Image Production
Which part of a cassetteless indirect digital radiography (DR) image receptor produces light photons? A. Thin-film transistor (TFT) array B. Scintillator layer C. Photodiode D. Charge-coupled device (CCD)
B. Scintillator layer
The fill factor of the direct radiography (DR) image receptor is the: A. Thin-film transistor (TFT) portion of the image receptor (IR) B. Sensitive portion of the detector element compared to the non-sensitive portion C. Full dimensions of the direct radiography (DR) image receptor (IR) D. Storage capacitor portion of the direct radiography (DR) image receptor (IR)
B. Sensitive portion of the detector element compared to the non-sensitive portion
Elongation is a type of: A. Size distortion B. Shape distortion C. Geometric blur D. Quantum noise
B. Shape distortion
Focal spot size affects which of the following? A. Magnification B. Spatial resolution C. Image receptor exposure D. Image contrast
B. Spatial resolution
Flux gain defines: A. The number of electrons are produced by each light photon B. The number of light photons are produced by each electron C. Total illumination of the image intensifier D. Brightness by compression
B. The number of light photons are produced by each electron
A radiologist requested that a repeat scan be performed on a CT patient, stating, "The patient's head was not positioned correctly" If the technologist views the original images to identify the mistake, is this a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) violation? A. This is a HIPAA violation B. This is not a HIPAA violation C. This is a HIPAA violation only if the technologist did not perform the original scan D. This is a HIPAA violation only if the technologist consults other staff on how to perform the exam correctly
B. This is not a HIPAA violation
What portion of the x-ray circuit must use alternating current (AC) in order to function correctly? A. Circuit breakers B. Transformers C. X-ray tube D. Kilovoltage peak (KVp) meter
B. Transformers
Which part of a cassetteless indirect digital radiography (DR) image receptor produces light photons? A. thin-film transistor (TFT) array B. scintillator layer C. photodiode D. charge-coupled device (CCD)
B. scintillator layer
Which of these digital radiography systems is able to display the most diagnostic information? A. 8-bit system B. 2-bit system C. 12-bit system D. 4-bit system
C. 12-bit system
Which of these digital radiography systems will have the highest contrast resolution? A. 8-bit system B. 2-bit system C. 12-bit system D. 4-bit system
C. 12-bit system
How many heat units are produced on a single-phase machine using 100 mA, 0.2 second, and 60 kVp? A. 6000 B. 3 C. 120 D. 160.2
C. 120
How many heat units are produced on a single-phase machine using 100 milliamperes (mA), .02 second, and 60 kilovoltage peak (kVp)? A. 6000 B. 3 C. 120 D. 160.2
C. 120
The relationship between kilovoltage peak (kVp) and image receptor exposure is described according to which of the following principles? A. Inverse square law B. Direct square law C. 15% rule D. Ohm's law
C. 15% rule
Which of these matrix sizes will have the smallest pixels? A. 1,024 × 1,024 B. 512 × 512 C. 2,048 × 2,048 D. 256 × 256
C. 2,048 × 2,048
A radiograph is produced using 10 milliampere-seconds (mAs) and 90 kilovoltage peak (kVp). If the kVp is decreased to 77. what new mAs value would need to be used to maintain image receptor exposure? A. 5 mAs B. 15 mAs C. 20 mAs D. 10 mAs
C. 20 mAs
if a radiograph was taken without a grid and then repeated using an 8:1 grid, what would the milliampere-seconds (mAs) need to be in order to obtain the same image receptor exposure? A. 2 times the mAs B. 3 times the mAs C. 4 times the mAs D. 6 times the mAs
C. 4 times the mAs
What area of the x-ray tube is struck by electrons during an x-ray exposure? A. Effective focal spot B. Cathode filament C. Actual focal spot D. Focusing cup
C. Actual focal spot
The overall ability of an image intensifier to increase image illumination is called: A. Minification gain B. Flux gain C. Brightness gain D. Illumination gain
C. Brightness gain
Which side of the x-ray tube is negatively charged during the exposure? A. Target B. Anode C. Cathode D. Focal spot
C. Cathode
Which of the following will decrease the size of the effective focal spot? A. Increase in filament size B. Increase in anode rotation speed C. Decrease in target angle D. Decrease in kilovoltage (kV)
C. Decrease in target angle
Spatial resolution is synonymous with which of the following terms? A. Contrast B. Brightness C. Detail D. Mottle
C. Detail
Patient records are shared between medical providers using: A. PACS B. ICD-10 C. EHR D. DICOM
C. EHR (electronic health record)
The ability to produce quality radiographs using a wide range of technical factors is called: A. Dynamic range B. Spatial resolution C. Exposure latitude D. Bit depth
C. Exposure latitude
Which of the following images demonstrates the lowest spatial resolution? A. Image A B. Image B C. Image C D. All images have similar spatial resolution
C. Image C (black and white, but not sharp detail)
Which of the following images demonstrates the lowest spatial resolution? (3 images of PA hand) A. Image A B. Image B C. Image C D. All images have similar spatial resolution
C. Image C (looks like image A but not good image detail)
A radiograph of the pelvis is produced with excellent image contrast but low image receptor exposure. The initial technical factors were 16 milliampere-seconds (mAs), 80 kilovoltage peak (kVp), 40-inch source-to-image distance (SID), and no grid. What is the ideal way to increase image receptor exposure? A. Increase kilovoltage peak (KVp) B. Decrease kilovoltage peak (kVp) C. Increase milliampere-seconds (mAs) D. Decrease milliampere-seconds (mAs)
C. Increase milliampere-seconds (mAs)
The image information stored in a computed radiography (CR) imaging plate prior to processing is called the: A. Ariel image B. Manifest image C. Latent image D. Digital image
C. Latent image
In the computed radiography (CR) imaging plate, the initial response of the phosphor layer when interacting with x-ray photons is to release which of the following? A. An electrical signal B. A latent image C. Light photons D. X-ray photons
C. Light photons
What process is used to display the digital image with the ideal brightness and contrast? A. Histogram analysis B. Rescaling C. Look-up table (LUT) adjustments D. Quantization
C. Look-up table (LUT) adjustments
Which of the following technical factors is the controlling factor for image receptor (IR) exposure? A. Distance B. Kilovoltage peak (kVp) C. Milliampere-seconds (mAs) D. Focal spot size
C. Milliampere-seconds (mAs)
Which of the following pathologic conditions may require a decrease in technical factors to maintain an acceptable exposure to the image receptor? A. Aortic Aneurysm B. Pulmonary edema C. Osteoporosis D. Active osteomyelitis
C. Osteoporosis
The distance between the detector elements (DELs) measured from center to center is called the: A. Matrix size B. Bit depth C. Pitch D. Dynamic range
C. Pitch
What is the primary purpose of using automatic exposure control (AEC)? A. Provide the highest possible spatial resolution B. Enable the use of different grid ratios C. Provide an appropriate image receptor exposure D. Measure the entrance skin exposure rate
C. Provide an appropriate image receptor exposure
