ILTS 207: English Language Arts

Percy Bysshe Shelley

1792-1822. Not famous during his lifetime but became so after death. Best known works include "Ozymandias," "Ode to the West Wind," "To a Skylark," "Music" "When Soft VoicesDie" "The Cloud," The Masque of Anarchy" and longer poems "Queen Mab/The Daemon of the World" and "Adonais." and the verse drama Prometheus Unbound. Influenced by William Wordsworth. This author inspired Henry David Thoreau, Mahatma Ghandi, and others to civil disobedience, nonviolent resistance, vegetarianism, and animal rights.

John Keats

1795-1821. Short life and major English romantic poet. He is known fo rhis Odeas: grecian urn, indolence, melancholy, nighitingale, psyche, and To Autumn. The intensity and maturity he achieved in only six years are often praised since his death, though during life he fet he accomplished nothing lasting.

selecting materials from multiple genres to encourage the students to read widely

A high school English language arts teacher plans to use a variety of materials (e.g., anthologies, magazines, media) for reading instruction. Which of the following approaches would best promote students' reading engagement while also exposing them to new vocabulary?

fabliau

A humorous story including an incident that is nearly always indecent. Ex: in Chaucer's "The Miller's Tale" of the Canterbury Tales, the cuckolded husband hangs his rear end out of the window and flatulates into the face of his wife's lover.

elegy

a sad or mournful poem written in three parts: lament, praise of the deceased, and solace for the loss.

literature review

a scholarly research step that entails identifying and studying all existing studies on a topic to create a basis for new research

compound sentence

a sentence with two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction i.e. some students cram before the test, and they get really stressed out.

thesis statement

a statement or sentence that states the purpose of a paper or essay. What the essay will prove.

mood

a story's atmosphere or the feeling it evokes. writers select descriptive words to evoke certain moods. This may convey joy, anger, bitterness, hope, gloom, fear, an ominous feeling, or any other meotion. figurative expressions, particular sentence structures, and choices of diction that project and reinforce the moods they want to create help this element.

strategy awareness raising

second component of SSBI. Teacher makes students aware of learning strategies. Teachers list is to raise awareness and determine 1. what comprises the learning process 2. students' individual approaches to learning/preferences in learning styles 3. which types of strats they already use and strats that the teacher and other students suggest 4. how much responsibility students take over their learning 5. methods for assessing students' use of learning strategies

early production

the second stage of second-language acquisition; learners have limited comprehension, can produce 1- or 2-word responses, uses key words and familiar phrases, and uses present-tense verbs (6 months-1 year)

petrarchan sonnet

Italian form, which contains an octave (eight lines) and a sestet (six lines), with the transition from former to latter signaling a major change, or volta. The rhyme scheme is ABBA ABBA CDECDE or CDCDCD

VIlanelle

19 lines (five tercets and one quatrain) and a conventional rhyming pattern

Argumentum ad numerum

argument or appeal to numbers, citing proof or surveys

Argumentum ad nauseam

argument to the point of nausea. This tactic involves repeating one's point over and over until listeners are so disgusted that they cannot tolerate hearing it any longer.

assess student thinking skills

ask students to give summaries of different kinds of thinking strategies. provide situations in which students must select the best thinking strategies to apply.

hyperbole

excessive exaggeration used for humor or emphasis rather than for literal meaning

effective speech delivery

natural, authentic, confident, direct, build audience rapport through personal connection and vivid imagery. Be mindful of the occasion and audience. Nonverbal components like gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, good posture, and body movements can clarify the performance.

assess students scientific inquiry skills

teacher gives problems or situations that require students to speculate, inquire, and formulate hypotheses. Teachers should give hands-on activities to conduct research and draw conclusions

Assess motor skills

teacher must supply resources and situations in which students can perform the skills while the teachers evaluate, using checklists.

assess student critical thinking

teachers can ask students to evaluate outcomes or information and have them perform research and analysis

assessing student creativity

teachers can give students new problems--including products, presentations, or performances--to study, resolve, or 'turn upside down.' They can also have students fit solutions and products into specified resources and functions and give them situations that require novel responses or approaches

assessing student concept understanding

teachers give students new examples and 'non-examples,' having them classify these into the right categories.

assessing student comprehension

teachers give them topics and ask them to restate and summarize information. or apply information in new contexts, such as giving statements with different words than the original lesson and asking students to identify the meanings

scapegoating

tendency to direct prejudice and discrimination at out-group members who have little social power or influence

transitions

these guide readers from idea to idea. They indicate relationships--between sentences and paragraphs. examples for time: afterward, immediately, earlier, meanwhile, recently examples for sequence: too, first, second, further, moreover, also, again, in the same way, likewise examples that indicate contrast: but, although, despite, however, instead, on the one hand examples that indicate examples: for example, such as, for isntance, to illustrate examples that indicate cause and effect: because, consequently, thus, therefore, then, to this end examples that indicate place: near, far, here, there, to the left expressing conession: granted that, naturally, of course, although it is true that showing repetition: as mentioned earlier, as noted, in other words, on the whole

citing books

writers need to record the author and/or editor's name, title, publication date, city, and publisher name

citing articles

writers need to record the author name, title, journal (or mag, or newspaper) name, volume and issue number, publication date, and page numbers

informative/explanatory essays

writing that begins with the basis that something is true or factual. Provides information and insight.

argumentative essays

writing that strives to prove something that may or may not be factual or true. Intent is to persuade.

narrative writing

writing that tells a story. i.e. novels, non-fictional biographies, memoirs. details can be concrete and sensory

La Divina Commedia, the Divine Comedy

written by Dante between 1308-1321, consisting of three canticas: inferno, purgatorio, and paradiso. First work ever published in vernacular Italian--the everyday language spoken by the people.

Farce

(n.) a play filled with ridiculous or absurd happenings; broad or far-fetched humor; a ridiculous sham. Zany, goofy type of comedy that incudes pratfalls and other forms of slapstick humor. Think mistaken identifty, deceptions, and disguises. The Comedy of Errors and The Three Stooges

Hamlet's tragic flaw

*indecision* -does he sit on the knowledge of his mom and uncle killing his father OR does he seek revenge on Claudius who assumed the throne and went unknown and un punished? -his excessive conscience (temporarily) leads to paralyzing indecision -indecision delay's action but his actions have more tragic outcomes

petitio principii

, (begging the question). This is the fallacy of assuming, when trying to prove something, what it is that you are trying to prove. Same as using circular argument.

steps of a literature review

1. Research 2. Rough Draft 3. Edit 4. Receive feedback 5. Read paper aloud and hear how it sounds

teaching strategies to encourage discussion

1. acknowledge how the student came to a conclusion but explain that it does not apply to the current context or explain how the student's response might be correct in another situation. 2. provide incentives for students to contribute to class discussion 3. incorporate participation in the syllabus as part of the grade 4. keep records to tally when each student contributes to a discussion, or assign different students to lead class discussions in turn

evaluating arguments in informational texts

1. identify arguments conclusion 2. identify premises that support the conclusion 3. ask, are premises true? Is argument valid?

learning circle rules

1. no student interrupts another 2. students may skip a turn until others have taken turns, but no student speaks out of turn 3. each student has a certain length of time for speaking 4. each student starts by restating what was said previously i.e. summarizing shared point, differing point, missed points, or points not discussed fully 5. after every student has had one turn, general discussion is open, possible guided by teacher=provided questions.

