IAH211C -Midterm

What kind of activities did Aztec used to do?

They were noted for their military organization and prowess at ceremonial city-building.

(T/F) The spanish conquistadores in cuba were granted land and indians under the ecomienda system

true

Who proclaimed the abolition of slavery in Spain?

- A liberal government - At that point, the Cuban planters began to plot the transfer of the island to the United States as a means of keeping the institution of slavery.

Why did Cuba changed from producing tobacco to sugar?

- because Heiti produced sugar - the British Invasion; slave trade (the British brought slave trade)

The independence movements in the spanish colonies in the americas were affected by events in Europe. What specific events directly helped these movements rise and fight for independence from Spain?

Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1808

What did Spain do in the middle of the sixteenth century?

Spain had established a convoy system to protect the annual shipment of gold and silver from the Americas. two convoy system to protect the annual shipments of gold and silver from the Americas. two convoys set sail from southern Spain every year, one destined for Mexico and the other for Panama. after loading the gold and silver of Mexico and Peru the two fleets assembled in Havana, from which Spain warships escort the king's treasure back to Spain.

Which 2 are the MOST spoken languages in Latin America? => circle only 2

Spanish and Portuguese

Class division

Relations between Spaniards and Cubans, Peninsulars and Creoles, whites and Blacks, aristocrats and the poor, remained tense and they had occasionally exploded in violence.

What was the prevailing system of production in Cuba for nearly a century, from the end of the 18th century up to 1886?

Slave plantations

The prevailing/most important system of production in cuba's economy, from the late 1700s up to the 1800s, was.. Circle all that are incorrect

Tobacco farms worked by africans slaves Sugar plantations worked by african slaves Gold and silver mines in the eastern mountains of cuba Cattle ranches worked by african slaves

Did the Cuban production of sugar increased after the British occupation?

Yes, Cuban production rose steadily thereafter, converting Cuba into a Caribbean sugar bowl that would equal ultimately surpass Haiti and Jamaica in volume produced

Who is Hatuey?

a Taino chieftain who had fought the conquistadors in Hispaniola, fled the island and took refuge in western Cuba

What could happen if Creoles drove the Spanish governor out of Cuba?

the governor would take his army with him. Therefore, leaving the planters to face inevitable slave rebellions on their own.

What ideology and culture supported to maintain slavery? and what did it promote?

the ideology and culture emanating from the plantation system reflected the need to justify and maintain slavery

What did the Spaniards did to the native armies?

they defeated the native armies, raped women, burned villages, and distributed Indian laborers to the conquistadors, who demanded work from their subjects in a system of tributary labor known as the *encomienda.*

What happened as the Span's economic power declined?

they engaged in free and open trade with English and American traders, including slavers.

To whom do Cuban planters were growing loyal to?

they were tasting power and prosperity under the late Bourbon kings. they were growing more loyal to the Spanish at the same time that other Spanish American Creoles were beginning to realize that only independence would bring them power and prosperity

What did the Spanish law required from the colonists?

to export their mineral and agricultural commodities to Spain and import all of their manufactured products from Spain

(T/F) By the late 1700s and early 1800s no other spanish colony experienced such a late economic boom as cuba

true

(T/F) By the late 1700s and early 1800s no other spanish colony faced such a grave threat of radical revolution and racial war as cuba

true

(T/F) By the late 1700s and early 1800s no other spanish colony in the americas depended so heavily on africa slave labor as cuba

true

(T/F) The course of history in cuba was changed significantly, becoming a very wealthy colony, as a result of the british invading havana in 1762

true

(T/F) The course of history in cuba was changed significantly, becoming a very wealthy colony, as a result of the destruction of sugar plantations in Haiti in 1804 because of the slave revolution

true

(T/F) The course of history in cuba was changed significantly, becoming a very wealthy colony, as a result of the english colonies in the americas becoming a trading partner with cuba

true

(T/F) The course of history in cuba was changed significantly, becoming a very wealthy colony, as a result of the french invading cuba in the early 1800s

true

(T/F) The spanish conquistadores in cuba had descendents who became the rich creole landed aristocracy of cuba

true

(T/F) the rich cuban creole liked the idea of independence from spain because it meant freedom from spanish taxation and be able to have free trade

true

(T/F) the rich cuban creole liked the idea of independence from spain because it meant political equality for them (creoles) with peninsulares in cuba

true

(T/F) the rich cuban creole liked the idea of independence from spain because it meant they could govern cuba themselves and become richer

true

Name as many countries as you possibly can associate with Latin America. At least 8