The envelope that surrounds the X-ray tube is most commonly made of: A. Tungsten B. Rhenium C. Pyrex D. Potters glass
C. Pyrex
When comparing the following images, the image on the left is affected by an error known as: A. Foreshortening B. Saturation C. Quantum mottle D. Ghosting
C. Quantum mottle (fuzzy looking picture)
Underexposure using digital image receptors will result in: A. Decreased spatial resolution B. Photon saturation C. Quantum noise D. Electronic noise
C. Quantum noise
Scatter radiation does NOT affect: A. Visibility of detail B. Image contrast C. Recorded spatial resolution D. Occupational dose
C. Recorded spatial resolution
A technologist views the radiology report on their older sibling using the organization's Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) system. Is this a Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) violation? A. This is a HIPAA violation B. This is not a HIPAA violation C. This is a HIPAA violation only if the technologist did not have consent from the sibling to view the report D. This is a HIPAA violation only if the technologist shares this report with other family members
C. This is a HIPAA violation only if the technologist did not have consent from the sibling to view the report
Within digital radiography, bit depth is defined as the: A. Smallest exposure difference that can be detected by the digital system B. Total line-pairs per millimeter that can be resolved by the digital system C. Total number of gray shades that can be produced by the digital system D. Total number of photons striking the digital receptor
C. Total number of gray shades that can be produced by the digital system
A fall-off in brightness at the periphery of an image intensifier image is called: A. Mottle B. Pincushion distortion C. Vignetting D. Veil glare
C. Vignetting
Which of the following is needed to move electrons through a circuit? A. Amperes B. Ohms C. Volts D. Coulombs
C. Volts
The addition of phases to the x-ray circuit creates more waves and prevents the current from reaching: A. Low energy B. Peak voltage C. Zero D. Electric shock
C. Zero
A radiograph was acquired with a source-to-image distance (SID) of 42 inches. However, the grid was designed to be used with a 50 to 72 inch SID. The resulting error is called: A. Upside-down grid error B. off-center error C. off-focus error D. off-level error
C. off-focus error
As the source-to-image distance (SID) is doubled, the quantity of the photons reaching the image receptor (IR) is: A. doubled B. quadrupled C. reduced to ¼ D. reduced to ½
C. reduced to ¼
When a 400 miliampere (mA) station is used, which of the following exposure times would be needed to produce 80 milliampere-seconds (mAs)? A. 0.6 seconds B. 0.4 seconds C. 0.5 seconds D. 0.2 seconds
D. 0.2 seconds
You are performing an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the abdomen using 70 kilovoltage peak (kV) and 40 milliampere-seconds (mAs). What exposure time should be used if you select the 200 milliampere (mA) station? A. 5 seconds B. 2 seconds C. 0.5 seconds D. 0.2 seconds
D. 0.2 seconds
An image is taken using 25 milliampere-seconds (mAs) with an 8:1 grid. What mAs is needed to maintain image receptor exposure when switching to a 5:1 grid? A. 9 milliampere-seconds (mAs) B. 56 milliampere-seconds (mAs) C. 74 milliampere-seconds (mAs) D. 13 milliampere-seconds (mAs)
D. 13 milliampere-seconds (mAs)
The following image was acquired with the following procedural factors: 70 kilovoltage peak (kVp), 120 milliamperes (mA), 0.1 second exposure time, 60 inch source-to-image distance (SID), minimal collimation, and an 8:1 grid. The exposure indicator for this image indicates that the image was underexposed. Which of these modifications would increase image receptor exposure? A. 60 kilovolt peak (kVp) B. 60 milliamperes (mA) C. 0.05 second exposure time D. 40 inch SID
D. 40 inch SID
Which set of technical factors will create the greatest image receptor exposure? A. 50 milliamperes (mA), 0.10 seconds, 70 kilovoltage peak (kVp) B. 100 milliamperes (mA), 0.30 seconds, 70 kilovoltage peak (kVp) C. 200 milliamperes (mA), 0.20 seconds, 70 kilovoltage peak (kVp) D. 400 milliamperes (mA), 0.30 seconds, 70 kilovoltage peak (kVp)
D. 400 milliamperes (mA), 0.30 seconds, 70 kilovoltage peak (kVp)
An exposure is made using 5 milliampere-seconds (mAs) and 50 kilovoltage peak (kVp). What kVp is needed to double the exposure to the image receptor? A. 50 kVp B. 42 kVp C. 100 kVp D. 58 kVp
D. 58 kVp
A technologist can identify an image produced with excessively high milliampere-seconds (mAs) based on which of the following? A. The appearance of quantum mottle B. The appearance of excessive image contrast C. The appearance of vertical streaks in the image D. An exposure indicator outside of the acceptable range
D. An exposure indicator outside of the acceptable range
During an x-ray exposure, electrons accelerate towards what part of the X-ray tube? A. Focusing cup B. Cathode C. Filament D. Anode
D. Anode
The source of electrons in a traditional x-ray tube is the: A. Tungsten target B. Pyrex vacuum envelope C. Focusing cup D. Cathode filament
D. Cathode filament
Which of the following allows the free flow of electrons? A. Insulator B. Battery C. Capacitor D. Conductor
D. Conductor
The smallest exposure difference that can be detected and displayed by the imaging system is called: A. Subject contrast B. Receptor exposure C. Spatial resolution D. Contrast resolution
D. Contrast resolution
An anteroposterior (AP) chest x-ray was obtained at a 40-inch source-to-image distance (SID), 3.5 milliampere-seconds (mAs), 110 kilovoltage peak (kVp), and a 12:1 grid. Which technical factor change would increase image receptor exposure. A. Decreased kVp B. Increased SID C. Decreased mAs D. Decreased grid ratio
D. Decreased grid ratio
Electronic intensification in an image intensifier occurs when: A. A stream of electrons is focused toward the anode at a high velocity B. The tungsten filament is heated and very high potential is applied between the cathode and anode C. Electrons are emitted from the cathode and accelerated toward the anode D. Electrons are moved at high speed from the photocathode to the output phosphor
D. Electrons are moved at high speed from the photocathode to the output phosphor
When a multi-focus image intensifier tube is operated in the magnification mode: A. A larger area of input phosphor is used B. Patient dose will be lower C. Spatial resolution will be reduced D. Greater voltage is applied to the electrostatic lenses
D. Greater voltage is applied to the electrostatic lenses
In the construction of a radiographic grid, what defines the grid ratio? A. Angle of the lead strips B. Number of lead strips per centimeter C. Atomic number of radiopaque strips compared to the radiolucent material D. Height of lead strips compared to the distance between them
D. Height of lead strips compared to the distance between them
Each of the following images were acquired with a different set of technical factors. Which image demonstrates an error called saturation? A. Image A B. Image B C. Image C D. Image D
D. Image D (darkest image)
When calculating the heat units for a particular exam, in addition to technical factors used, it may be necessary to consider which of the following additional factors? A. Age of the patient B. Speed of the anode C. Focal spot size D. Number of exposures
D. Number of exposures