Geoffrey Chaucer

1343-1400. Father of English literature. Wrote "Canterbury Tales" and "The Parliament of Foules,"

William Blake

1757-1827. He is considered one of the earliest and foremost English Romantic poets. He was also an artist and printmaker. In addition to his brilliant poetry, he produced paintings, drawings, and engravings, impressive for their technical expertise, artistic beauty, and spiritual subject matter. Because he held many idiosyncratic opinions, and moreover because he was subject to visions, reporting that he saw angels in the trees and other unusual claims, he was often thought crazy by others during his life. His work's creative, expressive character, and its mystical and philosophical elements, led people to consider him both precursor to and member of Romanticism, and a singular, original, unclassifiable artist at the same time. This author illustrated most of his poetry with his own hand-colored, illuminated printing. His best-known poetry includes Songs of Innocence and Experience, The Book of Thel, the Marriage of Heaven and Hell, and Jerusalem.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

1772-1834. He was a philosopher and literary critic and collaborated with William Wordsworth in launching the Romantic Movement. He wrote the Biographia Literaria (1817). He acquainted English-language intellectuals with German idealist philosophy. He coined many now familiar philosohical and literary terms like "The willing suspension of disbelief." He strongly influenced the American transcendentalist movement, including Ralph Waldo Emerson. He is credited with the origin of "Conversationalist Poetry," and Wordsworth's adoption of it. His best known works include "Rime," "Kubla Khan," "Christable," "The Nightingale," "Dejection: An Ode," and "To William Wordsworth."

romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

haiku

3 unrhymed lines of 17 syllables (5, 7, 5) usually focusing on nature. Originally a Japanese poetry form. The philosophy of this poetry and technique are that brevity's compression forces writers to express images concisely, depict a moment in time, and evoke illumination and enlightenment.

60-second writing

60 seconds to write about one particular word.

citing standards

6th- Cite to support their inferences and analyses 7th- identify several specific pieces of text evidence to defend conclusions 8th- differentiate strong vs weak text evidence 9th/10th- thorough strong text evidence 11th/12th- all of the above/mastery

construct bias

A bias where different groups perceive the item differently for some reason

red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

straw man

A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.

personification

A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes

verbal irony

A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant. Sarcasm

oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. i.e. Jumbo Shrimp

stanza

A group of lines in a poem

realism

A literary form with the goal of representing reality as faithfully as possible. Its genesis in Western lit was a reaction against the sentimentality and extreme emotinalism of the works written during the Romantic movemement, which championed feelings and their expression. Realists focused in great detail on immediacy of time and place, on specific actions of their characters, and the justifiable consequences of those actios. Techniques include writing in the vernacular, using specific dialecs and placing an emphasis on character rather tahn plot. Henry James' Daisy Miller. Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn.

satire

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. Uses sarcasm, irony, and/or humor to do so. Roman stairists: Horace and Juvenal. Alexander Pope: The Rape of the Lock, satirized the values of fashionable members of the 18th century upper middle classs. Jonathon Swift satirized in "A Tale of Tub, and "A Modest Proposal," and "Gulliver's Travels."

Ode

A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject. Evolved from songs to the typical poem of the Romantic time period, which express strong feelings and contemplative thoughts

caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. These can interrupt the flow and make the narration jerky, sometimes to imply something unsound or shaky in the poem as well.

Paradox

A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.

norm-referenced test

A test takers performance reported in comparison to other test takers in the same age or grade sample. Results are reported in standard scores, percentile ranks, t scores, or z scores.

parody

A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.

Text Coding

Active reading strategy to support student comprehension of informational texts. Make notes in margins or on post-it notes. Check mark means I know this. X = this isn't what I expected. * = this is important. ? = I have a question about this. ?? = I am really confused about this. ! = I am surprised by this. L = I learned something new. RR = I need to re-read this part.

conjunctive adverbs

Adverbs that act like conjunctions; therefore they connect the information in two clauses or sentences. i.e. finally, however, furthermore, consequently, instead, meanwhile, next, still, then, therefore, indeed, incidentally, and likewise

incompatible nature and rules of the l1 are transferring to the l2

An ESL students whose L1 is Chinese tends to omit plural endings and articles before nouns, what is occurring that accounts for this error?

comedy

An amusing play with a happy ending. The story of a sympathetic main characer's rise in fortune. Main caracters need not be heroic or exemplary, but ordinary.

cultural bias

An outlook influenced by the beliefs, social forms, and traits of a group.

tu quoque

Avoiding having to engage with criticism by turning it back on the accuser - answering criticism with criticism. Two wrongs don't make a right.

theme

Central idea of a work of literature; unifying idea. Explicit in fables and parables. Implicit in fiction

the Canterbury tales

Chaucer. Varied group of pilgrims on their way to visit the Shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at Canterbury telling stories to amuse the otohers. Stories= broad range of subjects==bawdy, comedy, chivalry, romance, and religion.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Commonly credited with developing the narrative technique known as magic realism. His novel One Hundred Years of Solitude and short story "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" exemplify magic realism's blend of realistic detail and magical elements.

item bias

Differences in responses to test questions that are related to differences in culture, gender, or experiences of the test takers

Anchoring Bias

During decision making, anchoring occurs when individuals use an initial piece of information to make subsequent judgments. Once an anchor is set, other judgments are made by adjusting away from that anchor, and there is a bias toward interpreting other information around the anchor. A/B Testing

differentiating by process

Effectively administered, this differentiation technique would enable the teacher to respond to a variance among learners while promoting all students' ability to master lesson objectives--by lessening the load of a certain process but still ensuring students have the chance to master a concept.

shakespearean sonnet

English form, which contains three quatrains followed by a couplet. usually, a volta, or switch, occurs at the couplet. 14 lines of iambic pentameter. ABAB CDCD EFEF GG

conjuctions

FANBOYS

Roman a clef

French for "novel with a key." refers to books that require a real-life frame of reference or key for full comprehension. Works include Chaucer's nuns tale, for without knowledge of the history of Earl of Bolingrboke, the story may be confusing. I.e. orwell's Animal Farm cannot be understood completely without knowing their camouflages historical contents. These novels disguise truths too dangerous for authors to state directly.

