IE 4462 CHAPTERS 1-12 PRACTICE
How is it that the standards will be modified over the years?
Changes are made to eliminate unduly costly and restrictive provisions, political pressures, or requirements outmoded by modern technology.
List some type of documents which might list safety criteria or requirements. Give examples
Codes, regulations, various specifications, design handbooks, and guides.
3. What are "consensus standards"
Consensus standards are voluntary standards that are adopted by agreement with participating members.
Employers are liable for damages caused to an employee by the negligence of his/her fellow employee
False
Most states allow fellow employees to be sued as a third party if they are responsible for an injury
False
5. Will the fact that a designer closely followed provision of a standard or other criteria absolve the employer or manufacturer of liability for any subsequent related accident
No, old equipment even if followed the old standards results in an accident the company can be held liable
Some of the criteria to be observed when preparing safety rules are as followed:
Number of general rules should be low. Rules for a participating operation should be included in the procedures for the conduct of that operation. Stipulate only those rules currently required. Stipulate only those rules that will be strictly enforced.
Organizations that make plant safety inspections and appraisals are
OSHA, EPA, and NSC.
What is the difference between the OSHAct and OSHA
OSHAct are the rules and guidelines that the organisation OSHA enforces.
What is being done to predict the occurrence of operator error in task accomplishment
Observers are using quantitative error prediction.
List six causes of accidents
Operational failure, Equipment failure, Plant site problems, Inadequate plant layout and space, Inadequate material evaluation and Material movement problems
What is the definition of reliability
Reliability is the probability that a piece of equipment will perform its intended function satisfactorily for a prescribed time under stipulated conditions
A manager can be fined for a violation of an OSHA or state standard, be cited in a civil lawsuit, or be cited in a criminal lawsuit because of an accident
TRUE
Managers may delegate all responsibility for safety to a lesser manager
TRUE
What is an OSHA Compliance Officer?
The Compliance Officer is one who inspects the workplace for various infractions.
What three defenses, originated early in the Industrial Revolution, did the employer use against any claim for liability for an injury?
The three defenses are as follows: Contributory Negligence, Fellow servant rule, and Assumption of risk.
What degrees of violations are there according to federal standards?
There three types of violations and they are as follows: regulatory, willful, and repeat violations.
What are consensus standards principal advantages?
These standards provide a sense of agreed upon unity within the organization.
A single workplace injury can cost a business more than $1,000,000
True
All engineers must pass an examination chiefly oriented to safety to be considered a registered engineer.
True
The word "Should" in OSHA standard makes a provision mandatory.
True
Appeals by employers:
Within 15 working days of receiving a citation, an employer who wishes to contest must submit a written objection to OSHA.
Where and when were workers compensation laws originated
Workers compensation laws were originated in Prussia 70 years before the Us enacted them in Montana around 1908-1910.
4 legal milestones in the history of safety
Workers compensation laws, Occupational safety and health act, Strict liability laws, and the Product safety act
State briefly toward the safety ends toward which the following were beneficial:
Workers' compensation laws - Employees Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) - safety of workplace and environment Strict Liability Laws - Employees Product Safety Act - Safety of the Workplace
Can the Compliance Officer be refused access to an industrial plant to make an inspection?
Yes, Compliance Offices must be admitted and can inspect without prior notice.
Public hearing
a commission hears the facts pertinent to a claim submitted by the injured person and determines and sets the benefits to be received.
Workers' compensation
a form of insurance providing wage replacement and medical benefits to employees injured in the course of employment.
The buddy system
a means of monitoring employees who undertake hazardous operations. One of the workers works with the hazard while a second observes the worker
In-depth training
a more formal and extensive type of training that may be undertaken by attendance at schools, visits by members outside the department, or consultants who may make suggestions.
weak link
a part that is designed to fail at a level of stress that will minimize and control any possibility of a more serious failure, a common type being present in electrical fuses
The desirable characteristics that a compensatory system, such as workers' compensation, should have is
a safe place to work for employees, safe tools to perform the work, rules by which all could perform safely, and the means to ensure the rules are being observed
How many hours do employers have to report a fatal accident to OSHA?