In an image intensifier, electronic intensification occurs when electrons are moved at high speed from the: A. Cathode to the anode B. Input phosphor to the output phosphor C. Cathode to the output phosphor D. Photocathode to the output phosphor
D. Photocathode to the output phosphor
During a series of mobile chest x-rays in the emergency room department, the technologist fails to adjust the kilovoltage peak (kVp) for a hypersthenic patient after their previous asthenic patient. This is likely to result in which of the following? A. Saturation B. Excessive image receptor exposure C. Ghosting D. Quantum mottle
D. Quantum mottle
Concerning personal health records, federal laws does NOT allow a patient to: A. Request a copy of their health records B. Request corrections to their health records C. Review who has seen their health records D. Remove their health records from a system database
D. Remove their health records from a system database
In the following radiographic histogram, what does the x-axis represent? A. Range of X-ray energies absorbed by the receptor B. Frequency of specific exposure values captured by the image receptor C. Number of line pairs per millimeter recorded by the image receptor D. Specific exposure values captured by the image receptor
D. Specific exposure values captured by the image receptor
The output phosphor of most modern image intensifiers is comprised of: A. Calcium tungstate B. Cesium iodide C. Cesium and antimony D. Zinc-cadmium sulfide
D. Zinc-cadmium sulfide
Which type of x-ray generator has the least amount of voltage ripple? A. three-phase, six pulse B. single-phase, half wave C. single-phase, full wave D. three-phase, twelve pulse
D. three-phase, twelve pulse
The brightness of a digital display device is measured in: a.) Candela per square meter b.) light per square meter c.) mole per square meter d.) watts per square meter
a.) Candela per square meter
An off-focus error occurs when the grid: a.) Is used at the wrong source-to-image distance (SID) b.) Shifts due to patient positioning c.) Is placed upside-down d.) Is not centered to the radiation beam
a.) Is used at the wrong source-to-image distance (SID)
Mutual induction occurs only with transformers that are supplied with: a.) alternating current b.) direct current c.) fluctuating current d.) current that flows in one direction
a.) alternating current
In order for electric current to flow, the conducting material must be configured into a connecting loop. This is known as a/an: a.) circuit b.) alternating current c.) direct current d.) cycle
a.) circuit
Which of the following technical factor adjustments should be made when negative contrast media agents are used? a.) decreased kilovoltage peak (kVp) b.) increased kilovoltage peak (kVp) c.) increased milliampere seconds (mAs) d.) decreased milliampere seconds (mAs)
a.) decreased kilovoltage peak (kVp)
Which of the following operations results in edge enhancement? a.) high-pass filtering b.) low-pass filtering c.) unsharp masking d.) frequency masking
a.) high-pass filtering
Which of the following is an image processing technique used for contrast enhancement? a.) histogram equalization b.) grayscale analysis c.) histogram analysis d.) histogram rescaling
a.) histogram equalization
The distance from the center of one pixel to the center of the adjacent pixel is called: a.) pitch b.) matrix size c.) bit depth d.) dynamic range
a.) pitch
Which of the following is the appropriate formula to calculate heat units for a 3-phase 12-pulse machine? a.) kilovoltage peak (kVp) x milliamperage (mA) x exposure time b.) kilovoltage peak (kVp) x milliamperage (mA) x exposure time x 1.35 c.) kilovoltage peak (kVp) x milliamperage (mA) x exposure time x 1.41 d.) kilovoltage peak (kVp) x milliamperage (mA) x exposure time x 1.45
c.) kilovoltage peak (kVp) x milliamperage (mA) x exposure time x 1.41
The higher atomic number of the anode material allows for which two of the following? (Select 2) 1. Increased melting point 2. Greater space charge effect 3. Increased photon production 4. Greater spatial resolution
1, 3
A rotating anode has which three of these characteristics? (Select three) 1. A larger surface area 2. The ability to handle higher milliampere settings (x) 3. The ability to handle higher source-to-image distance 4. The ability to handle higher exposure time settings
1. A larger surface area 2. The ability to handle higher milliampere settings (x) 4. The ability to handle higher exposure time settings
Which three post-processing manipulations may lead to a legal issue? (Select three) 1. A technologist adds a digital left (L) or right (R) anatomic marker after failing to add their own prior to exposure 2. Electronically changing the field of view and cropping anatomy off of an image 3. Adding a post-processed time stamp for delay images, example: "30 minutes" 4. Not including the patient name and date of the exam on the image
1. A technologist adds a digital left (L) or right (R) anatomic marker after failing to add their own prior to exposure 2. Electronically changing the field of view and cropping anatomy off of an image 4. Not including the patient name and date of the exam on the image
Which two of the following variables would result in the smallest effective focal spot size? (Select two) 1. Anode angle of 5 degrees 2. Anode angle of 20 degrees 3. Filament size of 0.3 mm 4. Filament size of 2 mm
1. Anode angle of 5 degrees 3. Filament size of 0.3 mm
Which two of the following changes will minimize size distortion? 1. Decreased OID 2. Decreased FSS 3. Increased SID 4. Increased collimation
1. Decreased OID 3. Increased SID
Which three of these changes will improve the spatial resolution recorded in the radiographic image? (Select three) 1. Decreased focal spot size (FSS) 2. Increased focal spot size (FSS) 3. Decreased object-to-image distance (OID) 4. Increased object-to-image distance (OID) 5. Increased source-to-image distance SID)
1. Decreased focal spot size (FSS) 3. Decreased object-to-image distance (OID) 5. Increased source-to-image distance SID)
Which two of the following changes will minimize size distortion? (Select two) 1. Decreased object-to-image distance (OID) 2. Decreased focal spot size (FSS) 3. Increased source-to-image distance (SID) 4. Increased collimation
1. Decreased object-to-image distance (OID) 3. Increased source-to-image distance (SID)
Which two of the following will be affected by a change in the actual focal spot size? (Select two) 1. Effective focal spot 2. Spatial resolution 3. Image contrast 4. Image receptor exposure
1. Effective focal spot 2. Spatial resolution
Which three of the following are characteristics of the x-ray tube filament? (Select three) 1. High melting point 2. High boiling point 3. Composed of tungsten 4. Composed of aluminum
1. High melting point 2. High boiling point 3. Composed of tungsten
The metal housing of an x-ray tube is used to: (Select three) 1. House the glass envelope 2. Absorb leakage radiation 3. Prevent electric shock 4. Increase x-ray beam intensity
1. House the glass envelope 2. Absorb leakage radiation 3. Prevent electric shock
Which two of the following is measured by the light field-radiation field alignment test? (Select two) 1. How well the collimator regulates the radiation field size 2. Whether the area illuminated by the positioning light and the area exposed by x-rays are the same 3. Accuracy of the positive beam limitation (PBL) 4. Illuminator bulb brightness