Epic poetry

Homer and other Greco-Roman poets. Typically recount heroic deeds and adventures, using stylized language and combining dramatic and lyrical conventions

log writing

Hours spent on planning and research Hours working on first draft material Substantive Editing (developing scenes or moving sections around) Polishing and refining Manuscript page count

Pastoral novels

Lyrically idealize country life as idyllic and utopian, akin to the Garden of Eden. This form is thought to be overly idealized and outdated today.

appeal to nature

Making the ineffective argument that because something is 'natural' it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good, or ideal.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge

Observation and recall of information

Western-world sentimental novels

Originated in the movement of Romanticism. they depict emotional rather than only physical love.

Groupthink

People working in a group tend to maintain harmony between members of the group. To attain harmony, the members may agree upon a decision that deviates from the correct decision. Thus, for the sake of avoiding conflict, members agree upon a point without critical evaluation.

alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds

1565-1616

Shakespeare's birth and death

Paired reading strategy

Students work together and identify the main idea and supporting details for specific sections of a text. take turns reversing roles.

SSBI

Styles and strategies based instruction. Combines training activities in learning strategies and styles with day to day language instruction. Explicit and implicit instruction in language learning and strategy use are integrated into classrooms to promote strategy awareness, organization, systematic and effective application, and transfers to new learning and contexts of use

research-based instruction for vocabulary development

Teacher must give direct instruction in vocab found in specified texts. Students need exposure to vocab words multiple times--i.e. repeated encounters with the same words in varied contexts. Studnts should learn higher frequency vocabulary an dbe able to apply them in multiple varied contexts. Teacher should restructure vocab exercises as needed because once students understand expectations they tend to learn faster.

dangling modifiers

These are words or phrases that do not modify ANY word in the sentence. i.e. "Always getting into trouble, her life changes." "Getting" should modify an absent "she" but it incorrectly modifies "her life" instead.

selection bias

This bias occurs when the researcher decides which type individuals or the number of individuals to participate in the study. Because the selection of participants isn't random, as the result, the validity of the studies may be undermined.

comprehension monitoring

This involves the ability of readers to know when they understand what they read, when they do not understand, and to use appropriate strategies to improve their understanding when it is blocked

majority belief

This technique is similar to the Bandwagon technique. It works on the assumption that if most people believe something, it must be true. That's why polls and survey results are so often used to back up an argument, even though pollsters will admit that responses vary widely depending on how one asks the question.

second-person

Told from the reader's point of view, using "you"

Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension

Understanding information; grasping meaning; translating knowledge into new context; interpreting facts, comparing, contrasting; ordering, grouping, inferring causes; predicting consequences. Question Cues: summarize, describe, interpret, contrast, predict, associate, distinguish, estimate, differentiate, discuss, extend.

Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis

Use of old ideas to create new ones; generalization from given facts; relating knowledge from several areas predicting, drawing conclusions. Question Cues: combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, substitute, plan, create, design, invent, what if?, compose, formulate, prepare, generalize, rewrite.

stacking the deck

a fallacy of argument in which the writer shows only one side of an argument

argumentum ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. Latin for "Against the man"

perception checking

a good tool to help you understand others accurately instead of jumping to conclusions or assuming that your first interpretation is the correct one. Using this strategy can be a way of reducing defensiveness in the other person since you are not attacking them, you are merely asking for clarification. Consists of three parts: 1. A description of the behavior that you noticed, 2. At least two possible interpretations of the behavior, 3. A request for clarification.

catch-22

a lose lose situation

novel of manners

a novel focusing on and describing the social customs and habits of a particular social group. Characeristics include descriptions of a society with defined behavioral codes, the use of standardized, impersonal formulas in theiir language, and inhibition of emotional expression. Examples include Jane AUsten's descriptions of English society, Handful of Dust, Sword of Honour, and Unbearable Bassington

narration

a paragraph's main idea is developed with a story

tragedy

a play dealing with tragic events and having an unhappy ending, especially one concerning the downfall of the main character.Aristotle said these plays should depic suffering and pain to cause "terror and pity" in audiences. Tragic heroes should be basically good, admirable, and/or noble, and their downfalls sould be through perosnla action, choice, or error, not by bad luck or accident.

The Snowman

a poem by wallace steven. The entire poem is one long sentence of clauses connected by conjunctions and commas, and modified by relative clauses and phrases. The successive phrases lead readers continually to reconsider as they read. Stevens' construction of the poem mirrors the meaning he conveys. With a mind of winter, the snowman "nothing himself, beholds nothing that is not there, and the nothing that is" (ultimate reductionism)

sestina

a poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final triplet, all stanzas having the same six words at the line-ends in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern, and with all six words appearing in the closing three-line envoi. dates back to the 12th century (39 lines total)

mystery plays

a popular medieval play based on biblical stories or the lives of the saints. (i.e. The York Cycle, Coventry Cycle, Chester Mystery plays, N-town plays, and Towneley/Wakefield Plays"

freewriting

a pre-writing strategy in which a writer writes without stopping for a fixed period (five-10 minutes) without regard for spelling, grammar, or punctuation with the goal getting a flow of ideas on paper.

cloze procedure

a reading comprehension activity in which a student is given a reading passage with certain words initially omitted. The student must replace the missing words with words that fit in the blanks appropriately. This type of assessment would be useful in assessing the student's comprehension in the areas of syntax, semantics, and vocabulary within the context of reading text.

book talk

a short, informal presentation designed to motivate students to read a particular book or series. Generally, the presenter attempts to pique students' interest in a book or series by beginning with a hook, highlighting interesting sections, and ending with a cliffhanger. By exhibiting passion and generating curiosity about the book series during a book talk, the teacher is likely to encourage even the most reluctant readers to read the first book in the series, followed by the remainder of the series.

epigram

a short, pithy or witty saying expressing a single thought or observation

conclusion

a strong example of this gives the reader a sense that the authors main points are meaningful and important, and that the supporting facts and arguments are convincing, solid, and well developed. Should have closure--give the impression that the writer has stated what needed stating and completed the work. AVOID: introducing a new idea, beginning with obvious or unoriginal phrases like 'in conclusion' or 'to asummarize,' apologizing for one's opinons or writing, repeating the tehsis word for word, and generally summarizing

authentic task

a task that native speakers of a language would do in everyday life. When learners do this they are doing something that puts real communicative demands on them.

testing bias

a test that shows provable and systematic differences in the results of people based on group membership

portfolio assessment

a type of authentic assessment; samples of different work products gathered over time and across curriculum areas are evaluated advantages: helping students develop self-assessment skills, giving clearer pictures of student progress, and learning from mistakes without the damage of a bad test grade

examples

a type of context clue. signal words include "like" and "such as"

definitions

a type of context clues. Signal words include "that is" "namely" and "meaning" OR appositives, which come after words enclosed in two commas

denotation

a word's objective dictionary definition

cliche

a worn-out idea or overused expression

Types of speech organizations

advantages and disadvantages; cause-and-effect; problem and solution; chronological, sequential, and spatial.

persuasive media

advertising, public relations, & advocacy

subordinating conjunction

after, because, until, since

to lay

always a transitive verb, which means that it requires an object and it means to make something lie down or to set something down.

argumentum ad ingorantiam

an argument appealing to ignorance. The arguer presumes the truth of something based on its not being proven untrue. "CLimate change is real because no one's proven it isn't real yet"

argumentum ad logicam

an argument appealing to logic, presumes something is untrue based on an invalid argument or proof.