Brazil Chile Argentina Colombia Ecuador Cuba Heity Venezuela Puerto Rico Paraguay Bolivia Mexico Peru Uruguai Chile

uring the colonial period, Spain subdivided its territories in ____

Four viceroyalties or smaller kingdoms

In attempting to manage its colonies, Spain

Monopolized access to the health of the new world (especially silver and gold) Maintained complete control over trade in its colonies, allowing them to trade only with Spain Did not allow the Spanish colonies to trade among them

In many ways, the conquest of the New World by Spanish and Portuguese was:

An extension of their (re) conquest process carried out for 7 centuries in SPain and portugal in europe

a) Name 6 of the largest cities in Latin America (population above 5 million)? b) which among the largest cities are the 3 most important cultural centers in Latin America today?

1. The 6 largest cities: São Paulo Mexico City Lima Bogota Rio de Janeiro Santiago 2. The 3 most important: São Paulo Mexico City Lima

What happened in Cuba during the plantation period?

A distinctive Cuban culture began to emerge. with Spain as its main influence, this nascent Cuban culture was also open to the best universal achievements from Europe, the Americas and Africa

What is Viceroyalty

A kingdom under the kingdom of Spain

What kind of activities did Mayan were specialized?

Architecture, sculpture, painting, hieroglyphic writing, mathematics, astronomy, and chronology

Annexationism

At one time within the reformist current, there existed a significant group in favor of Cuba's incorporation int the United States called ______:

Fill in the blank spaces in the chart with all 6 social groups listed above in the appropriate social level.

At the top of society/the powerful elites Criollos/Creole + Peninsulares Below them mestizos + mulattoes At the very bottom Africans + Native americans

Fill in the blank spaces in the chart with all social groups listed above in the appropriate social level.

At the top of society/the powerful elites Mazombos + Renios Below them mulattoes At the very bottom African slaves

What are the seven (7) settlements scattered across Cuba?

Baracoa, Santiago, Buyamo, Puerto Principal Santi Spiritus, Trinidad, and Havana

a) name 4 of the most advanced native American civilizations (before Europeans that existed in Latin America, b) write where specifically (what regions/countries today) where they located

Civilizations: 1. Aztec, 2. Inca, 3. Maya, 4. Zapotec Locations: 1. Mexico, 2. Peru, 3. Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala. 4. Mexico

As spain gradually lost control and the wealth of other colonies in the americas (at th end of the 1700s and beginning of the 1800s), ____. Circle all that are incorrect

Cuba became less and less important for spain Cuba became more and more important for spain Cuba managed to become independent from spain Cuba did not have enough wealth to interest the spanish, the english or the french

How was Cuba viewed in the 1830s?

Cuba was no longer considered to be an integral part of the Spanish kingdom and was simply viewed as a valuable sugar colony to be explored.

In the modern latin american, what were the three kinds of law:

Divine law, natural law, and human law

Cuba's distinctive culture as it is today began to emerge

During the sugar plantation period in the late 1700s-1800s

What are the most important racial groups that populated Latin America since 1492? => circle a maximum of 5

Europeans Portuguese Africans Native Americans

What kind of activities did Incas used to do?

Faster engineers and building vast road system

From the beginning of the 1800s, different presidents of the united states

Feared that cuba might be acquired by great britain before the u.s. Could get it Embraced the manifest density view that cuba was destined to become part of the united states some way or another Offered to buy cuban from spain

Given the policies/attitudes of Spain and Portugal with respect to the mixing of races, latin America ___

Gave rise to a highly polarized (divided) biracial society, where 2 main racial groups (whites and Africans) remained segregated and separate

Brazil's independence from Portugal was very different from the independence of the Spanish colonies from Spain because___

Growing up in Brazil, the portuguese prince Pedro (son of the king of portugal) allied with Brazil's elite planters and declared independence of Brazil from portugal without bloodshed. Portugal's relation to its colonies was much more flexible than that of spain with its colonies, thus diminishing the resentment felt by the brazilian creole elites towards their portuguese king The arrival of the portuguese king in brazil in 1808 facilitated cutting ties with portugal without a major war

Narciso Lopez

He led expeditions financed by US Southerners who wanted to influence the balance between slave and non-slave states in the Union in their favor.