1. How well the collimator regulates the radiation field size 2. Whether the area illuminated by the positioning light and the area exposed by x-rays are the same
Which of the following is included in the electronic medical record (EMR)? (Select all that apply) 1. Lab results 2. Radiology reports 3. Pathology results 4. Nurses' notes 5. Doctors' notes
1. Lab results 2. Radiology reports 3. Pathology results 4. Nurses' notes 5. Doctors' notes
An increase in tube potential would increase image receptor exposure by increasing the: (Select two) 1. Number of photons in the beam 2. Penetrating ability of the beam 3. Attenuation of the beam 4. Homogeneity of the beam
1. Number of photons in the beam 2. Penetrating ability of the beam
A Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) network is used to connect which three of the following? (Select three) 1. Radiologist reading station 2. Imaging equipment 3. PACS servers 4. Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
1. Radiologist reading station 2. Imaging equipment 3. PACS servers
Which two of the following are affected when the source-to-image distance (SID) is changed? (Select two) 1. Size distortion 2. Image contrast 3. Image receptor exposure 4. Shape distortion
1. Size distortion 3. Image receptor exposure
Which two components are included in a digital imaging system that converts x-ray photons directly into an electrical signal? (Select two) 1. Thin-film transistor (TFT) array 2. Scintillator layer 3. Photodiode 4. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)
1. Thin-film transistor (TFT) array 4. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)
Which two of the following image receptor designs is/are used in direct radiography (DR) imaging equipment? (Select two 1. Wired flat-panel detectors 2. Wireless flat-panel detectors 3. Cassette-based imaging plates 4. Film-screen cassettes
1. Wired flat-panel detectors 2. Wireless flat-panel detectors
Radiographs that present with decreased exposure on the lateral edges of the image and normal exposure in the center may be caused by which focused grid error? (SELECT TWO) 1. upside-down grid error 2. off-focus error 3. off-level error 4. off-center error
1. upside-down grid error 2. off-focus error
Which of the following factors can affect image receptor exposure? (Select all that apply) 1. Grids 2. Kilovolt peak (kVp) 3. Milliampere-seconds (mAs) 4. Source-to-image distance (SID)
1, 2, 3, 4
Which three of the following parts are used in making a transformer? (Select three) 1. Transfer capacitor 2. Core 3. Primary coil 4. Secondary coil
2. Core 3. Primary coil 4. Secondary coil
The higher atomic number of the anode material allows for which two of the following? (Select two 1. Increased spatial resolution 2. Greater heat dissipation 3. Increased photon production 4. Increased image contrast
2. Greater heat dissipation 3. Increased photon production
How does the anode heel effect manifest itself on a radiographic image? (Select two) 1. Higher exposure on the anode side of the image 2. Higher exposure on the cathode side of the image 3. Increased detail on the anode side of the image 4. Increased detail on the cathode side of the image
2. Higher exposure on the cathode side of the image 3. Increased detail on the anode side of the image
What two changes will result when increasing the source-to-image distance (SID? (Select two) 1. Decreased spatial resolution 2. Increased spatial resolution 3. Decreased magnification 4. Increased magnification
2. Increased spatial resolution 3. Decreased magnification
Which two of the following should be used to evaluate the spatial resolution of a chest radiograph? Select two) 1. Soft tissue 2. Lung markings 3. Trabecula of the bone 4. Heart and vasculature
2. Lung markings 4. Heart and vasculature
Consider this scenario: A server-based Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) system is designed with a back-up distribution network used to send imaging studies to specific reading stations. In the event that the PACS server becomes inaccessible, what are the two main disadvantages of sending images to specific reading stations? (Select two) 1. Images studies may accidently be read by multiple radiologists 2. Prior imaging studies are not accessible 3. Imaging studies are not accessible at all PACS reading stations 4. If the internet is slow, images take longer to access
2. Prior imaging studies are not accessible 3. Imaging studies are not accessible at all PACS reading stations
Which two of the following statements are correct about the line-focus principle? (select two) 1. the actual focal spot size is always smaller than the effect focal spot 2. the actual focal spot size is always larger than the effective focal spot 3. the effective focal spot is always larger than the actual focal spot 4. the effective focal spot is always smaller than the actual focal spot
2. the actual focal spot size is always larger than the effective focal spot 4. the effective focal spot is always smaller than the actual focal spot
Which two of the following factors would result in a brighter image being produced at the output phosphor of an image intensifier? Select two) 1. Type of camera 2. Tungsten filament (cathode) 3. Flux gain 4. Minification gain
3. Flux gain 4. Minification gain
Calculate the pixel size if the field of view is 12 cm, the matrix size is 512 x 512, milliampere-seconds (mAs) is 5, and the kilovoltage peak (kVp) is 78. A. 0.023 cm B. 42 cm C. 0.000046 cm D. 0.117 cm
A. 0.023 cm
A trauma patient requires a radiograph of the pelvis. The exposure is made at 44 inches and the pelvis is elevated 4.5 inches off the image receptor (IR). If the actual pelvis measures 16 inches wide, what is the smallest IR size that would include the entire width of the imaged pelvis? A. 18 inches B. 17 inches C. 16.5 inches D. 18.5 inches
A. 18 inches
Radiation safety standards require that collimators be accurate within what percentage of the source-to-image distance (SID)? A. 2% B. 10% C. 5% D. 25%
A. 2%
A radiograph is acquired using 10 milliampere-seconds (mAs) and 50 kilovoltage peak (kVp). What new mAs is needed to double the image receptor exposure? A. 20 mAs B. 5 mAs C. 58 mAs D. 42 mAs
A. 20 mAs
A radiograph is acquired using 80 kilovoltage peak (kVp) with 80 milliampere-seconds (mAs). If the exposure time is 0.4 seconds (s), what milliamperage (mA) was used? A. 200 mA B. 20 mA C. 0.005 mA D. 0.05 mA
A. 200 mA
if all other exposure variables remain constant, which of these object-to-image distances (OID) will produce a radiograph with the highest spatial resolution? A. 4-inches B. 12-inches C. 40-inches D. 72-inches
A. 4-inches
An x-ray of a fractured hip was acquired at a 52-inch source-to-image distance (SID). Using automatic exposure control (AEC), the resulting exposure was 80 milliampere-seconds (mAs). If the exam is repeated at a 40-inch SID, what new mAs will be used by the AEC system? A. 47 mAs B. 61 MAs C. 105 mAs D. 135 mAs
A. 47 mAs
A radiograph is taken using 12 mAs with no grid. If an 8:1 grid is needed in order to improve image quality, what new mAs value will maintain image receptor exposure? A. 48 mAs B. 36 mAs C. 6 mAs D. 9 mAs
A. 48 mAs
A radiograph is taken using 12 milliampere-seconds (mAs) with no grid. If an 8:1 grid is needed in order to improve image quality, what new mAs value will maintain image receptor exposure? A. 48 mAs B. 36 mAs C. 6 mAs D. 9 mAs