Argumentum ad antiquitatem

an argument to tradition or antiquity. i.e. "We have always done it this way."

euphemism

an expression used instead of more literal words to make a harsh expression seem softer. These can make statements more or less polite

jeremiah

an old testament prophet who was angry at opponents and prayed for vengeance

Argumentum ad verecundiam

appeal to authority. attempting to prove a point by citing the opinion of someone who is not an expert in the specific subject at issue. It is unacceptable when you use unqualified sources to verify facts and/or imply that a given position has to be correct just because a certain person believes in it

ethos

appeal to credbility or moral character

pathos

appeal to emotions

logos

appeal to logic

combining words

babysitting is a result of what?

dys-

bad, impaired, abnormal, or difficult

portmanteau

blends of 2 or more words i.e. brunch = breakfast and lunch

couplets

can function as answer to questions raised earlier in poems or as the solutino to a problem or riddle. Enhance the estbalishment of a poem's mood, clarify the development of a poem's theme.

Circulus in demonstrando

circular argument. by trying to use the assertion or idea they want to prove is itself a part of their proof, people are actually talking in circles.

analogy

compares similarities between two concepts to establish a relationship. Used to enhance comprehension by comparing to older/familiar concepts

research findings about vocabulary instruction

computer tech is very useful in vocab instruction. long-term vocab development is sifnigicantly influenced by their reading volume. independent reading at home and school and structured read aloud sessions and discussions.

aphorisms

concise statements of principle; adages; maxims that state common beliefs and may rhyme. i.e. early to bed and early to rise/ make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

coherent writing

contains sentences that are not only clear individually, but also combine into a unified paragraph or passage.

neologisms

creative coinages. new words. sometimes invented by people which then become a part of our vocabulary

syllogism

deductive reasoning or a deceptive, very sophisticated or subtle argument

dialects

differing varieties of a language--standard or non-standard. They are often considered less socially acceptable, especially in educational, occupational, and professional settings.

black comedy

disturbing or absurd material presented in a humorous manner, usually with the intention of confronting uncomfortable truths

summarizing

do this before, during, and after you read. You should use your own words. graphic organizers can help this process. These can include descriptions, problem-solution, compare-contrast, sequence, main ideas, and cause-effect

Hegel's theory of tragedy

dynamic confict of opposite forces or rights. For example, if an individual believes in the moral philoosophy of the conscientous objector i.e. that fighting in wars is morally wrong, but is confronted with being drafted into military service. (i.e. Hair!), Tragedy must involve circumstances in which two values/rights are at fatal odds with one another and conflict directly. one good fighting against another good unto death.

types of context clues

examples, definitions, descriptive words, and opposites

Freytag's Pyramid

exposition, rising action, climax, falling action (denoument), resolution

shortening words

fax (which comes from facsimile) is an example of what?

strategy preparation

first component of SSBI. discovering which learning strats students already know and how they're applying them

pentameter

five beats per line

cohesive writing

flows smoothly, helps readers move easily from sentence to sentence

assessing student cognitive strategies

give students learning tasks, require them to select useful strategies for learning new information independently, and expect them to explain and discuss what methods they use for different learning tasks

discourse

how the author arranges and sequences events--which may be chronological or not. Words on the page. Allows story to be told in different ways.

Romantic Comedy

humor and a happy ending as well as love. Two people well suited to one another are either brought together for the first time or reconciled after being separated. Usualy both sympathetic, seem destined to be together yet separated by some intervening complication.

context

important to learning new words

pre-

in advance

complex sentence

independent clause and a dependent clause. They're usually joined with a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun i.e. Although Nina usually studies in advance for tests, she only had a couple of days to study this time.

dis-

indicates opposition

secondary sources

information originally given by other people or found in other places. Books, magazines, newspapers, films, audio, and video materials.

universal themes

insights into life that are true for many different times and cultures that are repeated throughout literature

fallacy of insufficiency

insufficient supporting evidence

essay format

introduction, body, conclusion.

Bloom's Taxonomy: analyzing

involves evaluating observations and data to reach a conclusion about them

situational irony

irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected.

fallacy of irrelevance

irrelevant reasoning

Write to discover strategies

journaling, log writing, 60-second writing, freewriting

antithesis

juxtaposes words/phrases/sentences with opposite meanings, balancing these to add insights

KWL

know, want to know, learned. Thinking about the text before reading and activating prior knowledge improves comprehension

truly knowing a word

knowledge of a definition, knowledge of how the word relates to others, and the way the word works in various contexts.

phrase

lacks either a subject or a verb

medieval drama

less involved in imitating real life and more concerned with symbolism - Plays performed by guilds that depict biblical events. commonly composed in verse

evaluation

making judgements based on given criteria, confirming/supporting certain preferences and persuading the reader

linguistic form

meaningful unit of speech (morphemes, sentence, phrase). Encodes the literal meanings of words and sentences. It comes from the phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic parts of a language

techniques to ensure active listening and productive participation

model and explain appropriate behaviors for discussion demonstrate active listening, eye contact, affirming or confirming the speaker's message, and restating the speaker's message for confirmation or correction. establish clear ground rules with students prior to beginning

misplaced modifiers

modifiers placed in the wrong part of the sentence, appearing to modify the wrong thing. I.e. This author creates a drama revolving around one character's journey in his new publication.

abstract language

more general, provides information that may confuse readers or leave them feeling disconnected, empty, or even confused. "it was a lovely day"

technical language

more impersonal than literary and vernacular language. sometimes passive

formative assessment

not just for evaluation: they are also important for use in the classroom as a teaching tool. As teachers conduct ongoing evaluations via these assessments they should use both formal and informal assessment instruments.

the old man and the sea

novel written by Ernest Hemingway, about an's role as part of nature. Only immediately before death can we understand beautty as it is about to be destroyed. The old man in this novella goes out too far.

meter

number of beats or stressed syllables per verse

Toni Morrison

often experimented with narrative forms in their works. In her novel Jazz, Morrison's nonlinear narrative mimics the repetition, reinterpretation, and improvisation used in jazz.

2 Column Notes

one column for main ideas and another for details

analysis

opposite of synthesis. Breaking information down into its component parts and demonstrating the relationships among those parts: compare, contrast, distinguish, examine, categorize

primary sources

original information like reports other researchers have made of their findings, first-hand accounts written by experimenters, witnesses, or journals. Academic books, journals, or periodicals.

