the researcher's hypothesis with parents before the study begins B) surveying 100 parents about prenatal care C) their knowledge that babies develop fine motor skills before they develop gross motor skills D) their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins E) randomly assigning the babies to crawling versus not-crawling conditions

D

6.3 A young child shown a nine-inch round bowl and a six-inch round bowl containing equal amounts of popcorn says he is certain the smaller bowl has more popcorn than the larger bowl. This child has yet to acquire what Jean Piaget called A) object permanence B) equilibrium C) functional fixedness D) conservation E) circular reactions

D

6.3 Understanding that things continue to exist even when they are not within view is called A) mental representation B) deep structure C) a schema D) object permanence E) assimilation

D

6.3 Which of the following behaviors is most clearly associated with Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage? A) Sally thinks everyone's favorite color is blue, because it is her favorite color. B) Tom received the highest grade in his philosophy course. C) Gracie forgets about her toy because it is under her blanket. D) Nikos can consider both the height and width of a container. E) Ava does not like being around unfamiliar people.

D

6.3 ekru knows that when his teacher pours water from a small, wide glass into a tall, thin glass, the amount of water remains the same even though the tall, thin glass looks like it has more water. Which of the following theories best explains Fekru's ability? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) symbolic D) concrete operational E) formal operational

D

6.4-6.6 Shamir wants to be a doctor like both of his parents when he gets older. He never thought of doing anything else. Which of the following best explains Shamir's decision? A) He has not fully developed his identity. B) His parents have a permissive parenting style, which has left him with an underdeveloped identity. C) He is in a moratorium state of identity. D) He is identity foreclosed. E) He is in a state of identity diffusion.

D

6.7 Sabrina plays on a rugby team and collects antique dolls. Peter is on a football team and loves to cook. Both Sabrina and Peter demonstrate a high degree of A) sex-role stereotyping B) sex-role confusion C) gender constancy D) androgyny E) sex-role identity

D

6.7 Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of A) parenting style B) gender identity C) the overgeneralization society makes about people of different genders D) a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences E) a combination of developmental norms, socialization, and gender constancy

D