A. 48 mAs
A radiograph is taken using 10 milliampere-seconds (mAs) with a 16:1 grid. A new radiograph is needed for the same patient, but using a 6:1 grid. What new mAs is needed to maintain the same image receptor exposure? A. 5 mAs B. 3 MAs C. 22 mAs D. 17 mAs
A. 5 mAs
A radiograph is taken using 10 milliampere-seconds (mAs) with a 16:1 grid. A new radiograph is needed for the same patient, but using a 6:1 grid. What new mAs is needed to maintain the same image receptor exposure? A. 5mAs B. 3mAs C. 22mAs D. 17mAs
A. 5 mAs
A radiograph is acquired using 12.5 milliampere-seconds (mAs) at a 40-inch source-to-image distance (SID) and results in excessive magnification. If the SID is changed to 80 inches, what new mAs should be used to maintain image receptor exposure? A. 50 mAs B. 25 mAs C. 10 mAs D. 3 mAs
A. 50 mAs
Compared to the central axis of the x-ray beam, the anode side of the useful beam is what percentage of the central axis beam intensity? A. 75% B. 95% C. 100% D. 120%
A. 75%
An x-ray was taken using 110 kilovoltage peak (kVp) and 5 milliampere-seconds (mAs) on a high-frequency machine. How many heat units were produced if the rectification constant is 1.40? A. 770 B. 550 C. 393 D. 776
A. 770
Assuming all other technical factors are constant, what field size will produce the lowest image receptor exposure? A. 8 inches x 10 inches B. 10 inches x 12 inches C. 14 inches x 17 inches D. Field size does not affect image receptor exposure
A. 8 inches x 10 inches
What milliampere (mA) station would be used for an exposure with 0.6 seconds and 50 milliampere-seconds (mAs)? A. 83 mA B. 30 mA C. 38 mA D. 156 mA
A. 83 mA
An image was produced using 30 milliampere-seconds (mAs) at a 40-inch source-to-image distance (SID). If a new SID of 72 inches is needed, what new mAs value would be needed to maintain image receptor exposure? A. 97 mAs B. 54 mAs C. 25 mAs D. 9 mAs
A. 97 mAs
The brightness of the image on a viewing monitor is the result of: A. A monitor function B. Image receptor exposure C. Tissue composition D. Part Thickness
A. A monitor function
Spatial resolution is a term used to describe the: A. Ability to see small structures on an image B. Distance between the target and the image receptor C. Distortion ratio of an image D. Ability to see small changes in image receptor exposure
A. Ability to see small structures on an image
What is the area of the anode called that is struck by the electrons released from the focusing cup? A. Actual focal spot B. Effective focal spot C. Rotating focal spot D. Real focal spot
A. Actual focal spot
Image receptor exposure is defined as: A. Amount of radiation striking the image receptor B. Amount of sharpness of the structural levels in the image C. Visible difference in brightness levels in the image D. Amount of magnification in the digital image
A. Amount of radiation striking the image receptor
Which of the following is the outermost component of a computer tomography cassette? A. Carbon fibers B. Rare-earth materials C. Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) D. Amorphous selenium
A. Carbon fibers
Which of the following automatic exposure control (AEC) detector selections would result in an appropriate exposure level for an anteroposterior (AP) projection of the lumbar spine? A. Center detector only B. Left detector only C. Right detector only D. Right and left detectors only E. All three detectors
A. Center detector only
Which of the following devices is an alternative to a photomultiplier tube (PMT) in a computed radiography (CR) reader? A. Charge-coupled device (CCD) B. Thin-film transistor (TFT) C. Scintillator D. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
A. Charge-coupled device (CCD)
Direct radiography (DR) systems typically use a thin-film transistor (TFT). This device functions to: A. Collect the electrical charge B. Convert x-ray photons into light C. Collect light and covert it into electrons D. Convert the electrical signal into a digital signal
A. Collect the electrical charge
The window width controls image: A. Contrast B. Resolution C. Speed D. Brightness
A. Contrast
Consider this scenario: During a routine x-ray of an extremity, you change the exposure settings from the small filament to the large filament. How will this change affect spatial resolution? A. Decreased spatial resolution B. Increased spatial resolution C. No change in spatial resolution
A. Decreased spatial resolution
Consider this scenario: During a routine x-ray of an extremity, you change the exposure settings from the small filament to the large filament. How will this change affect spatial resolution? A. Decreased spatial resolution B. Increased spatial resolution C. No change in spatial resolution
A. Decreased spatial resolution
Increasing the focal spot size has what effect on spatial resolution? A. Decreased spatial resolution B. Increased spatial resolution C. No change in spatial resolution
A. Decreased spatial resolution
Increasing the object-to-image distance (OID) from 1 inch to 2 inches will result in: A. Decreased spatial resolution B. Increased spatial resolution C. Increased scatter production D. Decreased scatter production
A. Decreased spatial resolution
As the matrix size increases, the pixel size: A. Decreases B. Increases C. Remains the same
A. Decreases
In what format must images be in so that they can be sent throughout the image viewing system? A. Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format B. Picture archiving and communication system (PACS) format C. Flat panel detector (FPD) format D. Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) format
A. Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) format
The primary function of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in a computed radiography (CR) plate reader is to convert: A. Electrical signals into binary signals B. Light photons into an electrical signal C. X-ray photons into a light signal D. Electrical signals to x-ray energy
A. Electrical signals into binary signals
Which exposure technique system uses the rule to double or halve mAs for every 5 centimeters of subject thickness? A. Fixed kVp system B. Variable kVp system C. AEC D. Anatomically programmed technique system
A. Fixed kVp system
Which exposure technique system uses the rule to double or halve milliampere seconds (mAs) for every 5 centimeters of subject thickness? A. Fixed kilovoltage peak (kVp) system B. Variable kilovoltage peak (kVp) system C. Automatic exposure control (AEC) D. Anatomically programmed technique system
A. Fixed kilovoltage peak (kVp) system
What is the most common cause of an off-level grid error? A. Grid misalignment due to uneven patient weight distribution B. Grid is placed upside-down C. Grid is not centered to the radiation beam D. Grid is used at the wrong source-to-image distance (SID)
A. Grid misalignment due to uneven patient weight distribution
Which of the following describes the beam energy produced by a waveform with a low voltage ripple? A. High beam energy B. Low beam energy C. Midrange beam energy D. Unchanged beam energy
A. High beam energy
Values of interest (VOl) are determined during: A. Histogram analysis B. Grayscale analysis C. Analog data analysis D. Value analysis
A. Histogram analysis
Which of the following includes direct patient care information, billing systems, and reporting systems? A. Hospital information system (HIS) B. Radiology information system (RIS) C. Picture archiving and communication system (PACS) D. Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM)