Gothic novels

originated as a reaction against 18th-century enlightenment rationalism, featuring horror, mystery, superstition, madness, supernatural elements, and revenge (i.e. "Castle of Otranto," by Horace Warpole. "Monk" my Matthew Gregory Lewis."Frankenstein" by Mary Shelley, and "Dracula" by Bram Stoker). All things Edgar Allen Poe

Psychological novels

originiated in 17th-century France, explore characters' motivations. Examples include Manon Lescaut, Crime and Punishment, Anna Karenina, Madame Bovary, and the novels of Henry James, James Joyce, and Vladimir Nabokov.

diction

overall choice of language for your writing

allusion

passing reference to a specific work/place/person/event

lay

past tense of lie. I.e. Yesterday, I ___ down for a couple of hours.

laid

past/past perfect/present perfect tense of the transitive verb "to lay" Yesterday, I ___ the book down on the table. Where is it today?

lain

past/present perfect tense of "to lie." I.e. "I had ___ there all day before they came."

sentence fragment

phrase that is missing some essential component: a subject, a predicate, or independent clauses

renaissance drama

plays that were written during the Elizabethan age in Europe (1500-1600 BC). Shakespeare and other dramatists wrote plays that were mixes of prose, rhymed verse, and blank verse. Asides and soliloquys were common.

free verse

poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter

glittering generalities

propaganda technique using short phrases or words to promote positive feelings or emotions

blending

putting two words together to create a new one

text to self

readers connect the text to their own life and experiences, which makes literature more personally relevant and meaningful to readers. This occurs before, during, and after

inductive reasoning

reasoning from detailed facts to general principles

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

pronouns

replace nouns. i.e. I, you, he, she, it, none, and which

complex questions

rhetorical tactic that implicitly presumes something as true before it has been estbalished. "Have you stopped embezzling?" employed to trick people into admitting things they would not admit in direct questioning

sal

salt

explicit

saying exactly what you mean

syntax

sentence structure and word order. This can afford grammatical cues that aid readers in comprehending meanings of words/phrases/sentences

colons

separate clauses when the second explains or illustrates the first

semicolons

separates indepdent clauses.

inquiry strategies for writing

setting clear goals for writing and examining concrete data, such as observing others and documenting their own responses. Application of learning to compositions.

heptameter

seven beats per line

vocabulary

specific words in a discipline that you use when writing in or about the discipline

dicto simpliciter

spoken simply. a figuratively sweeping generalization. like stereotyping.

astrum

star

fallacy of inconsistency

statement that contradicts itself or defeats itself

spondaic

stressed, stressed

trochaic

stressed, unstressed

slippery slopes

suggest that one step will inevitably lead to more, eventually negative steps

great white whale in moby dick

symbolic of the theme that humans can never know everything. representative of all evil to Captain Ahab

text to text

the genre, setting, characters, plot, elements, literary structure and devices, and themes allow a reader to make connections to other works of literature

to lie

the infinitive form of the verb i.e. "it is restful _____ down on a bed."

silent period

the period in language acquisition, which l2 learners are often urged by teachers and others to skip.

memorized speaking

the rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.

manuscript speaking

the word-for-word iteration of a written message. In this type of speech, the speaker maintains his or her attention on the printed page except when using visual aids.

Picaresque novels

these novels recount episodic adventures of a rogue protagonist or picaro, like Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote or Henry Fieldings' Tom Jones

pastoral

these poems idealize nature and country living.

strategy training phase

third component of SSBI. Explicit instruction on why/how/when specific learning strategies are used to support learning/using language. Teacher introduces models and guides. teacher leads discussions about rationales for various strats, plans their approach to specified activities, and assesses the efficacy of their selected strategy.

trimeter

three feet (beats) per line

-ness

turns word into its noun form

dimeter

two feet (beats) per line

limericks

two lines of iambic dimeter followed by two lines of iambic dimeter and another of iambic trimeter. known for humor and wit

opposites

type of context clue which includes a negative example or what something is not in the sentence

descriptions

type of context clues using vivid language after a term, which helps your reader understand its meaning

ambiguity

unclear/open to many interpretations

disastro

unfavorable in one's stars.

blank verse

unrhymed iambic pentameter

iambic

unstressed, stressed

anapestic

unstressed, unstressed, stressed

three-dimensional

used to describe characters that stand out vividly

application

using knowledge in new contexts: apply, prepare, practice, use, operate, sketch, solve, illustrate

jargon

very specialized terminology that is not readily understood by readers outside the discipline

frame narrator

when a narrator reports others' narratives secondhand or more. I.e. Mr. Lockwood in Wuthering Heights

coherence

when a paragraph has this, its details fit together so that readers can clearly understand the main point, and its parts flow well.

dramatic irony

when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't

cum hoc ergo propter hoc

with this, therefore because of this; mistaking correlation for causation

fallacy of inappropriate presumption

you presume something innapropriately

most effective vocab conclusions

-repeated exposure to targeted vocab words i.e. repeated readings. -students gain semantic and lexical knowledge through frequent exposure to targeted words. -explicit instruction of word meaning during read alouds. -ask students to give their own definitions. -use questions and comments when reading words

research based strategies to teach effective writing

1. explicitly teaching students techniques to plan (i.e. brainstorming), revise, and edit their writing 2. teacher modeling and independent student practice of strategies 3. summarizing text is effective for helping S practice writing clearly, concisely, and accurately about main text ideas--- T can teach this explicitly or model 4. Collaborative writing--helps students plan, write, edit, and revise writing cooperatively. T supplies structure and individual performance expectations within groups 5. Peer reviewing--positive reinforcement and constructive feedback for improving 6. Setting specific goals for writing assignments promotes motivation and accomplishment. T and S develop them together 7. explicitly instructing students on sentence combining 8. modeling 9. using mnemonic devices, checklists, graphic organizers, outlines, and other procedural strategies can help students plan and revise their writing. 10. explicit instruction, modeling, think-aloud sessions, and scaffolding are effective

Sir Thomas Browne

1605-1682. This author had an immeasurable influence on the development of English literature. Both his writing style and thought process were highly original. The Oxford English Dictionary credits this author with coining over 100 new words (and quotes him in over 3,000 other entries), such as approximate, literary, and ultimate. his creativity and vision ahve inspired other authors over the past four centuries and were instrumental in developing much of the vocabulary used in today's prose and poetry. In 1671, he was knighted by Charles II in recognition of his accomplishments, which continue to affect literature today.