What does the phrase "obedezco pero no cumplo" mean?

I accept your authority but will not execute this law

The rich cuban creole faced a serious dilemma in the 1800s. Circle all that are incorrect

If they switch from sugar extensive tobacco production, they may be able to safe their plantations and not lose their slaves If they joined the united states union (through annexation), they might be able to keep their plantations and slaves as long as the US did not abolish slavery If they drove the peninsulares and the spanish army out of cuba, they may face a slave revolt (as in Haiti) and lose their plantations and slaves.

What are the affects of the liberation of South America and the end of Spanish enlightened rule with the reign of Ferdinand VII over Spain?

It changed the Spain Relations with Cuba. Spain sought to obtain Cuba riches lost with the independence of its other Southern American colonies

Why was Latin America given this name? b) why the "latin" in the Latin American? => give a detailed explanation including => 1) specific places, 2) specific names, 3) specific centuries

It is called Latin American the countries around the Americas which the languages derived from Latin. For example, spanish, french, creole, and portuguese. The name "latin" America was first used by the colombian Jose Torres. However, Christopher Columbus was the person who discovered the Latin America. Again the "latin" in Latin American is due to the language that derives from Latin that is spoken in these countries. These countries were colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese between 15th and 19th century.

What are the four major river networks

Magdalena Orinoco Amazon la plata

What are the three important civilization that Europeans found in the Latin America?

Maya, Aztec, and Incan

Did Cuba have the rich deposits of gold and silver found in Mexico and Peru?

No. Therefore, Spanish quickly lost the interest in colonizing the island. Instead, Spaniards valued the island for its strategic location and near-perfect natural harbors, particularly Santiago and Havana.

The cuban culture of the 1800s was great part

Of a unique hybrid culture fusing mostly beliefs and practices from Africa and spanish culture and catholicism

How far North in the Americas did Spanish territory reach in the 1500s? => write specific places

On the Pacific Coast/west coast = Oregon On the Atlantic coast/East coast = North Carolina

Who favored the acquisition of Cuba by any means?

Prominent political leaders of the United States, from Thomas Jefferson to John Quincy Adams

Name 3 European nations that engaged in pirating in the 1500s-1600s in the New World, particularly in the Caribbean => circle only 3

The Dutch The English The French

How can this fact be explained? What specific historical events/factors contributed to these two European languages (and not others) being spoken the most in the region? => name at least 2

The Portuguese colonizing some latin american countries such as Brazil Columbus discovery brought Spanish language

Because the gold and silver of the spanish colonies in the new world was transported through the caribbean sea on its way to spain, the caribbean became

The battleground of european superpowers The stage/place for competition between spain and its rivals A place for settlements by the english, the french, and the dutch in different islands

As spain's economic power declined in the 1700s and 1800s, the cuban planters engaged more and more in trade with

The english and their american colonies (today the united states)

How did the Latin american civilization emerged

The latin american civilization emerged from people from Asia, Europe, and Africa mixed, migled, and married

What can explain why and annexationist movement arose in Cuba (mainly in the western part of the island) between 1840 and 1854?

The republican ideology imbedded life in the United States

In 1500s, the city Havana grew because. Circle all that are incorrect

The spanish fleets stopped in Havana to load up the gold and silver of the rich cuban mines The spanish fleets would congregate in havana and needed to be supplied with food and other necessities thus promoting commerce in cuba The english fleets stopped and traded in havana legally, freely, and regularly enriching the cuban merchants Havana was strategically located on the path of the spain fleets on route to spain from the other spanish colonies carrying the gold and silver from new spain and peru

What did the Caribbean feared over Spain or the entire Europe?

They were Spain rivals. They feared that American gold and silver would so enrich the King of Spain that they would lose power in Europe, knew that they had to attack Spain wealth at its source: the Americas. By the mid-sixteenth century, the Caribbean had become a battleground for European superpower

What was the "Treaty of Tordesillas"? How did this treaty affect Latin America's history and the history of all the Americas in general? => give a detailed explanation including 1. Specific places, 2. Specific people, 3. Specific names, 4. Specific countries

Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between 4 Portugal and Spain to stop the conflicts they had over lands discovered by 3 Christopher Columbus. The treaty determined the territories in the 1 New World to be settled by the Portuguese and Spanish in the first 100 years after the discovery prior to the European kingdoms claiming lands in the New World. The line was set by the Pope which runs from north to south pole.