A. Hospital information system (HIS)
Which of the following images demonstrates the highest level of structural sharpness? A. Image A B. Image B C. Image C D. All three images demonstrate a similar degree of structural sharpness
A. Image A (best looking image)
Each of the following images were acquired with a different set of technical factors. Which image demonstrates an error called quantum mottle (noise)? A. Image A B. Image B C. Image C D. Image D
A. Image A (fuzzy, static-looking)
Where is the technique chart of anatomically programmed technique systems stored? A. In the microprocessor of the control unit B. On the secondary side of the high-voltage transformer C. In the software application of the control unit D. On the primary side of the high-voltage transformer
A. In the microprocessor of the control unit
As object-to-image distance (OID) is increased, magnification will: A. Increase B. Decrease C. Remain the same
A. Increase
Which of the following will minimize size distortion? A. Increase source-to-image distance (SID) B. Decrease source-to-image distance (SID) C. Increase object-to-image distance (OID) D. Increase source-to-object distance (SOD)
A. Increase source-to-image distance (SID)
Rotating anodes are used in x-ray tubes to: A. Increase tube heat dissipation B. Increase the kinetic energy of the photons C. Create a larger focal spot D. Reduce the space charge effect
A. Increase tube heat dissipation
To reduce the severity of the anode heel effect, the source-to-image distance (SID) can be: A. Increased B. Decreased C. Changes in SID have no impact on the heel effect
A. Increased
As the anode angle is decreased, what happens to the severity of the anode heel effect? A. Increased heel effect B. Decreased heel effect C. No change in heel effect
A. Increased heel effect
When imaging a patient with severe osteoporosis, failing to adjust the exposure factors could have what effect on image receptor exposure? A. Increased image receptor exposure C. Decreased image receptor exposure D. No effect on image receptor exposure
A. Increased image receptor exposure
Which of these changes are expected to decrease spatial resolution in the radiographic image? A. Increased motion B. Increased kilovoltage peak (kVp) C. Increased milliampere-seconds (MAs) D. Increased filtration
A. Increased motion
Which of the following is NOT an appropriate use of electronic annotation during digital radiographic imaging? A. Indicating laterality (R/L) B. Indicating patient position C. Indicating time of the exam D. Indicating sequencing of the projections
A. Indicating laterality (R/L)
The transformer core is typically composed of which of the following? A. Iron B. Copper C. Plastic D. Rubber
A. Iron
Which of the following components is used to release information stored in a photostimulable phosphor (PSP) for processing? A. Laser light B. Infrared light C. Ultraviolet light D. White light
A. Laser light
Which of the following markers would be considered "best practice" in digital radiography? A. Lead markers indicating laterality B. Electronic annotations indicating laterality C. Electronic annotations indicating patient position D. Electronic annotations identifying the radiographer performing the examination
A. Lead markers indicating laterality
The spatial resolution of a radiography system is expressed in units of: A. Line pairs per millimeter (mm) B. Milligray (mGy) C. Milligray (mGy) -centimeters (cm)2 D. Bits
A. Line pairs per millimeter (mm)
Which of the following display monitors are particularly effective in brightly lit rooms? A. Liquid crystal display (LCD) B. Plasma display panel (PDP) C. Cathode ray tube (CRT) D. Light-emitting diodes (LED)
A. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
Which of the following is used to change the grayscale values in the recorded image to a new range of values in order to improve the displayed image? A. Look-up table (LUT) B. Quantization C. Values of interest (VOI) D. Equalization
A. Look-up table (LUT)
Which of the following is the controlling factor of image receptor exposure? A. Milliampere-seconds (MAs) B. Kilovoltage peak (kVp) C. Grid ratio D. Focal spot size (FSS)
A. Milliampere-seconds (MAs)
Using an increased source-to-image distance (SID) for radiographic imaging of the chest is intended to: A. Minimize heart magnification B. Blur out the ribs C. Decrease patient dose D. Decrease required technical factors
A. Minimize heart magnification
Modality worklists are used to: A. Navigate through patients B. Schedule procedures C. Put orders in the computer system D. Store images once completed
A. Navigate through patients
In the context of a digital matrix, 1,024 × 1,024 refers to the: A. Number of pixels in the matrix B. Size of pixels in the matrix C. Number of brightness levels displayed in the matrix D. Physical measurement of the matrix
A. Number of pixels in the matrix
The cyclical variation of current from positive to negative is known as: A. Oscillation B. Cycle C. Circuit D. Resistance
A. Oscillation
with cassette-based digital radiography, the device used to extract the latent image from the image receptor is the: A. Plate reader B. Thin-film transistor (TFT) C. Charge-coupled device (CCD) D. Processor
A. Plate reader
Background radiation that reaches digital image receptors could create: A. Radiation fog B. Quantum noise C. Detector saturation D. Photon starvation
A. Radiation fog
The laser light in a computed radiography (CR) plate reader exposes the plate in a rapid back and forth motion called a/an: A. Raster pattern B. Isotropic pattern C. Omnitropic pattern D. Spiral pattern
A. Raster pattern
Which of the following is accurate regarding low-pass filtering, or smoothing? A. Smoothing is a local processing operation B. Smoothing is a point processing operation C. Smoothing is a geometric processing operation
A. Smoothing is a local processing operation
Which of the following is accurate regarding low-pass filtering, or smoothing? A. Smoothing is a local processing operation B. Smoothing is a point processing operation C. Smoothing is a geometric processing operation
A. Smoothing is a local processing operation
Which of the following is affected by the focal spot size? A. Spatial resolution B. magnification C. exposure D. contrast
A. Spatial resolution
Which of the following may be used when anatomy or the area of interest is too large to fit on one image receptor? A. Stitching B. Appending C. Volume rendering D. Multiplanar reconstructions
A. Stitching
Elimination of extraneous light from the edges of a digital radiographic image is achieved through: A. The application of electronic masking B. The application of veiling glare software C. Adjustments to values of interest (VOI) D. Adjustments to window width (WW) and window level (WL)
A. The application of electronic masking
While performing a mobile examination the radiographer drops a flat-panel digital detector on the floor. What should the technologist do first? A. The detector needs to be checked to determine if it is still functional B. The detector needs to be sent for an autopsy C. The detector needs to be sent to the manufacturer D. The detector needs to be "wiped" cleaned through the digital reader
A. The detector needs to be checked to determine if it is still functional