George Gordon, Lord Byron

1788-1824. Known for long narrative poems "Don Juan," "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage," and the shorter, lyric poem "She Walks in Beauty." The aristocratic poet travelled throughout Europe, living in Italy for seven years. He fought in the Greek War for Independence agains the Ottoman Empire. He was the most notorious profligate and flamboyant Romantic poet, with reckless behaviors including multiple bisexual love affairs, adultery, rumored incest, self-exile, and enormous debts. He was friends with PB Shelley, Mary Shelley, and John Pollidori. His name is synonymous today with the mercurial Romantic.

third-person

Point of view in which the narrator is outside of the story - an observer. The narrator may be objective or subjective, or limited (knows everything about a particular character but is limited to that character) or omniscient (knows everything)

engaging in a think-aloud process while reading aloud a text to the class

When reading aloud to the class, the teacher can effectively model reading comprehension strategies by pausing to vocalize thoughts. For example, the teacher might pause to make a prediction based on textual evidence: "If all the team members feel so discouraged, they'll lose the game." Or, the teacher might pause after reading an unfamiliar word and describe the process involved in guessing the word's meaning: "I don't know what that word means, but since this scene takes place in a factory, it must be something related to manufacturing. Maybe it's a type of machine or tool, or maybe it's a product that they make in the factory." By verbalizing mental processes and strategies, the teacher provides models for students to use in their own reading.

Reading aloud

________ predictable and rhyming texts that contain multiple repetitions of words and phrases will enable ninth-grade students to develop automaticity, accuracy, and prosody (appropriate expression), which are key reading fluency skills.

independent clause

a clause that can stand on its own as a sentence

dependent clause

a clause with a subject and a predicate, but which also has a subordinating conjunction, a relative pronoun, or some other connecting word or phrase that makes it unable to stand alone.

summary

a condensation in the reader's own words of the passage's main points. These should be complete yet concise, accurate, balanced, fair, neutral and objective, exclude reader's own opinion, reflect the text proportionally, should include citations if necessary

Great Vowel Shift

a huge shift in the phonemics of English pronunciation that occurred from 15th-18th centuries in all places where English was spoken. The location of the tongue in the mouth where long vowels in English were produced eventually shifted to a higher position, altering the sounds of their pronunciation.

Critical period of learning language

a hypothesis that has been applied to learning a first or a second language

Aristotle's tragedy

anagnorisis, hamartia, hubris, nemesis (retribution--cosmic punishment or payback), and perepeteia.

dis

apart

observational assessment

appropriate for evaluating student progress and effectiveness of instruction. T creates a checklist of skills, requirements, or competencies that S should attain. The T can observe individuals or groups with this checklist in mind--checking off skills as they see them.

argumentum ad misericordiam

argument appealing to pit. i.e. pleading for donations to help starving children or abused animals. By itself, it cannot make expenses free, make true something untrue, or render something possible that is impossible. It is valid to emphasize a problem's significance.

effective paragraphs

focus on one subject, usually state a topic sentence, use specific details to develop a main idea, develop the paragraph using structural patterns

dialect

form of language spoken by people according to their geographical region, social class, cultural group, or any other distinctive group. Includes pronunciation, grammar, and spelling

Tetrameter

four beats per line

intermediate fluency/production

fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct many of their own errors (3-5 years)

medieval poetry

heavily influenced by greek and latin stoic philosophers for assigning more importance to spiritual virtues than material. i.e. Chaucer

extrapolation

the action of estimating or concluding something by assuming that existing trends will continue or a current method will remain applicable.

Aristotle's definition of plot

the arrangement of the incidents. How the story is structured. Unity of action is necessary for a plot's wholeness; events must be internally connected. A plot must have a beginning, middle, and end.

story

the characters, places, and events originating in the author's mind. Imaginary. i.e. A king dying and then his queen dying.

naturalistic fallacy

the claim that the way things are is the way they should be--one draws conclusions regarding values--in other words, right and wrong or good and bad--based only on factual statements

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

the concept that a learner can accomplish tasks with the assistance that s/he could not yet achieve independently, which applies to learning a first or second language

vicus

this word means vicinity or "lane" in Latin, it also refers to Vico Way, the name of the shore road running alongside of Dublin bay, and it alludes to Giambattista Vico, an Italian Philosopher who espoused the cyclic theory of history, a theme in JOyce's novel

Cereberus

three headed dog that guards the Hades in Greek mythology

description

writer constructs a clear image of a scene or event by including specific, sensory details that depict a person, thing, place, scene, event, time. Show> tell

citing electronic resources

writer needs article information plus the URL, database name, name of database's publisher, and date of access

definition

writer provides a detailed explanation of a term that is central to the piece of writing

examples and illustrations

writer provides the reader with one or more examples that illustrate the point that the writer wants to make

style

writers effect through language and technique

conversion

"functional shift--" changes a words part of speech

non sequitor

"It does not follow" -- When one statement isn't logically connected to another Ex. " Of course he can't keep track of his finances. He can't even play tennis."

William Wordsworth

(1770-1850). This poet was instrumental in estbalishing Romanticism when he and STC collaboratively ppublished Lyrical Ballads (1798). His "Preface to Lyrical Ballads" is considered a manifesto of English Romantic literary theory and criticism. In it, this author describes the elements of a new kind of poetry, which he characterizes as "using real language of men" rather than traditional 18th-century poetic style. In this preface, he also defined poetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling [which] takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranqiulity." Lyrical Ballads includes the famous works "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," by Coleridge and "Tintern Abbey" by this author. His semi-autobiographical poem, known during his life as, "the poem to Coleridge," was published posthumously entitled "The Prelude" and regarded as his major work. He was England's Poet Laureate from 1843-1850. Among many others, his poems include "I wandered Lonely as a Cloud" or "Daffodils," "Ode: Intimations of Immortality" "Westminster Bridge," and "The World is Too Much With Us"

William Butler Yeats

(1865-1939) This poet was among the greatest influences in 20th-centuryEnglish literature and was believed transitional from Romanticism to Modernism. His earlier verses were lyrical but later became realistic, symbolic, and apocalyptic. He was fascinated with Irish Legend, occult subjects, and historical cycles. He incorporated Irish folklore, mythology, and legends in "The Stolen Child" and other poems . Early collections include "The Secret Rose" and "The Wind Among the Reeds." His laster, most significant poetry includes "The Green Helemet.." "Responsibilities," "The Tower," and "The Winding Stair." His visionary apocalyptic poem, "The Second Coming" (1920) reflects his belief that his times were the anarchic end of the Christian cycle/gyre.

Minotaur

(Greek mythology) a mythical monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man, who lives in a labrynth and was slain by Theseus

chiasmus

A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed: i.e. ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country

Instinct theory

A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses.