8
What is an FMEA?
A FMEA is Failure Modes and Effects Analysis and it is used to calculate a products life time until failure.
Can any company prepare its own standard?
A company can prepare its own standard but they are usually made by private and governmental organizations.
What are the desirable characteristics that a compensatory system, such as workers' compensation, should have?
A compensatory system should have a safe place to work for employees, safe tools to perform the work, rules by which all could perform safely, and the means to ensure the rules are being observed
All engineers must pass an examination chiefly oriented to be considered a registered engineer.
False
The difference between a contingence, an emergency, and an accident
A contingence is something that prevents a bad situation from happening, and emergency is when a failure has reached a point to where alternate action must be used to prevent an accident, which is an injury.
What is a defective design?
A defective design is a design in which the product that is much more dangerous than a consumer would think it is when it is being used for its intended usage, if risks outweighs benefits.
Which of the following people would be covered by worker's comp?
A material handling professional can't do her job because she strained her back lifting a package off of a roller dolly at work.
What are the principal objections manufacturers or engineers have to standards
A standard or code may be lacking in its requirements or scope or may be inadequate for actual conditions.
Are accidents a major or minor cause of all deaths at various ages?
Accidents are a major cause of death at various ages. For people aged teenage to 45, accidents are the fifth leading cause of death.
Petition for modification of abatement
After receiving a citation, the employer must correct the cited hazard by the abatement date unless he or she contests the citation or abatement date.
Consensus standards included those issued by organizations such as:
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
5. What is the legal definition of an accident?
An accident is defined as an adverse and unexpected event.
8. Approximately what order of priorities are OSHA officers to observe in making inspections?
An inspection would follow any accidental death or a workplace mishap where 5 or more employees were injured. b. A plant will be inspected to investigate a report of an imminent hazard. c. Hazardous industries will be inspected at various times and frequencies determined by OSHA. d. Other industries will be inspected on OSHA established schedules.
Why can it be expected that the standards will be modified over the years
As the workplace changes with evolving technology and practices the standards will be continuously updated to account for these.
How can a detailed checklist be prepared to assist in reviewing provisions of a standard? Who can prepare them and who can use them?
Basing a checklist on the workplace or work being performed, safety engineers can prepare a checklist to review a standard.
What does derating a component mean?
Derating means reducing the stress on a component.
Notice of Contest
Employer has 15 working days from the time the citation and proposed penalty are received to notify the OSHA Area Director in writing.
What are the changes in the "New OSHA"?
Employers who are truly exceptional in reducing injuries are offered the lowest priority for inspections and highest priority for assistance but the opposite is in place for employers who fail to meet the standards. The better the company is at enforcing standards and reducing accidents the more incentives there are available for the company to receive.
Appeals by employees
If an employee complaint initiates an inspection, the employee or authorized employee representative may request an informal review of any decision not to issue a citation.
Review procedure:
If the employer files a written Notice of Contest within the required 15 working days, the OSHA Area Director forwards the case to OSHRC.
Managers can show they are concerned with accident prevention by.....
Implementing a safety program, give employees safety training, provide protective equipment, reduce workplace hazards.
What is series redundancy?
In a nonredundant series design, all components must be working for success to occur.
What three types of workers' compensation are used?
Insure with the state fund if there is one, elect to use a private insurance company, or self-insure
Statute Laws
put into effect by royal edict or a ruling body, the highest governing power in any jurisdiction
10. An accident occurs, so a company changes and upgrades its standards. Why would a plaintiff's attorney object to this?
It would basically admit that the company was at fault.
From what principal sources were OSHA standards derived?
Most of the standards were taken from the American National Standards Institute, National Fire Protection Association, and American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
The incident rate is calculated as...
N x 200,000)/ TH Where N = Number of injuries and illness or days away from work and TH = Total Hours worked by all employees.
What is parallel redundancy
Parallel redundancy is used to lessen the chance of complete failure in a critical system operation.
List five deficiencies designers might create in a system, product, or operation.