A technologist leaves a radiology requisition in a public bathroom near the sink. Is this defined as a breach of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) law? A. This is a breach of HIPAA law B. This is not a breach of HIPAA law C. This is a breach of HIPAA law only if an investigation determines the technologist left the requisition in the bathroom with a malicious intent D. This is a breach of HIPAA law only if requisition is viewed by a non-employee
A. This is a breach of HIPAA law
Consider this scenario: The director of the radiology department is brought to the emergency department unconscious following a severe motor vehicle accident. After a CT head is performed, the radiology staff gathers around the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) monitor to view the images. Is this a breach of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) law? A. This is a breach of HIPAA law B. This is not a breach of HIPAA law C. This is a breach of HIPAA law only if the staff discuss the images with non-radiology personnel D. This is a breach of HIPAA law only if the staff provide the preliminary report to the family
A. This is a breach of HIPAA law
Someone in the radiology clerical staff places a billing statement in a waiting room trash can. Is this a breach of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) law? A. This is a breach of HIPAA law B. This is not a breach of HIPAA law C. This is a breach of HIPAA law only if the billing statement is retrieved and shared with the public D. This is a breach of HIPAA law only if billing statement is viewed by a non-employee
A. This is a breach of HIPAA law
Which of these anatomic structures can be used as an indicator of the spatial resolution recorded in the radiographic image? A. Trabecular bone B. Bowel loops C. Muscle tissues D. Fatty tissues
A. Trabecular bone
Why must alternating current (AC) be used in the x-ray circuit? A. Transformers cannot work without AC B. Electrons cannot flow without AC C. X-ray tube must have AC to produce X-rays D. AC is the only type of current available
A. Transformers cannot work without AC
The flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode is referred to as: A. Tube current B. Tube voltage C. Tube potential D. Tube energy
A. Tube current
The purpose of the rectifier circuit in the x-ray machine is to convert: A. alternating current to direct current B. direct current to alternating current C. voltage to kilovoltage D. amperage to milliamperage
A. alternating current to direct current
A radiograph is produced using 4 milliampere-seconds (mAs) and 70 kilovoltage peak (kVp). The resulting image receptor exposure is 0.001 milligray (mGy). If technical factors are changed to 8 mAs with the same kVp, the next radiograph will have an image receptor exposure of: A. 0.0005 milligray (mGy) B. 0.002 milligray (mGy) C. 0.004 milligray (mGy) D. 0.01 milligray (mGy)
B. 0.002 milligray (mGy)
An x-ray of the sternum uses a 72-inch source-to-image distance (SID) and a 10-inch by 12-inch image receptor. If the image of the sternum measures 9 cm and the actual sternum measures 6 cm, what is the magnification factor? A. 5 B. 1.5 C. 8 D. 0.67
B. 1.5
Which digital matrix will have the highest spatial resolution? A. 512 × 512 B. 2,048 × 2,048 C. 256 × 256 D. 1,024 × 1,024
B. 2,048 × 2,048
How many shades of gray can be produced by an 8-bit digital radiography system? A. 64 shades of gray B. 256 shades of gray C. 8 shades of gray D. 1,024 shades of gray
B. 256 shades of gray
How many heat units (HU) are generated during an examination performed on a 45-year-old male using 300 milliamperes (mA), a 0.125 second exposure, 60 kilovoltage peak (kVp) and a high-frequency generator if the image had to be repeated? A. 6,075 heat units (HU) B. 6,525 heat units (HU) C. 2,250 heat units (HU) D. 3,150 heat units (HU)
B. 6,525 heat units (HU)
The purpose of the rectifier in an x-ray circuit is to convert: A. Direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC) B. Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) C. Voltage (V) to kilovoltage (kV) D. Amperes (A) to milliamperes (mA)
B. Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)
What compound is used in flat-panel image receptors to convert incoming x-ray photons directly into an electrical signal? A. Cesium iodide B. Amorphous selenium (a-Se) C. Amorphous silicon (a-Si) D. Gadolinium oxysulfide
B. Amorphous selenium (a-Se)
During digital image formation, quantization occurs in the: A. Technologist's control console B. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC) C. Detector assembly D. X-ray tube housing
B. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
What component of the x-ray tube assembly is the actual source of x-ray photons? A. Tungsten filament B. Anode target C. Glass envelope D. Tube housing
B. Anode target
What component of a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) network provides for permanent storage of image information? A. Internet B. Archive server C. Imaging equipment D. Reading stations
B. Archive server
The gray-scale of a digital image is affected by the: A. Matrix size B. Bit depth C. Pixel size D. Pixel pitch
B. Bit depth
The side of the x-ray tube with a negative charge is the: A. Anode B. Cathode C. Target D. Rotor
B. Cathode
To effectively use the anode heel effect, the thickest part of the patient's anatomy should be placed under which portion of the x-ray beam? A. Anode portion B. Cathode portion C. Central portion D. Lateral portion
B. Cathode portion
Cassette-based digital radiography is also known as: A. Direct radiography B. Computed radiography (CR) C. Computed tomography (CT) D. Film-screen radiography
B. Computed radiography (CR)
What is vignetting? A. Automatic brightness control circuit B. Decrease in light intensity at the periphery of a fluoroscopic image C. The ability of the eye to perceive fine detail D. Increase in spatial resolution at the center of the fluoroscopic image
B. Decrease in light intensity at the periphery of a fluoroscopic image
A new x-ray machine is installed in your department with 3.0 mm of aluminum equivalent filtration. Increasing the filtration to 3.5 mm of aluminum equivalent would have what effect on image receptor exposure? A. Increased image receptor exposure B. Decreased image receptor exposure C. No change to image receptor exposure
B. Decreased image receptor exposure
As the actual focal spot size increases, what happens to spatial resolution? A. Increases B. Decreases C. No change D. Focal spot size and spatial resolution are not related
B. Decreases
What effect does using a large focal spot have on spatial resolution? A. Increases spatial resolution B. Decreases spatial resolution C. No change in spatial resolution
B. Decreases spatial resolution
Which of the following changes increases the severity of the anode heel effect? A. Increasing source-to-image distance SID) B. Decreasing source-to-image distance (SID) C. Increasing object-to-image distance (OID) D. Decreasing object-to-image distance (OID)
B. Decreasing source-to-image distance (SID)
What software program is used for digital documentation of all patient health information? A. Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) B. Electronic Medical Record (EMR) C. International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10) D. Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)
B. Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
Which of the following is produced by a digital image receptor (IR)? A. Digital matrix B. Electronic signal C. Picture element D. Detector element
B. Electronic signal
A grid designed such that the angle of the lead strips aligns with the divergence of the beam is called a: A. Cross-hatched grid B. Focused grid C. Linear grid D. Inverted grid
B. Focused grid
In the image of a radiographic histogram below, what does the y-axis represent? A. Specific exposure values captured by the image receptor B. Frequency of specific exposure values captured by the image receptor C. Number of line-pairs per millimeter recorded by the image receptor D. Range of x-ray energies absorbed by the image receptor
B. Frequency of specific exposure values captured by the image receptor
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) network that runs through a standard web-based network? A. If the PACS server goes down, all images are inaccessible B. If the internet is slow, images take longer to access C. Prior imaging studies are not easily accessible D. Imaging studies are not accessible at all PACS reading stations
B. If the internet is slow, images take longer to access
Processing an anterposterior (AP) lower leg radiograph as an AP abdomen may result in: A. Excessive dose to the patient B. Incorrect brightness and contrast C. Loss of spatial resolution D. Reduced dynamic range
B. Incorrect brightness and contrast
Which of the following changes will increase spatial resolution recorded in the radiographic image? A. Decrease source-to-image distance (SID) B. Increase source-to-image distance (SID) C. Increase object-to-image distance (OID) D. Increase focal spot size (FSS)
B. Increase source-to-image distance (SID)
If a radiograph was taken using a 40-inch source-to-image distance (SID) and the image was repeated using an 80-inch SID, what change would be needed to maintain image receptor exposure? A. Double the milliampere-seconds (mAs) B. Increase the milliampere-seconds (mAs) by four times C. Double the kilovoltage peak (kVp) D. Increase the kilovoltage peak (kVp) by four times
B. Increase the milliampere-seconds (mAs) by four times
When using automatic exposure control (AEC), which of the following can be employed to reduce patient motion while maintaining proper image receptor exposure? A. Decreased back-up timer setting B. Increased milliamperage setting C. Decreased kilovoltage peak (KVp) setting D. Increased grid ratio
B. Increased milliamperage setting
in a direct capture digital radiography (DR) system, a decreased detector element (DEL) size results in: A. Decreased spatial resolution B. Increased spatial resolution C. Increased contrast resolution D. Decreased contrast resolution
B. Increased spatial resolution
Poor image receptor exposure in a digital image is most likely to result in: A. Excessive darkness in the image B. Loss of information in the image C. Excessive contrast in the image D. Distortion of anatomic structures
B. Loss of information in the image
The formula to determine the magnification factor is: A. Magnification factor (MF) = Source-to-object distance (SOD) / Object-to-image distance (OID) B. Magnification factor (MF) = Source-to-image distance (SID) / Source-to-object distance (SOD) C. Magnification factor (MF) = Source-to-object distance (SOD) / Source-to-image distance (SID) D. Magnification factor (MF) = Source-to-image distance (SID) - Object-to-image distance (OID)
B. Magnification factor (MF) = Source-to-image distance (SID) / Source-to-object distance
The function of an automatic brightness control (ABC) mechanism of an image intensified fluoroscopic system is to: A. Maintain a fixed exposure rate to the patient B. Maintain a fixed exposure rate to the image intensifier C. Limit the exposure time D. Prevent excessive x-ray tube heating
B. Maintain a fixed exposure rate to the image intensifier
The purpose of adding phases and rectifiers in the x-ray circuit is to: A. Maintain low voltage B. Maintain high voltage C. Prevent voltage overload D. Prevent electrical shock
B. Maintain high voltage
Which technical factor should the technologist use to control image receptor exposure? A. Kilovoltage peak (kVp) B. Milliampere-seconds (MAs) C. Source-to-image distance (SID) D. Protective shielding
B. Milliampere-seconds (MAs)
How is gross exposure error demonstrated in a digital image? A. Overall graininess B. Missing data points C. Increased contrast D. Increased brightness
B. Missing data points
How is gross exposure error demonstrated in a digital image? A. Overall graininess B. Missing data points C. Increased contrast D. Increased brightness
B. Missing data points
A step-up transformer should have: A. More turns on primary side B. More turns on secondary side C. Equal turns on the primary and secondary sides
B. More turns on secondary side
What determines the transformer ratio? A. Number of laminated layers B. Number of turns in the wire coils C. Number of phases in the electricity D. Number of pulses in the electricity
B. Number of turns in the wire coils
The resistance to electric flow through a circuit is measured in: A. Volts B. Ohms C. Amperes D. Hertz
B. Ohms
X-ray photons during fluoroscopy are primarily absorbed by the: A. Primary barrier B. Patient C. Table D. Image intensifier
B. Patient
What layer of the computed radiography (CR) imaging plate captures and stores x-ray photons transmitted through the patient? A. Protective layer B. Phosphor layer C. Conductive layer D. Light shield (Color) layer
B. Phosphor layer
Which of the following devices collects the light signal released by photostimulable phosphors (PSP) in the plate reader? A. Thin-film transistor (TFT) B. Photomultiplier tube (PMT) C. Scintillator D. Analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
B. Photomultiplier tube (PMT)
What does the acronym PACS stand for? A. Picture Acquisition and Communication System B. Picture Archiving and Communication System C. Practitioner Archiving and Communication System D. Practitioner Acquisition and Communication System
B. Picture Archiving and Communication System
Which of the following would cause an excessive image receptor (IR) exposure while using automatic exposure control (AEC)? A. Milliamperage (mA) setting B. Radiation detector selection C. Source-to-image distance (SID) D. Kilovoltage (kV) setting
B. Radiation detector selection
Dynamic range is defined as the: A. Range of exposures that produce quality images at an appropriate patient dose B. Range of exposures that can be captured by a detector C. Number of x-ray photons striking the image receptor (IR) D. Sharpness of structural lines recorded in the radiographic image
B. Range of exposures that can be captured by a detector
The purpose of a grid is to prevent scatter radiation from: A. Reaching the patient B. Reaching the image receptor C. Reaching the radiographer D. Being created
B. Reaching the image receptor
Luminescence refers to which of the following? A. Release of an electrical signal B. Release of light photons C. Release of a magnetic field D. Release of x-ray photons
B. Release of light photons
All the following are examples of conductors EXCEPT: A. Aluminium B. Rubber C. Gold D. Copper
B. Rubber
An x-ray exposure above the level of the detector's dynamic range may result in: A. Quantum mottle B. Saturation artifact C. Excessive contrast D. Shape distortion
B. Saturation artifact