Metaphysical poets

Dr. Samuel Johnson, a famous 18th-century figure, who wrote philosophy, poetry, and authoritative essays on literature, coined this term to describe a number of mainly 17th-century lyric poets who shared certain elements of content and style in common. The poets included John Donne (considered the founder), George Herbet, Andrew Marvell, Abraham Cowley, John Cleveland, Richard Crashaw, Thomas Traherne, and Henry Vaughan. These poets encouraged readers to see the world from new and unaccustomed perspectives by shocking and surprising them with paradox; contradictory imagery; original syntax; combinations of religious, philosophical, and artistic images; subtle argumentation; and mythology or nature imagery in their poetry, but to current geographical and scientific discoveries. Some, like Donne, showed neo-platonist influences--like the idea that a lover's beauty reflected eternity's perfect beauty. They were called this title for their transcendence--Donne in particular- of typical 17th century rationalism's hierarchical organization through their adventurous exploration of religion, ideas, ideas, emotions, and language.

having students view a smaller number of speeches

During a listening and viewing unit, a teacher plans to ask each student to view and give impromptu talks in response to video recordings of informative, persuasive, and special occasion speeches. Which of the following strategies would most effectively differentiate the process for students who are struggling?

steps to evaluate an author's argument

Identify the author's assumptions identify the supporting evidence decide whether the evidence is relevant assess the author's objectivity evaluate whether the author's argument is complete assess whether the argument is valid determine whether the author's argument is credible, is it convincing and believable

carpe diem

Literally, "seize the day"; "enjoy life while you can," a common theme in life and literature. A long poetic tradition, it advocates making the most of time becuase it passes swiftly and life is short. Think, Torquato Tassso's Italian, Peirre de Ronsard's French and Edmund Spenser's English. Used in seduction to argue for enjoying earthly pleasure--John Donne's "The Flea" and Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress," and Robert Herrick's "To the Virgin's, to Make Much of Time."

theme of overreaching

reaching too far or presuming too much (adam and eve disobeying and Daedalus's wings of wax feathers flying too close to the sun). In Marlowe's Dr. Faustus and von Goethe's Faust, the protagonist sells his soul to the devil for unlimited knowledge and success, ultimately leading to his own tragic end.

Salman Rushdie

The Satanic Verses and Haroun and the Sea of Stories, often blend realistic fiction with elements of folklore and fantasy

Romanticism

The height of this movement occured in the first half of the 19th century. It identified with and gained momentum from the French Revolution (1789) against the political and social standards of the aristocracy and its overthrowing of them. This was also part of the Counter-Enlightenment, a reaction of backlash against the Enlightenment's insistence on rationalism, scientific treatment of nature, and denial of emotionalism. Though expressed most overly in the creative arts, this movement also affected politis, historiography, natnural sciences, and education. Though often associated with radical, progressive, and liberal politics, it also included conservatism, especially in its influences on increased nationalism in many countries. These poets championed individual heroes, artists, and pioneers; freedom of expression; the exotic; and the power of the individual imagination. American authors Edgar Allen Poe and Nathanial Hawthorne, Laurence Sterne in England, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Germany were included among well-known authors of this sort. The six major poets were William Blake, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats.

teaching ELL vocab

read-alouds help! And multimedia apps can help as well

prepositions

Words we use before nouns or pronouns to show their relationship with other words in the sentence. Example: behind (the tree), across (Maple Street), down (the stairs)

The Parlement of Foules

Written by Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer refers to classic ROman author Cicero's "The Dream of Scipio," a dream-vision dialogue reflecting stoic philosophy. Chaucer takes Cicero's board scope of macrocosm (Viewing the universe as a whole) and narrows it to a microcosm (individual focus) as he explores themes or order, disorder, and the role of humanity in nature. By using animals as characters, he is able to both parody and probe human nature for the reader

running record assessment

an informal assessment in which T listens to a student reading aloud and the T marks, on their own copy, the mistakes the S makes. Then, the teacher can assess where the student is in reading.

anecdotal records

an informal assessment. disadvantages: they take a lot of time, it is hard to use them for grading advantages: they can encompass all pertinent information and the teacher may use them only for giving students feedback

Semantic map

an organized visual representation of the relationship of a broad concept to narrower concepts. To apply this graphic organizer, the student would write down the main idea and then link details that provide the strongest support for the main idea. This graphic organizer can help the student rank details according to their importance to the development of the main idea and can also guide the student in determining which, if any, details should be omitted from the essay.

imagery

description using sensory terms that create mental images for the reader of how people, animals, or things look, sound, feel, taste, and/or smell

types of informational texts

descriptive, chronological, how to, comparison/contrast, cause and effect, problem/solution

Epistolary poetry

developed in ancient times. poems that are written and read as letters.

Writing style

different ways of encoding the meaning and indicating figurative and stylistic meanings. Writer's different choices accomplish three basic effects: 1. they communicate meanings beyond linguistically dictated meanings. 2. they communicate the authors' attitude, such as persuasive/argumentative effects accomplished and 3. they communicate or express feelings. components of this include viewpoint, narrative structure, focus, sound patterns, meter and rhythm, lexical and syntactic repetition and parallelism, writing genre, representations of thoughts and speech; metarepresentation; irony; metaphor and other indirect meaning; representation and use of historical and dialectical variations; gender-specific and other group-specific speech styles, both real and fictitious; and analysis of the processes for inferring meaning from writing

division and classification

dividing a subject into categories and analyzing the characteristics of each category.

implicit

do not state explicitly, but give enough information so people can infer

tone

emotions and attitudes of the writer that s/he expresses in the writing. authors use literary techniques and syntactic structure to establish this. These can be humorous, angry, sad, sentimental or unsentimental, or something else entirely.

daily habit

establish recall, retrieval, prediction, and planning process as a _____ in the classroom. Encourage students to review like this in their note-taking.

E.M. Forster's definition of plot

establishing motivations for actions and causes for events i.e. a king dying and then his queen dying from grief over his death. fulfills the function of helping readers understand cause and effect.

summative assessment

evaluates what a student can demonstrate they have learned at the end of a lesson/unit/course/term. i.e. Final examinations

historical fiction

fiction set in a specific historical period--including prehistoric and mythological. Examples: Walter Scott's "Rob Roy," Leo Tolstoy's "war and peace," Robert Graves's "I, Claudius"

advanced fluency/production

fifth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have achieved cognitive language proficiency in their learned language; they demonstrate near-native ability and use complex, multiphrase, and multiclause sentences to convey their ideas (5-7 years)

learner-centered instruction

more interactive, self-directed, and independent instruction

compound-complex sentence

more than one independent clause with at least one dependent clause i.e. Although Nina, who is usually very methodically and likes to take at least a week to study for an exam, she had only a couple of days to study for her test, so she was stressed out.

affixes

morphemes added to words to create related but different words

prefixes

morphemes that come before words

structural patterns

narration, description, definition, example and illustration, division and classification, comparison and contrast, analogy, cause and effect, and process

first-person

narrators express inner feelings and thoughts

Ballads

popular convention in the 14th and 15th centuries. They are often structured with rhyme and meter and focus on subjects such as love, death, and religious topics

chronological sequence does not imply causation

post hoc ergo propter hoc is latin for "after this, therefore because of this". This equates to illogical reasoning that because X happened before Y, Y must be a result of X.