Poor management, Adverse environment, Malfunction and failure, Operator error, Poor maintenance.
The different categories of hazards are as follows:
Primary - actual failures of equipment or operations that cause accidents; Initiating - initial conditions which started a chain of events to produce the primary hazard; Contributory - Contributing factors which moved the process from initiating to primary.
How are insurance company rates for workers' compensation coverage computed?
Schedule, manual, experience, and retrospective rating, premium discounting, and combinations.
Indicate the uses to which codes and standards can be put.
Standards and codes generally indicate safety measures that are to be taken by providing a basis for preparing checklists. Engineers, safety personnel, and others use this to audit or study facilities, equipment, or operations for hazards.
9. Why are changes in standards required
Standards need to be changed because of new and evolving technology and because there may be a need to update any duplicating or confusing standards
Indicate the aims of the OSHAct and what the aims are intended to accomplish.
The OSHAct is in place to ensure "so far as possible every working man healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources".
7. Describe the benefits an injured worker can obtain under workers' compensation.
The benefits an injured worker can obtain under workers' compensation are as follows: Monetary disability benefits - Varying from state to state, an injured worker receives a monetary stipend. Death benefits - support the dependents of the fatally injured worker. Extent of medical benefits - Medical care, most laws require full payment, 20% of laws limit the time or the amount of money or both. Rehabilitation - physical therapy, crutches, training, etc.
What did employees have to do to be compensated for any accident for which they believed the employer was at fault?
The employee was to come prepared with sufficient evidence to show that there was unlawful intention or that the defendant was at fault in the case.
What can an employer do if there is a notice of a violation or an attendant penalty?
The employer can contest the penalty amount and the citation within 15 days.
Safety prioritie are as follows:
The first priority should be given to the safeguarding of lives and preventing injuries with equipment being the third priority, behind the second which is protection of the environment from chemical releases.
How severe can penalties be for serious violations of standards that result in deaths?
The maximum allowable penalty is $70,000 along with other various fees.
What is the primary concern of each worker?
The primary concern for each worker is his or her health and safety.
Why was the law for registration of engineers first enacted?
The reason registration was first enacted was because unqualified people were issuing false land-plat plans to try and reduce railroad accidents
Tort
a wrongful act or failure to exercise due care for which civil legal action may be taken.
Describe the various types of disability.
a. Temporary total disability - the employee cannot work at the moment but full recovery is anticipated. b. Permanent partial disability - the employee will not fully recover but can still perform some work. c. Permanent total disability - will not recover fully and will not be able to work.
Murphy's Law
anything that can go wrong will go wrong
Line managers
carry out the directions of senior management by
Which of the following is NOT one of the purposes of OSHA?
collect and pay worker's compensation
Intrinsic safety
design technique applied to electrical equipment and wiring for hazardous locations,based on limiting energy, electrical and thermal, to a level below that required to ignite a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture.
The safety personnel must do the following
ensure that all of the employees are properly trained, provide proper safety equipment, ensure that the equipment is properly used, ensure waste is properly handled, ensure that managers are providing adequate supervision, be checking changes in safety standards, also be checking in changes in technology and be relaying these changes to the workers and supervisors
The relationship between escape, survival, and rescue
escape and survival are attempts made by personnel to safeguard their own lives during an emergency and rescue deals with helping others.
Administration Laws
established by an executive in prescribing the criteria under which any statute or or desired control will be carried out.
deep pocket principle
extensive financial wealth or resource it can be company or people the person you sue with the money
Negligence
failure to exercise a reasonable amount of care or to carry out a legal duty with the consequence that injury or property damage occurs to another.
What are the functions of the NIOSH
focuses on research and education.
Common Laws
follow precedents set through judicial decisions (looking at rulings in similar past cases)
Star
for exemplary worksites with comprehensive, successful safety and health management systems.
the two man concept
puts both people in the situation to work through the potentially hazardous operation as a team
Safety inspections should be made to appraise the status of a plant's safety by the use of ...
formal and informal inspections.