The Haitian revolution:

a bloody race war that haunted Cuban planters for generations. in 1791, Haji's 500,000 slaves rose against their oppressors to liberate themselves and their country. Haitian sugar exports dropped from 70,000 tons in 1791 to 25,000 in 1802 and to a mere 2,000 pounds in 1825, the Haitian revolutionaries destroyed more than 180 sugar plantations and 900 coffee plantations. they tortured, dismembered, and burned their former oppressors, killing more than 2,000 French planters and putting thousands more to flight. Haiti emerged as an independent black republic in 1804, the only large Caribbean island without plantation system or a white planter class.

a) name the most important river system in Latin America b) where specifically is it located?

amazon located in Brazil

Why did the annexationist movement to decline?

because Britain promised Spain it would not demand the abolition of slavery in Cuba

Why did Spaniards valued island Havana for its strategic location?

because Havana was well positioned to defend Spanish shipping through Yucatan Channel and the Florida Straits, through which treasures of Mexico and Peru passed to Spain.

In slave quarters

beliefs and practices from different parts of Africa fused with elements of Spanish culture and Catholicism to produce a unique hybrid culture.

Which european power gave a boost to the slave trade in cuba in the 1700s, supplying lots of slaves to cuban planters

the english

The spanish considered the conquest of the New world as the logical continuation of the

conquest of spain

Which one of these groups (indians, criollos/creoles, mestizos, peninsulares, africans, mulattoes) became large landowners/plantation owners through the centuries of colonialism, becoming a proud New World nobility that the Kings of Spain had to deal with in negotiating for power in the New World

criollos/creole

The two most powerful social groups in the colonies of Spain were___

criollos/creole Peninsulares

(T/F) By the late 1700s and early 1800s Cuba, like the mainland colonies (like new spain and peru), depended heavily on large indian populations to labor in cuban haciendas and hold mines

false

(T/F) The course of history in cuba was changed significantly, becoming a very wealthy colony, as a result of the expansion of cattle ranches, which dominated the cuban economy throughout the island in the 1800

false

(T/F) The spanish conquistadores in cuba brought african slaves in great numbers soon after discovering the island in 1492

false

(T/F) The spanish conquistadores in cuba brought many chinese workers to work on their plantations

false

(T/F) the rich cuban creole liked the idea of independence from spain because it meant equality for all cubans, including mestizos, mulattoes, and african slaves

false

(T/F) the rich cuban creole liked the idea of independence from spain because it meant the emancipation/freedom for the cuban african slaves

false

(T/F) The spanish conquistadores in cuba did not obtain land or indians but obtained gold and silver from rich cuban mines

fasle

What was the primary source of food for the few thousands of Spanish colonists?

herbs of wild animals and the treasure fleets that called regularly at island's ports

When did the application of Bourbon economic policies to Cuba ended?

in an era in which Cuba gad benefited from royal neglect. The success of the tobacco monopoly encouraged the Spanish government to tighten its control over all Cuban commerce.

What did the 1804 Haitian revolution did to the (Cuba's-maybe) colony?

it destroyed the coffee and sugar production

What did the War of Spanish Succession concluded with the *Treaty of Utrecht (1713)*

it gave the British merchants of the South Sea Company to exclusive right to supply slaves to the Americas

What did the concept of independence meant to African-born?

it meant personal freedom, which meant not only being free from Spain but free from Cuban masters

What did the law regulating free trade between Spain and Indies, prolongated in 1778 do?

liberated the trade monopoly to some extent; rapid increase in the numbers of slaves brought to Cuba

The growing of nationalism of the Creoles

meanwhile, was tempered by the realization that any move toward independence might expose them to a Haitian-style revolution.

What kind of elements did African Cubans preserved?

native languages, diets, musical tastes, and religions. They preserved them so much that they lived in a world far removed from the Creoles and the Peninsulars

What did the concept of independence meant to many Creoles?

nothing more than separation from Spain

Which one of these groups (indians, criollos/creoles, mestizos, peninsulares, africans, mulattoes) was in charge of government in the New World? Its members were appointed by the King in Spain to deal with politics (negotiating for power in the New World). Therefore, this group experience frictions with the rich landowners/plantation owners in the New World.

peninsulares

Involvement of British in slavery

the British made it easier to bring slaves and this gave an enormous boost to the slave trade, especially with the 13 British colonies in North America, an initial contact that had unexpected consequences in Cuba's later history.