concrete language

providing information that readers can grasp and may empathize with. "The sun shone brightly, the sky was blue, the air felt warm..."

hexameter

six beats per line

dactylic

stressed, unstressed, unstressed

wide reading

students can learn words through independent reading. the more read, the more words a student encounters. Engaging in this term on a regular basis will enhance students' vocabulary knowledge as well as their background knowledge of academic subjects.

spellcheckers

students cannot rely on these alone in terms of proofreading their papers

clause

subject and a predicate and the other elements of a sentence

simple sentence

subject and verb. Expresses a complete thought i.e. Some students cram before the test

connotation

suggested meaning associated with the literal meaning of a word. The subjective associations often emotional that specific words evoke in listeners and readers

assess student knowledge of principles, rules, and procedures

supply situations that require students to identify these correctly with everyday problems

synthesis

taking pieces/parts of information or knowledge and bringing them together to create a whole and to build relationships among parts to fit new/different circumstances

assess student problem-solving

teacher asks students to choose appropriate strategies to solve different problem situations including simple, complex, structured, and unstructured

assess student metacognition

teachers should give a variety of problems or situations to address and assign students to identify different kinds of thinking strategies for analysis and evaluation of their own thought processes

assess student insight

teachers should give opportunities to engage in inquiry and discovery activities, and offer situations for students to manipulate

assess multiple intelligences

teachers should give their students learning experiences in each of the modalities like verbal, musical,a nd physical. Offer students choice of several different modalities. Require students to perform in the modalities selected.

student groups

teachers should only place students into groups after administering, scoring, and interpreting a number of diffferent assessments. Ts should also create student groups that take into account individual differences among the students in every group, and should accordingly make these groupings sufficiently flexible to accommodate individual student differences.

predicate

tells what the subject is or does

preproduction (the silent period)

the first stage of second-language acquisition; learners may refrain from speaking but will listen and may copy words down and respond to visual cues. The student has minimal comprehension, does not verbalize, nods "Yes" and "No," and draws and points. (0-6 months)

strategy practice

the fourth phase of SSBI. Practice applying strategies to many different tasks in language learning and use

proper noun transfer

the instrument saxophone, named after a man named Sax, is an example of what?

like Boanerges

the last name/nickname given by Jesus to disciplines James and John, sons of Zebedee, in Mark 3:17. THis name has since come to mean a fiery and/or vociferous preacher or orator, especially one with a powerful voice.

middle english

the modern word debt, comes from the latin debitum which was used in English during what era of language?

confirmation bias

the often unconscious act of referencing only those perspectives that fuel our pre-existing views, while at the same time ignoring or dismissing opinions — no matter how valid — that threaten our world view.

extemporaneous speaking

the presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes. By using notes rather than a full manuscript, the extemporaneous speaker can establish and maintain eye contact with the audience and assess how well they are understanding the speech as it progresses.

impromptu speaking

the presentation of a short message without advance preparation. these speeches often occur when someone is asked to "say a few words" or give a toast on a special occasion.

revenge tragedy

the protagonist has suffered a serious wrong, such as the assault and murder of a family member. However, the wrongdoer as not been punished. I.e. Agamemnon and Medea, The Spanish Tragedy, Hamlet.

miscue analysis

the recording and review of miscues in order to determine a pattern of reading strategy. A way of acquiring insight into children's reading strategies by studying the mistakes they make when reading aloud.

anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. i.e. I have a dream by MLKjr

listing

the simplest prewriting strategy and usually the first method writers use to generate ideas. list your ideas and experiences. First set a time limit for this activity; 5-10 minutes is more than enough. Then write down as many ideas as you can without stopping to analyze any of them. After you have generated your list of topics, review the list and pick one item that you might like to write about. Now you're ready for the next listing; this time, create a topic-specific list in which you write down as many ideas as you can about the one topic you have selected. This list will help you look for a focus for your...paragraph. Don't stop to analyze any of the ideas. Your goal is to free your mind, so don't worry if you feel you're rambling

beats

the stressed syllables in a line of poetry

equivocation

the use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing oneself; prevarication

Bildungsroman

these are novels of formation, education, and culture, depicting their main characters' processes of searching, learning, and coming of age. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Lehrahje (1796) is widely considered the origin of this type of story. German for "Education Novel."

computer word processing programs

these are valuable student resources for planning, writing, and editing compositions.

speech emergence

third stage of second-language acquisition; learners are able to chunk simple words and phrases into sentences that may or may not be grammatically correct. The student has good comprehension, can produce simple sentences, makes grammar and pronunciation errors, and frequently misunderstands jokes. (1-3 years)

introduction

this part of an essay should answer three questions: 1. what is the subject of the essay? (i.e. title, subject) 2. How does the essay address the subject? (briefly summarize main points) 3. What will the essay prove? (thesis)

fossilization

this process occurs when some of the incorrect forms a learner of a second language has developed are not corrected over time and become permanently fixed.

Epistolary novels

told in the form of letters written by their characters rather than in narrative form. samuel richardson wrote Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1748) in this form and influenced early Romantic epistolary novels throughout Europe that freely expressed emotions. By the 20th century, the format of well-composed written letters came to be regarded as artifical and outmoded. A 20th-century evolution of letters was tape-recording transcripts in Samuel Beckett's Krapp's Last Tape.

-tion

transforms verbs to their noun form

allegory

use symbolism to represent a more abstract concept with a more concrete concept

two-dimensional

used to describe characters that are not fully developed

dynamic

used to describe characters that change and grow throughout a story

static

used to describe characters that remain the same from beginning to end of story

annotation connections

venn diagrams and other graphic organizers help visualize connections. Readers can also make double entry notes, key content, ideas, events, words, and quotations on one side and the connections to these on the other

enjambment

when one sentence or clause in a poem does not end at the of its line or verse, but runs over into the next line or verse. this influences readers to hurry to the next line to finish and understand the sentence. Milton uses this in Paradise Lost to describe the palaceof Pandemonium bursting from Hell up through the ground.

illogical reasoning

when we prematurely jump to conclusions or argue on the basis of invalid assumptions

last name et al

when you have four or more authors in one MLA citation

had decided

which is correct... before they even saw the evidence they decided (past) or before they even saw the evidence they had decided (past perfect)

subject

who or what the sentence is about

compound words

words that consist of two single words that are used together to give a more specific meaning so commonly or often that they have been combined to form one word; EX: Household, Storybook, gunshot, countertop, heartbeat, songbook, bookshelf, aftermath, upkeep and paint-chipped, two-person, pock-marked

onomatopoeia

words that imitate the sound they are naming

prose

written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.