Merit
have good safety and health management systems, but these systems need some improvement to be judged excellent.
he benefits of a contingency analysis
helps to contain a possible incident before it happens.
Social amplification of risk
how risks are perceived differently by people when communicated due to psychological factors and personal experiences.
Managers are in charge of....
implementing the safety policies and making sure they are enforced.
A plant safety engineer would be interested in...
incident, frequency, and severity rate
The elements of a workplace violence program for worker safety
incorporating a system that tracks and analyzed incidents of violence and periodically checking for violence potential in the workplace though administrative controls.
Test standards
indicate the levels to which the product is to be subjected, the number of tests to be accomplished, and number of successes to be achieved for approval.
Senior Management
is responsible for establishing safety management system and policies
Lockins
keeps a person, object, force, process, or other factor from leaving a restricted zone.
Safety can be measured by...
knowledge of hazards controls, and checklists Safety can be measured by.
caveat emptor
let the buyer beware
Caveat Venditor
let the seller beware
Fail-safe equipment
makes it so that failures will leave the system either unaffected or handle the failures in a way so no accidents can occur.
If a system is redundant, does that always means it is "Fail-safe"?
no
Accident frequency rates are determined via
number of accidents x 1,000,000/ hours of employee exposure.
The purpose of the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard is
o prevent workers from coming in contact with blood borne pathogens, which can cause serious illness
The relationship between plant appraisals and risk communication is...
once the plant has been appraised and risks have been determined then they must be communicated to the workers.
performance standard
one that sets performance criteria that the design must meet
Direct settlement system
payments are begun by the insurer, subject to review by the administrative agency that the amount and duration are proper.
Monitors are used to
prevent accidents by displaying when work conditions are becoming unsafe and hazard is imminent.
Lockouts
prevents an event from occurring or prevents a person, object, force, or other factor from entering an undesired zone.
Fellow-Servant Rule
prevents employees from recovering damages from employers if an injury was caused by the Negligence of a coworker
specification" standard
provides detailed design specifications that must be met.
Interlocks
safety devices that are designed to prevent unauthorized access to hazardous areas by requiring a key for entry
Some means by which injury or damage can be minimized in the event of an accident are
safety factors, failure-rate reduction, and parameter monitoring.
Isolation can be used to keep personnel from accidents by...
separating incompatible conditions or material that when placed together would constitute a hazard.
"performance" standard
sets performance criteria that the design must meet.
The BLS/OSHA data differs from those of the National Safety Council because
statistical information on accidents and losses can be distorted unintentionally because they are based on a large sample size so when a safety engineer would be trying to relate those statistics to a specific case they may be misinterpreted or misconstrued
Some features of an individual plant that a safety engineer should review during the design stage are...
that fire exits are provided and maintained, hazardous operations are isolated, and ventilation equipment is kept clean
Benefits of quantitative appraisals are...
that they use real data, compared to qualitative Appraisals who use a more roundabout system
Human factors engineering
the design of the work, workplace, work environment, and tools to match the physical, physiological, and mental capability of the workers to provide a safe and productive workplace.
Agreement system:
the employer and the employee reach an agreement before the latter can receive benefits.
Strict liability
the growing concept that a manufacturer of a product is liable for injuries due to defects without a necessity for plaintiff to show negligence or fault
The foreman or first-line supervisor are key to any accident prevention program because
they are working with the workers so they are in a sense the first line of prevention.
Considerations of plant safety and appraisals begin...
throughout the construction phase, operations and maintenance phases.
What are the functions of the OSHRC
to hear and review alleged violations and to issue penalties and corrective orders where that action is warranted
The principal duties of safety committees are
to promote accident prevention and safe performance within their own work areas, assist safety engineer and immediate supervisor in investigating any reported safety deficiency, and review and discuss as a committee the findings of any investigation board to determine whether they appear to be reasonable.
specification standard
to provide detailed design specifications that must be met
The person (or company) who is responsible for inflicting the injury and incurs liability for damage is known as the defendant or
tortfeasor
natural factors that have been investigated for their possibilities of Accidents
weather, and natural hazards, weather affecting workers the most